Determining

Leaf-Angle Distribu3on of Vineyard Leaves using Terrestrial LiDAR

Aus$n Hopkins SARP 2012

Outline
Research Mo$va$on Data Collec$on Compu$ng Surface Normals and Leaf Angles Results and Analysis Future Work, Acknowledgements, References

Why is Leaf-Angle Important?

Broad Research Goal: Water Conserva$on Leaf-angle can serve as proxy for plant health by controlling solar energy plant receives Need to quan$fy evapotranspira$on (ET) of plants
Use energy-balance models to calculate ET

Leaf-angle is input in numerous energy balance models

Data Collec$on
Data collected in June of 2012 Collected in Delano Vineyards located in Delano, CA

Introduc$on to Surface Normals

Normal Vector Subset of Points Leaf Centroid Leaf
Image source: hYp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_ %28geometry%29

Surface Normals: Step One Finding Leaf Centroids

Use K-Means cluster to nd leaf clusters and centroids Open-source sobware Python used to analyze Scipy toolbox: scipy.clusters.kmeans User-dened number of clusters

 Fast querying, used to nd all points within 5cm of leaf centroids Used to calculate all subsets of points

Surface Normals: Step Two Construc$ng KDTree Data storage device used to store K-dimensional arrays

- Red sphere has radius of 5cm - All points within sphere comprise subset of centroid

Surface Normals: Step Three Covariance Matrix

Method proposed in Zheng 2012 for forestry canopy Compute covariance matrix of point subset Shows how correlated each point is with other points in subset Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of covariance matrix Normal vector is eigenvector corresponding to smallest eigenvalue

If 1 > 2 > 3 , then v3 is normal vector

K-Mean Clusters: Scan One

1000 Clusters Goal: Each cluster represents a single leaf Surface normal computed for each cluster of points

Standard Devia$on of Angle Distribu$on

Future Work
Further image segmenta$on to separate individual leaves Dierent density analysis
More accurate K-means clustering Mul$dimensional fast Fourier transforms

Scale measurements up from scan scale to vineyard scale

Acknowledgements
NASA, the Student Airborne Research Program, and University of North Dakotas Na$onal Suborbital Educa$on and Research Center for the support and giving me this opportunity Dr. Emily Schaller Shane Grigsby Dr. Susan Us$n The en$re Land Group

References
Campbell, G.S. Deriva$on of an Angle Density Func$on for Canopies with Ellipsoidal Leaf Angle Distribu$ons. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 49 (1990): 173-176 Clawges, R. Vierling, L. Calhoon, M. Toomey, M. Use of a Ground- Based Scanning LiDAR for Es$ma$on of Biophysical Proper$es of Western Larch (Larix Occidentalis). Interna8onal Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 28. 19 (2007): 4331 4344 Keightley, K.E. Bawden, G.W. 3D Volumetric Modeling of Grapevine Biomass using Tripod LiDAR. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 74 (2010): 305 312 Zheng, G. Moskal, M. Leaf Orienta$on Retrieval from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Data. IEEE Transac8ons on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. (2012)

Working with Data

Conver$ng data type for eciency Integer vs. Float i.e. 55748 vs. 55.748 Hierarchical Data Files (.hdf5) Fast querying of points Classifying data Red/Green/Blue Hue/Satura$on/Value Eleva$on

Tes$ng our Method

Use ground points from Scan 2 Expected high angle distribu$on Angle distribu$on supports our use of method

Number of Points 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 10 20 30 40 50 90 Angle (degrees)

60 70 80

 Number of Points 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Distribu$ons of Leaf-Angles

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Leaf-Angle (degrees)