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respectively.
The radiation heat exchange expression in the form of Newtons law of cooling
Where
is the evaporative heat transfer coefficient and relates to the convective heat transfer is the surface
coefficient by the Lewis number (ISO 9920 2009) i.e. area through which evaporation takes place, the body, and
The metabolic rate of the body (M) provides the energy to enable the body to do mechanical work (W) and the remainder (M-W) is released as heat to the environment through the skin surface (Qsk) and as a result of the respiratory process(Qres), with any extra or deficit stored (S), causing the body's temperature to increase or decrease. Where: M W Qsk Qres is the rate of metabolic energy production, is the rate of mechanical work, is the total rate of heat loss from the skin, is the total rate of heat loss from respiration,
is the heat stored in the body in surplus or deficit, is the rate of convective heat loss from the skin, is the rate of radiative heat loss from the skin, is the rate of total evaporative heat loss from the skin, is the rate of convective heat loss from respiration, is the rate of evaporative heat loss from respiration, is the rate of heat storage in skin compartment and is the rate of heat storage in core compartment
Operative temperature
Where, the Operative temperature can be defined as the average of the mean radiant and
the difference between the water vapour pressure at the skin and in the ambient environment:
)
Where: = skin wetness (dimensionless); = saturated vapor pressure at skin (at = vapor pressure in ambient air; = evaporative heat transfer resistance of clothing; = evaporative heat transfer resistance between the clothing and the environment. ;
Metal Resistivity
coulombs);
As the electron charge is always the same, so the resistivity of any metal depends upon the product of
and . For most metals over a large range of temperatures, the product of and
temperature coefficient.
Here M and B are the slope and the intercept of the fitted line..
Where,
stands for the sum of the square of the residuals with respect to the fitted line.
Where,
and
temperature points, respectively. The number of data points used in the regression process is denoted by . respectively. ) and are in fact the standard deviation of slope and intercept
Usually RTD sensing elements are specified with an alpha value between 0C and100C:
The Alpha value may also be calculated directly from the TR equation as:
Considering the testing range, the reference temperature, and comparison of samples. The value of
for analysis
for TSF samples made of the same kind of sensing values; can be calculated by
r2-value
is known as the coefficient of determination, and is defined as:
Where, SSE stands for the sum of the square of the residuals with respect to the fitted line while SST means the the sum of the square of the residuals with respect to the average resistance value.
95% Slope
and Intercept
Confidence Deviation
Calibration Equation
Manufacturing Uncertainty
The length of the sensing element in each sample was calculated using:
Where
and
denotes the width and length of the sensing area of the TSF while
stands
( )
( In equation (, the values of parameters; the parameters may be derived as below: were known. The rest of
( ( ( ( ( (
The minus sign indicates the decrease in temperature as heat flows towards the positive xdirection. Now, suppose that the temperature of the underside of the TSF is indicated by when . Similarly represents the temperature of the upper side of the TSF when .
After integrating both sides of equation ( with the limits of and the result is:
Assuming that
from the underside of the TSF. After and the result is:
Now comparing equations and ruling out the factor of certain thickness ) can be expressed as:
, the temperature
of the TSF at a
Biot number
The Biot number is a dimensionless parameter, usually used to classify the component as lumped or not, and can be defined as:
()
Where and represents the convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the component is the characteristic length of the component, defined as the
()
The term actually describes the nominal resistance at 20 C . Equation ()
The power required to raise the temperature of the sensing element heat transfer through it and the self heating
()
Where and are the mass and specific heat capacity of the sensing element and their product is the rate of change of the sensing element
temperature with respect to time. is the excitation current passing through the sensing element. The net heat transfer through the sensing element can be expressed as:
()
Where - Heat entered by conduction from layer one of TSF - Heat escaped by conduction to layer two of TSF - Heat escaped from edges to environment by convection After rearranging, equation () can be expressed as:
(
and
the model would solve both equations simultaneously throughout the duration of the experiment, as the output of one equation depends upon the input of the other equation.
Strain Testing
The extension of the TSF sample was calculated by considering the initial lengths of the TSF (distance between the clamps): and final
Calibration equation
The calibration equation of a TSF sample can be created by first generating the regression equation of Resistance(R) and Temperature (T) data acquired during rig testing (as explained in chapter 5) in the following form:
and after rearranging the constants, converting the regression equation into a calibration equation as:
)
where M and B are the slope and the intercept of the regression equation, whilst ) and
are the constants of the calibration equation. Each TSF sample would have a different calibration constant, which should be calculated before using it in the application scenario.