Important Points to Note: 1. When any value increases by 1. 10%, it becomes 1.1 times of itself.

(since 100+10 = 110% = 1.1) 2. 20%, it becomes 1.2 times of itself. 3. 36%, it becomes 1.36 times of itself. 4. 4%, it becomes 1.04 times of itself. Thus we can see the effects on the values due to various percentage increases. 2. When any value decreases by 1. 10%, it becomes 0.9 times of itself. (Since 100-10 = 90% = 0.9) 2. 20%, it becomes 0.8 times of itself 3. 36%, it becomes 0.64 times of itself 4. 4%, it becomes 0.96 times of itself. Thus we can see the effects on a value due to various percentage decreases. Note: 1. When a value is multiplied by a decimal more than 1 it will be increased and when multiplied by less than 1 it will be decreased. 2. The percentage increase or decrease depends on the decimal multiplied. Eg: 0.7 => 30% decrease, 0.67 => 33% decrease, 0. 956 => 4.4% decrease and so on. Eg: When the actual value is x, find the value when it is 30% decreased. Soln: 30% decrease => 0.7 x. Eg: A value after an increase of 20% became 600. What is the value? Soln: 1.2x = 600 (since 20% increase) x = 500. Eg: If 600 is decrease by 20%, what is the new value? Soln: new value = 0.8 X 600 = 480. (Since 20% decrease) Thus depending on the decimal we can decide the % change and vice versa. Eg: When a value is increased by 20%, by what percent should it be reduced to get the actual value? Soln: (It is equivalent to 1.2 reduced to 1 and we can use % decrease formula) % decrease = (1.2 1)/1.2 X 100 = 16.66%. 3. When a value is subjected multiple changes, the overall effect of all the changes can be obtained by multiplying all the individual factors of the changes. Eg: The population of a town increased by 10%, 20% and then decreased by 30%. The new population is what % of the original? Soln: The overall effect = 1.1 X 1.2 X 0.7 (Since 10%, 20% increase and 30% decrease) = 0.924 = 92.4%. Eg: Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equal to a single discount of ___ Soln: Discount is same as decrease of price. So, decrease = 0.9 X 0.8 = 0.72 => 28% decrease (Since only 72% is remaining).

practice problems: 1. If 20% of 40% of a = 25% of a% of b, then what is b? a. 8/5 a. 100 a. 125 population? a. 76000 b. 64200 c. 60000 d. None 5. In a theatre, the number of seats is increased by 20% and the price per ticket is increased by 10% but the public response decreased by 30%. What is the net effect on the economy of the theatre? a.10% rise b. 7% fall c. 7% rise d. None 6. A saves 20% of his income. His income is increased by 20% and so he increased his expenditure by 30%. What is the percentage change in his savings? a. 20% fall b. 4% fall c. 20% rise d. 4% rise 7. The price of petrol is increased by 25%. By what percent the consumption be reduced to make the expenditure remain the same? a. 25% a. 20% b. 33.33% b. 44% c. 20% c. 36% d. None d. None 8. The side of a square is increased by 20%. The percentage change in its area is ___ 9. If the length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%, by what percentage should the breadth be reduced to make the area same? a. 20% b. 33.33% c. 25% d. None 10. In an election between two candidates, A and B, A secured 56% of the votes and won by 48000 votes. Find the total number of votes polled if 20% of the votes were declared invalid. a. 500000 b. 400000 c. 600000 d. None clear explanation for above problems: 1. 1/5 X 2/5 X a = X a X b => b = 8/25 2. % difference = (200-50)/50 X 100 = 300 % 3. % increase = (80-30)/30 X 100 = 166.66 % 4. 1.3 x = 78000 => x = 60000. 5. Net effect = 1.2 X 1.1 X 0.7 = 0.924 => 7.6% decrease. 6. Let I be the income. Savings = 0.2I => 20% Expenditure = 0.8I b. 16/25 b. 200 b. 166.66 c. 8/25 c. 300 c. 156 d. None d. None d. None 2. By what % is 200 more than 50? 3. A value changes from 30 to 80. What is the percentage change? 4. The population of a city is increased by 30% and thus became 78000. What is the original

New income = 1.2I (since 20% rise) New expenditure = (0.8I) X 1.3 (Since 30% rise)

= 1.04I So, new savings = 1.2I 1.04I = 0.16I => 16% (So income decreased form 20% to 16%) % decrease = (20-16)/20 X 100 = 20%. 7. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1. % decrease = (1.25-1)/1.25 X 100 = 20% 8. % change in area = 1.2 X 1.2 (since area = side X side) = 1.44 => 44%. 9. 10. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1. So 20% decrease. Valid Votes:

A got 56% => B got 44% Difference = 12% = 48000 So, 100% = 400000. These are valid votes. But valid votes are only 80% of total votes. So, 80% of total votes = 400000 => total votes = 500000

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