Pain is an unpleasant and highly personal

experience that may be imperceptible to others, while consuming all parts of the persons life. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

Pruritus
a. Apply cool packs, lotion b. Prescribed antihistamine

Drowsiness
Avoid performing activities requiring mental alertness

Pain management is the alleviation of

pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client.

b. Non-pharmacologic management

pain

It can be accomplished by stimulating the skin in an area opposite to the painful area. This method is particularly useful when the painful area cannot be touched because it is hypersensitive, when it is inaccessible by a cast or bandages, or when the pain is felt in a missing part.

b. Immobilization/Bracing
Immobilizing or restricting the movement of a painful body part may help to manage episodes of acute pain. Prolonged immobilization can result in joint contractures, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems. Therefore, clients should participate in self-care activities and remain as active as possible, with frequent ROM exercises.

Importance of management:

effective

pain

a. Promotes healing b. Prevent complications c. Reduce suffering d. Prevent the development of incurable pain states

It consists of a variety of physical, cognitive-behavioral, and lifestyle pain management strategies that target the body, mind spirit, and social interactions

Examples of NonPharmacologic Management of Pain: A. Physical Interventions

GOALS: providing comfort, altering physiologic responses to reduce pain perception, and optimizing functioning

2 types of pain management: a. Pharmacologic management

pain

B. Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions

It involves the use of opioids (narcotics), nonopioids/ nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and coanalgesic drugs. Common sideeffects include: Constipation, Nausea and Vomiting,Pruritus, Drowsiness.

a. Cutaneous stimulation a.1. Massage-massage is

b.1. Distraction
It draws the persons attention away from pain and lessens the perception of pain. It can make you completely unaware of the pain

Common side Analgesics: Constipation

effects

of

a comfort measure that can aid relaxation, decrease muscle tension, and may ease anxiety because the physical contact communicates caring.

a.2. Heat and cold applications

A warm bath, heating pads, ice bags, ice massage, hot or cold compresses, and warn or cold sitz bath in general relieve pain and promote healing of injured tissues

a. Increase fluid intake b. Increase fiber and bulk forming agents (fresh fruits and vegetables)

b.2. Eliciting the relaxation response b.3. Repatterning unhelpful thinking b.4. facilitating coping
C. Lifestyle pain management strategies that target the body,

Nausea and Vomiting

a. Frequent small meals b. Prescribed antiemetics

a.3. Acupressure a.4. Contralateral Stimulation

mind spirit, and interactions c.1.Body- reducing pain

social

triggers, promoting comfort, massage, applying a

heat or ice, electric stimulation, positioning, bracing, acupressure, diet nutritional supplements, exercise pacing activities, sleep, hygiene

c.2 Mind- relaxation, imagery, selfhypnosis, pain diary, journal writing, distracting attention, repatterning thinking, attitude adjustment, reducing fear and stress and anxiety, reducing sadness and helplessness

c.3. Spirit-prayer, meditation, selfreflection, meaningful rituals, energy work, therapeutic touch

c.4. Social Interactions- functional

restoration, improved communication, family therapy, problem solving, vocational training, volunteering, support groups

REFERENCE: Kozier and Erbs Fundamentals of Nursing, Eight Edition, by Berman, pg. 1187-1221

PREPARED BY: LAGMAY, Ma. Theresa R. SLU BSN IV M3