HIGH AND LOW VOLTAGE CUT OFF WITH TIME DELAY

BALU PRASAD SANDEEP K P MUHAMMED FANIS YASEEN FARHAN

INTRODUCTION
The power line fluctuations and cut-offs are likely to cause damages to electrical appliances connected to the line. It is more serious in the case of domestic appliances like refrigerators and air conditioners. If a fridge is operated on low voltage, excessive current flows through the motor, which heats up, and get damaged. The under/over voltage protection circuit with time delay presented here is a low cost and reliable circuit for protecting such equipments from damages. Whenever the power line is switched on it gets connected to the appliance only after a delay of a fixed time. If there are high/low fluctuations beyond sets limits or surge voltages, the appliance gets disconnected. The system tries to connect the power back after the specific time delay, the delay being counted from the time of disconnection. If the power down time (time for which the voltage is beyond limits) is less than the delay time, the power resumes after the delay: If it is equal or more, then the power resumes directly. The complete circuit is consisting of various stages. They are: -Dual rail power supply, Reference voltage source, Voltage comparators for high/low cut offs, Time delay stage and Relay driver stage.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
Dual rail power supply is to convert the 230V ac to a corresponding dc voltage level using a bridge rectifier and a step down transformer, to provide as an input to our circuit.
S1 F1 300mA T1 P4 D1 BRIDGE P1

C1 470uF,25V C2 470uF,25V P2

P3

Two comparator circuits are used to set the upper cut off voltage and the lower cut off voltage. Operational amplifiers serve the purpose of comparators. In the low voltage cut off when the sensor input is less than Zener voltage the output from the Op-amp remains high and when it is greater than Zener voltage the output goes low. When the sensing voltage is equal to Zener voltage the output of the op-amp is approximately zero.
Vcc

R1 10k + DC Input R2 10k D1 ZENER

U1 UA741

Output

Figure 2

 In the high voltage cut off circuit when the input DC from the sensor is less than Zener voltage the output of the op-amp is low and vice-versa. When the input DC voltage is equal to the zener voltage, the op-amps output is approximately zero.
Vcc R1 10k + DC Input R2 10k D1 ZENER Output U1 UA741

Figure 3
We have selected the 555 timer for the time delay circuit due to following reasons. o o o o o Timing from microseconds through hours. Ability to operate from wide range of supply voltages. High temperature stability. Easily Available. Its triggering circuit is quite sensitive.
Vcc R2 10k R3 1k D1 DIODE R1 1M U1 555
Gnd Trg Out Rst Vcc Dis Thr Ctl

Trigger

Output

C1 0.01uF

Figure 4

C2 22uF

 This is basically a monostable multivibrator. The external timing capacitor C2 is held initially discharged by the timer. The circuit triggers upon receiving a pulse to its pin 2 when the level reaches 1/3 Vcc. Once triggered, the circuit will remain in that state until the set time is elapsed or power to the circuit cuts off. The delayed period in seconds is 1.1 C2.R1 where R1 is in megohms and C2 is in microfarads. In practice, R1 should not exceed 20 M. If you use an electrolytic capacitor for C2, select a unit for low leakage. The time delay may have to be adjusted by varying R1 to compensate for the wide tolerance of electrolytics. The output from the voltage level detectors cannot directly drive the relay and hence the relay driver is used. In this a relay (12V <500 ohms) is connected to the collector of NPN transistor. The output voltage from the comparator is applied to the base of NPN transistor through a resistance R1. When the output from the comparator is low the transistor is in OFF state and the relay is in de-energized state. Similarly when the output from the comparator goes high the transistor switches ON and the flow of current from the collector to emitter of transistor energizes the relay.
Vcc RLY1 Dc relay
+

C1 25uF

R1 100

Q1 NPN Tr.

D1 DIODE

COMPLETE CIRCUIT

P1

R10 1M R1 10k D3 9.1V R8 10k R2 1k R6 100k R4 100k R7 10k R9 10k R3 100k U1A 741 D1 1N4001 R13 10k U2 555 R14 D4 1k 1N4001 D2 1N4001
Gnd Trg Out Rst Vcc Dis Thr Ctl

R12 1M

R5 100k U1B 741

P3

C2 0.1uF

R11 1M

P2 R15 100 D5 1N4001

+

RLY1 12VSPDT output C3 50uF

Q1 SL100/D313/C106 D6 1N4001

C1 22uF