MATHEMATICS

Mathematics is known as the Queen of Science. It is used in everyday life. Mathematical Modelings are used in all Science subjects such as Physics, Biology and all Engineering fields. It develops the Computing, Creative and Imagination Skills. The branch of Mathematics, Algebra, concerning the Study of the rules of operations, relations, constructions and concepts arising from them including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. A course in Calculus is a gateway to other more advanced course in Mathematics. The Study of Ordinary Differential Equations are used by the Scientists in the Space research organization like NASA, ISRO to obtain results from complicated equations. Fourier series has application in solving partial differential equation which helps to solve heat and wave equations. Fourier series where periodic functions are expanded in series of sine and cosine functions. Vector Analysis is applied in the field of space Research to solve the equations involving Velocity/ Acceleration/ Displacement problems. Co-Ordinate Geometry deals with ellipse, parabola and hyperbola, multiple integrals where double and ripple integrals and its applications in finding the area, volume etc. Statistics is a branch of Mathematics widely applied in the various fields of Management, Economics, etc.

SRINIVASA RAMANUJAM Srinivasa Ramanujam (1887-1920) is hailed as an all-time great mathematician. His achievements in Mathematics especially in Number Theory is remarkable. He published 21 papers, five of which were in collaboration with Prof. G.H. Hardy and these as well as his earlier publications before he set sail to England are all contained in the ``Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujam'', referred earlier. It is important to note that though Ramanujam took his Note Books with him he had no time to delve deep into

2 them. The 600 formulae he jotted down on loose sheets of paper during the one year period he was in India, after his meritorious stay at Cambridge, are the contents of the Lost Note Book found by Andrews in 1976.

FERMAT

Fermats Circle

The famous Fermats Theorem, Wilsons Theorem and Lagranges Theorems are mandatory for number theory without which the research study can be proceeded in pure Mathematics PROGRAMMING IN C is used in Mathematical Problem solving, operation research and Numerical methods. Abstract algebra facilitates the study of properties and patterns that seemingly discrete mathematical concepts that have in common. The motivation for metric space lies in the Analysis of real line. The two important aspects of Real Analysis are (i) Convergence of real sequences and continuity of real valued functions defined on R which helps to leave further the derivatives. (ii) Intermediate value theorem essentially states that any continuous passage from negative state to positive has to necessarily pass through the zero state. The Study of Mechanics makes the students to learn about forces which make the materials (bodies or system of particles) to move or to keep it at rest. Various motion of bodies or their state of rest known as equilibrium can be studied through Mechanics. Today the impact of Operation Research is being felt in many areas like business management, Engineering, Economics, Agriculture, Society, Financial institution, transporting systems, crime investigation etc. Graph theory has tremendous applications in todays world. Many real life situations are converted to graph theoretical problems to find the solution. To name a few, Chinese postman problem, Konigsberg Bridge problem, marriage problem and Traveling salesman problem. Study of Discrete Mathematics is used in the theory of Switching circuit and fuzzy set theory. Astronomy is natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects. The ancient Hindu astronomy and Greek astronomy were developed on the Geometric foundation. The observational and theoretical branches of astronomy

made rapid progress in the SPACE Astronomy like sending artificial satellite around the earth. Calculus of Finite Differences and Numerical Analysis is a powerful tool to solve Engineering field problems and Business oriented problems. Applied Mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in Science, Engineering, Business and Industry. Thus applied mathematics is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge.

Leonhard Euler

Euler worked in almost all areas of mathematics: geometry, infinitesimal calculus, trigonometry, algebra, and number theory, as well as continuum physics, lunar theory and other areas of physics. Some of Euler's greatest successes were in solving real-world problems analytically, and in describing numerous applications of the Bernoulli numbers, Fourier series, Venn diagrams, Euler numbers, the constants e and , continued fractions and integrals. He integrated Leibniz's differential calculus with Newton's Method of Fluxions, and developed tools that made it easier to apply calculus to physical problems. He made great strides in improving the numerical approximation of integrals, inventing what are now known as the Euler approximations. The most notable of these approximations are Euler's method and the EulerMaclaurin formula. He also facilitated the use of differential equations, in particular introducing the EulerMascheroni constant:

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Carl Gauss

Carl Gauss is be the greatest theorem prover ever. Several important theorems and lemmas bear his name; he was the first to produce a complete proof of Euclid's Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (that every natural number has a unique expression as product of primes); and first to produce a rigorous proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (that an n-th degree polynomial has n complex roots). Gauss himself used "Fundamental Theorem" to refer to Euler's Law of Quadratic Reciprocity; Gauss was first to provide a proof for this, and provided eight distinct proofs for it over the years. Gauss proved the n=3 case of Fermat's Last Theorem for a class of complex integers; though more general, the proof was simpler than the real integer proof, a discovery which revolutionized algebra. Other work by Gauss led to fundamental theorems in statistics, vector analysis, function theory, and generalizations of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Gauss built the theory of complex numbers into its modern form, including the notion of "monogenic" functions which are now ubiquitous in mathematical physics. Gauss was the premier number theoretician of all time. Other contributions of Gauss include hypergeometric series, foundations of statistics, and differential geometry. He also did important work in geometry, providing an improved solution to Apollonius' famous problem of tangent circles, stating and proving the Fundamental Theorem of Normal Axonometry, and solving astronomical problems related to comet orbits and navigation by the stars. (The first asteroid was discovered when Gauss was a young man; he famously constructed an 8th-degree polynomial equation to predict its orbit.) Gauss also did important work in several areas of physics, and invented the heliotrope. It was Gauss who first discovered non-Euclidean geometry (even anticipating Einstein by suggesting physical space might not be Euclidean), doubly periodic elliptic functions, a prime distribution formula, quaternions, foundations of topology, the Law of Least Squares, Dirichlet's class number formula, the key Bonnet's Theorem of differential geometry (now usually called Gauss-Bonnet Theorem), the butterfly procedure for rapid calculation of Fourier series, and even the rudiments of knot theory. Also in this category is the Fundamental Theorem of Functions of a Complex Variable (that the line-integral over a closed curve of a monogenic function is zero).

Bernhard Riemann

Riemann made revolutionary contributions in many areas of pure mathematics, and also inspired the development of physics. He was the master of complex analysis, which he connected to both topology and number theory. He applied topology to analysis, and analysis to number theory, making revolutionary contributions to all three fields. He took non-Euclidean geometry far beyond his predecessors. He introduced the Riemann integral which clarified analysis. Riemann's other masterpieces include differential geometry, tensor analysis, the theory of functions, and, especially, the theory of manifolds. He generalized the notions of distance and curvature and, therefore, described new possibilities for the geometry of space itself. Several important theorems and concepts are named after Riemann, e.g. the Riemann-Roch theorem, a key connection among topology, complex analysis and algebraic geometry Riemann's teacher was Carl Gauss, who helped steer the young genius towards pure mathematics. Gauss selected "On the hypotheses that Lie at the Foundations of Geometry" as Riemann's first lecture; with this famous lecture Riemann advanced Gauss' initial effort in differential geometry, extended it to multiple dimensions, and introduced the new and important theory of differential manifolds. Five years later, to celebrate his election to the Berlin Academy, Riemann presented a lecture "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity," for which "Number" he presented and proved an exact formula, albeit weirdly complicated and seemingly intractable. Numerous papers have been written on the distribution of primes, but Riemann's contribution is incomparable, despite that his Berlin Academy lecture was his only paper ever on the topic, and number theory was far from his specialty. In the lecture he posed the "Hypothesis of Riemann's zeta function" which is now considered the most important and famous unsolved problem in mathematics. (Asked what he would first do, if he were magically awakened after centuries, David Hilbert replied "I would ask whether anyone had proved the Riemann Hypothesis.") () was defined for convergent cases in Euler's mini-bio, which Riemann extended via analytic continuation for all cases. The Riemann Hypothesis "simply" states that in all solutions of (s = a+bi) = 0, either s has real part a=1/2 or imaginary part b=0. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

CARRER OPTIONS IN MATHEMATICS Students who pursue the Study of Mathematics can have a wide job opportunity in Banking Sector, I.T. Field, Space Research, Teaching, Statistics department, Industrial fields, commerce, government departments and teaching, representing some of the more obvious ones. Some jobs require specific mathematical or statistical skills while others, although not directly involving these skills, require the ability to think precisely and reason logically; these are abilities gained from mathematical studies. Mathematics graduates have many skills. In particular, they can: Apply quantitative knowledge and reasoning Define a research problem Design/use computer simulations Develop mathematical models and theories Establish and control hypothesis designs Gather, analyze, and interpret data Identify relationships among factors Perform statistical analysis Prepare technical reports Review scientific literature

BANKING SECTOR

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Premier training Maths in combination with statistics

Maths & Computer science

Diagnostic testing