01 Huawei WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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InternaI
WCDMA Radio nterface
Physical Layer
SSUE 1.0
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 1 All rights reserved
The physical layer offers data transport services
to higher layers.
The access to these services is through the use
of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the
following functions in order to provide the data
transport service, for example Modulation and
spreading/demodulation and despreading, nner -
loop power control etc.
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References
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and
Reception
TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2
TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces (HSDPA) -
ub/ur Protocol Aspects
TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed
Downlink Packet Access
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Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Outline radio interface protocol
Architecture
Describe key technology of UMTS
physical layer
Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
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Chapter 1 PhysicaI Layer Overview Chapter 1 PhysicaI Layer Overview
Chapter 2 PhysicaI Layer Key TechnoIogy Chapter 2 PhysicaI Layer Key TechnoIogy
Chapter 3 PhysicaI Layer Processing Procedure Chapter 3 PhysicaI Layer Processing Procedure
Chapter 4 PhysicaI Layer Procedures Chapter 4 PhysicaI Layer Procedures
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UTRAN Protocol Structure
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
u u
ur
ub ub
ub ub
UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
The UTRAN consists oI a set oI Radio Network Subsystems connected to
the Core Network through the Iu interIace.
A RNS consists oI a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs.
A NodeB is connected to the RNC through the Iub interIace.
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs oI the RNS can be interconnected together
through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interIaces. Iur can be conveyed
over direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using
any suitable transport network.
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Radio nterface Protocol Structure
L3
c
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t
r
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l
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t
r
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l
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t
r
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r
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l
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signaling
U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC Nt GC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
DupIication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC
L2/BMC
control
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
DC Nt GC
Radio
Bearers
RRC
The radio interIace (Uu) is layered into three protocol layers:
the physical layer (L1)
the data link layer (L2)
the network layer (L3).
The layer 1 supports all Iunctions required Ior the transmission oI bit streams on
the physical medium. It is also in charge oI measurements Iunction consisting in
indicating to higher layers, Ior example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to
Interference Ratio (SIR), interIerence power, transmit power, . It is basically
composed oI a 'layer 1 management entity, a 'transport channel entity, and a
'physical channel entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible Ior providing Iunctions such as mapping,
ciphering, retransmission and segmentation. It is made oI Iour sublayers: MAC
(Medium Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data
Convergence Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum.
The access stratum part is made oI 'RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and
'duplication avoidance entity. The non access stratum part is made oI CC, MM
parts.
Not shown on the Iigure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the node B
or the RNC.
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Many Iunctions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list oI the most important:
Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection
between the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell re-selection, an admission
control, and a layer 2 signaling link establishment. When a RNC is in charge oI a
speciIic connection towards a UE, it acts as the Serving RNC.
Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number oI Radio
Bearers can be established Ior a UE at the same time. These bearers are conIigured
depending on the requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge oI ensuring that the
requested QoS can be met.
Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC
connection: it handles the assignment oI radio resources (e.g. codes, shared channels).
RRC communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation when handovers
are managed.
Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging inIormation Irom network to UEs.
Broadcasting of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network) or
access Stratum. This corresponds to 'system inIormation regularly repeated.
UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates what to
measure, when and how to report.
Outer loop power control: controls setting oI the target values.
Control of ciphering: provides procedures Ior setting oI ciphering.
The RRC layer is deIined in the 25.331 speciIication Irom 3GPP.
The RLC`s main Iunction is the transIer oI data Irom either the user or the control plane over the
Radio interIace. Two diIIerent transIer modes are used: transparent and non-transparent. In
non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used: acknowledged or unacknowledged.
RLC provides services to upper layers:
data transfer (transparent, acknowledged and unacknowledged modes),
QoS setting: the retransmission protocol (Ior AM only) shall be conIigurable by layer 3
to provide diIIerent QoS,
notification of unrecoverable errors: RLC notiIies the upper layers oI errors that
cannot be resolved by RLC.
The RLC Iunctions are:
mapping between higher layer PDUs and logical channels,
ciphering: prevents unauthorized acquisition oI data; perIormed in RLC layer Ior non-
transparent RLC mode,
segmentation/reassembly: this Iunction perIorms segmentation/reassembly oI
variable-length higher layer PDUs into/Irom smaller RLC Payload Units. The RLC size
is adjustable to the actual set oI transport Iormats (decided when service is established).
Concatenation and padding may also be used,
error correction: done by retransmission (acknowledged data transIer mode only),
flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC
transmitting entity may send inIormation.
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MAC services include:
Data transfer: service providing unacknowledged transIer oI MAC SDUs between
peer MAC entities.
Reallocation of radio resources and MAC parameters: reconIiguration oI MAC
Iunctions such as change oI identity oI UE. Requested by the RRC layer.
Reporting of measurements: local measurements such as traIIic volume and quality
indication are reported to the RRC layer.
The Iunctions accomplished by the MAC sublayer are listed above. Here`s a quick explanation
Ior some oI them:
Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is multimedia, a
user may activate several services at the same time, having possibly diIIerent proIiles
(priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling consists in setting the right transport
Iormat Ior a high bit rate service and Ior a low bit rate service.
Priority handling between UEs: use Ior eIIicient spectrum resources utilization Ior
bursty transIers on common and shared channels.
Ciphering: to prevent unauthorized acquisition oI data. PerIormed in the MAC layer
Ior transparent RLC mode.
Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH resources
are divided between diIIerent ACSs in order to provide diIIerent priorities on a random
access procedure.
PDCP
UMTS supports several network layer protocols providing protocol transparency Ior the users oI
the service.
Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to UTRAN protocols.
In order to perIorm this requirement, the PDCP layer has been introduced. Then, Iunctions
related to transIer oI packets Irom higher layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the
UTRAN network entities.
PDCP shall also be responsible Ior implementing diIIerent kinds oI optimization methods. The
currently known methods are standardized IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) header
compression algorithms.
Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to PDCP.
Header compression and decompression are speciIic Ior each network layer protocol type.
In order to know which compression method is used, an identiIier (PID: Packet IdentiIier) is
inserted. Compression algorithms exist Ior TCP/IP, RTP/UDP/IP, .
Another Iunction oI PDCP is to provide numbering oI PDUs. This is done iI lossless SRNS
relocation is required.
To accomplish this Iunction, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buIIered and numbered.
Numbering is done aIter header compression. SDUs are kept until inIormation oI successIul
transmission oI PDCP-PDU has been received Irom RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges Irom 0
to 65,535.
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BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)
The main Iunction oI BMC protocol are:
Storage of cell broadcast message. the BMC in RNC stores the cell broadcast message received
over the CBC-RNC interIace Ior scheduled transmission.
Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the UTRAN side, the
BMC calculates the required transmission rate Ior the cell broadcast service based on the
messages received over the CBC-RNC interIace, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH
resources Irom Irom RRC
Scheduling of BMC message. The BMC receives scheduling inIormation together with each cell
broadcast message over the CBC-RNC interIace. Based on this scheduling inIormation, on the
UTRAN side the BMC generates schedule message and schedules BMC message sequences
accordingly. On the UE side ,the BMC evaluates the schedule messages and indicates scheduling
parameters to RRC, which are used by RRC to conIigure the lower layers Ior CBS discontinuous
reception.
Transmission of BMC message to UE. The Iunction transmits the BMC messages according to
the schedule
Delivery of cell broadcast messages to the upper layer. This UE Iunction delivers the received
non-corrupted cell broadcast messages to the upper layer
The layer 1 (physical layer) is used to transmit inIormation under the Iorm oI electrical signals
corresponding to bits, between the network and the mobile user. This inIormation can be voice,
circuit or packet data, and network signaling.
The UMTS layer 1 oIIers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is
through the use oI transport channels via the MAC sublayer.
These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling procedures. These
links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio link is made oI one or several
transport channels, and one physical channel.
The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sublayers: the transport and the physical sublayers. All the
processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport sublayer in order to
provide diIIerent services and their associated QoS. The physical sublayer is responsible Ior the
modulation, which corresponds to the association oI bits (coming Irom the transport sublayer) to
electrical signals that can be carried over the air interIace. The spreading operation is also done
by the physical sublayer. These sublayers are well described in chapters 6 and 7.
These two parts oI layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is made oI
several units located in each equipment, which exchange inIormation through the use oI control
channels.
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done by
multiplying with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Data bit
OVSF
code
ScrambIing
code
Chips after
spreading
Spreading is applied to the physical channels. It consists oI two operations. The
Iirst is the channelization operation, which transIorms every data symbol into a
number oI chips, thus increasing the bandwidth oI the signal. The number oI
chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). The second operation
is the scrambling operation, where a scrambling code is applied to the spread
signal.
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Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as C
ch,SF,k
, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 s k s SF-1.
SF 1 SF 2 SF 4
C
ch,1,0
(1)
C
ch,2,0
(1,1)
Cch,2,1 (1,-1)
C
ch,4,0
(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
(1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
(1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
(1,-1,-1,1)
The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are
used to preserve orthogonality between diIIerent physical channels. They also increase the clock
rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are deIined using a code tree.
In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by C
ch
,
SF
,
k
, where SF is the
Spreading Factor oI the code and k the code number, 0 s k s SF-1.
A channelization sequence modulates one user`s bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the
diIIerent lengths oI codes enable to have diIIerent user data rates. Low SFs are reserved Ior high
rate services while high SFs are Ior low rate services.
The length oI an OVSF code is an even number oI chips and the number oI codes (Ior one SF) is
equal to the number oI chips and to the SF value.
The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set oI orthogonal codes. Furthermore, any
two codes oI diIIerent layers are orthogonal except when one oI the two codes is a mother code oI
the other. For example C
4
,
3
is not orthogonal with C
1
,
0
and C
2
,
1
, but is orthogonal with C
2
,
0
.
Each Sector oI each Base Station transmits W-CDMA Downlink TraIIic Channels with up to 512
code channels.
Code tree repacking may be used to optimize the number oI available codes in downlink.
Exercise: Find code C
ch
,
8
,
3
and code C
ch
,
16
,
15
OVSF shortage
Scrambling enables neighboring cells to use the same channelization codes. This allows the
system to use a maximum oI 512 OVSF codes in each cell. Notice that the use oI an OVSF code
Iorbids the use oI the other codes in its branch. This reduces considerably the number oI available
codes especially Ior high rate services. This may lead to an OVSF shortage. In such a case,
secondary scrambling codes may be allocated to the cells and enable the reuse oI the same OVSF
in the same cell.
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of
either long or short type, There are 2
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long and 2
24
short uplink
scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher
layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 2
18
-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, ., 8191 are used.
Uplink scrambling code
All the physical channels in the uplink are scrambled. In uplink, the scrambling
code can be described as either long or short, depending on the way it was
constructed. The scrambling code is always applied to one 10 ms Irame.
DiIIerent scrambling codes will be allocated to diIIerent mobiles.
In UMTS, Gold codes were chosen Ior their very low peak cross-correlation.
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ScrambIing
codes for
downIink
physicaI
channeIs
Set 0
Set 1
.
Set 511
Primary
scrambIing code 0
..
Secondary
scrambIing code 1
Secondary
scrambIing code 15
Primary
scrambIing code
511D16
..
Secondary
scrambIing code
511D1615
8192 scrambIing
codes
512 sets
Primary Scrambling Code
.
.
A primary scrambIing code and 15 secondary scrambIing codes are
incIuded in a set.
Downlink link scrambling code
The scrambling codes used in downlink are constructed like the long uplink
scrambling codes. They are created with two 18-cell shiIt registers.
2
18
-1 262,143 diIIerent scrambling codes can be Iormed using this method.
However, not all oI them are used. The downlink scrambling codes are divided
into 512 sets, oI one primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling
codes each.
The primary scrambling codes are scrambling codes n16*i where i0.511.
The 15 secondary scrambling codes associated to one primary scrambling code
are n16*i k, where k1.15. For now 8192 scrambling codes have been
deIined.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambIing
codes for
downIink
physicaI
channeIs
Group 0
.
Primary
scrambIing code 0
..
Primary
scrambIing code
8*63
..
Primary
scrambIing code
63*87
512 primary
scrambIing codes
.
.
Group 1
Group 63
Primary
scrambIing code 1
Primary scrambIing
code 7
64 primary scrambIing
code groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambIing codes
There is a total oI 512 primary codes. They are Iurther divided into 64 primary
scrambling code groups oI 8 primary scrambling codes each. Each cell is
allocated one and only one primary scrambling code. The group oI the primary
scrambling code is Iound by the mobiles oI the cell using the SCH, while the
speciIic primary scrambling code used is given by the CPICH. The primary
CCPCH and the primary CPICH channels are always scrambled with the primary
scrambling code oI the cell, while other channels can be scrambled by either the
primary or the secondary scrambling code.
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16
Section 1 PhysicaI ChanneI Section 1 PhysicaI ChanneI Structure and Functions Structure and Functions
Section 2 ChanneI Mapping Section 2 ChanneI Mapping
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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels
n terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
Transport channel: t is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the
physical layer. According to whether the information transported is
dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it
is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: t is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of
channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase ( or Q) can be regarded as a
dedicated channel.
In UMTS, there are 3 types oI channels:
Logical channels: each logical channel type is deIined by what type of
information ~ is transIerred.
Transport channels: each transport channel is described by how ~ and with what
characteristics ~ data is transmitted over the radio interIace.
Physical channels: provide the real transmission resource, being in charge oI the
association between bits and physical symbols (electrical signals). It corresponds, in
UMTS, to a Irequency , a speciIic set oI codes and phase.
As a conclusion:
Physical Channel inIormation container
Transport Channel characteristics oI transmission
Logical Channel speciIication oI the inIormation global content
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ControI channeI
Traffic channeI
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
Common traffic channel (CTCH)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Logical Channel
As in GSM, UMTS uses the concept oI logical channels.
A logical channel is characterized by the type of information that is transIerred.
For example, some channels are used to transIer dedicated inIormation, some Ior transIer oI
general control inIormation, etc..
As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels Ior control plane
inIormation and traIIic channel Ior user plane inIormation.
The traIIic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic CHannel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel, that
transmits dedicated user inIormation between a UE and the network. That inIormation
can be speech, circuit switched data or packet switched data. The payload bits on this
channel come Irom a higher layer application (the AMR codec Ior example). Control
bits can be added by the RLC (protocol inIormation) in case oI a non transparent transIer.
The MAC sublayer will also add a header to the RLC PDU.
Common Traffic CHannel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel Ior
transIer oI dedicated user inIormation Ior all or a group oI speciIied UEs. This channel
is used to broadcast BMC messages. These messages can either be cell broadcast data
Irom higher layers or schedule messages Ior support oI Discontinuous Reception (DRX)
oI cell broadcast data at the UE. Cell broadcast messages are services oIIered by the
operator, like indication oI weather, traIIic, location or rate inIormation.
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The control channels are:
Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all
system inIormation types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example,
system inIormation type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system
inIormation on the BCH except when in CellDCH mode. In that case, they can
decode system inIormation type 10 on the FACH and other important signaling is
sent on a DCCH.
Paging Control CHannel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transIers paging
inIormation. It is used to reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in
connected mode (CellPCH or URAPCH state). The paging type 1 message is
sent on the PCCH. When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode,
it shall enter CellFACH state and make a cell update procedure.
Dedicated Control CHannel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that
transmits dedicated control inIormation between a UE and the network. This
channel is used Ior dedicated signaling aIter a RRC connection has been done.
For example, it is used Ior inter-Irequency handover procedure, Ior dedicated
paging, Ior the active set update procedure and Ior the control and report oI
measurements.
Common Control CHannel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel Ior transmitting
control inIormation between network and UEs. It is used to send messages
related to RRC connection, cell update and URA update. This channel is a bit
like the DCCH, but will be used when the UE has not yet been identiIied by the
network (or by the new cell). For example, it is used to send the RRC connection
request message, which is the Iirst message sent by the UE to get into connected
mode. The network will respond on the same channel, and will send him its
temporary identities (cell and UTRAN identities). AIter these initial messages,
the DCCH will be used.
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Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)
Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)
Common transport
channeI
Dedicated transport
channeI
Transport Channel
In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are deIined. They
are:
Broadcast CHannel (BCH): a downlink channel used Ior broadcast oI system
inIormation into the entire cell.
Paging CHannel (PCH): a downlink channel used Ior broadcast oI control
inIormation into the entire cell, such as paging.
Random Access CHannel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used Ior initial
access or Ior transmission oI relatively small amounts oI data (non real-time dedicated
control or traIIic data).
Forward Access CHannel (FACH): a common downlink channel used Ior dedicated
signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or Ior transmission oI relatively small amounts
oI data.
Dedicated CHannel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or
downlink.
21
Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
n UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
PhysicaI ChanneI
Frequency, Code, Phase
Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the
most important and complex channel, and a physical channel is deIined by
a speciIic carrier Irequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system,
the diIIerent code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the
channel. Most channels consist oI radio Irames and time slots, and each
radio Irame consists oI 15 time slots. There are two types oI physical
channel: UL and DL. Let`s look at the uplink physical channel Iirst.
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Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging ndicator Channel (PCH)
Acquisition ndicator Channel (ACH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPCH)
High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
DownIink
PhysicaI
ChanneI
The diIIerent physical channels are:
Synchronization CHannel (SCH): used Ior cell search procedure. There is the primary
and the secondary SCHs. Downlink.
Primary Common Control Physical CHannel (PCCPCH): used to carry BCH ,that is
system inIormation
Secondary Common Control Physical CHannel (SCCPCH): used to carry FACH ,that
is common DL data
Primary Common Pilot CHannels (P-CPICH): used Ior coherent detection oI
common channels. They indicate the phase reIerence. Downlink.
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming
Irom layer 2 and above (coming Irom DCH). Uplink and Downlink.
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control
inIormation generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). Uplink and
Downlink.
Page Indicator CHannel (PICH): carries indication to inIorm the UE that paging
inIormation is available on the S-CCPCH. Downlink.
Acquisition Indicator CHannel (AICH): it is used to inIorm a UE that the network has
received its access request. Downlink.
High Speed Packet Downlink Shared CHannel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to
carry subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming Irom layer 2.
Downlink.
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control message
to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc. Downlink.
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Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel
(HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
UpIink PhysicaI
ChanneI
The diIIerent physical channels are:
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data
coming Irom layer 2 and above (coming Irom DCH). Uplink and Downlink.
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control inIormation generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
Uplink and Downlink.
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH): used to carry random access
inIormation when a UE wants to access the network. Uplink.
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (HS-DPCCH): it is used
to carry Ieedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK. Uplink.
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Function of physical channel
Node B UE
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH- Synchronisation Channel
P-CPCH-Primary Common Pilot Channel
SCH- Synchronisation Channel
P-CPCH-Primary Common Pilot Channel
Cell broadcast channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated channels
Paging channels
PCH-Paging ndicator Channel
PCH-Paging ndicator Channel
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel
ACH-Acquisition ndicator Channel
ACH-Acquisition ndicator Channel
Random access channels
HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
High speed downlink share channels
25
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)
Used for cell search
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
of every time slot.
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each
time slot.
SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell.
SSC is chosen from a set of 16
different codes of length 256, there
are altogether 64 primary scrambling
code groups.
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
SIot #0 SIot #1 SIot #14
ac
s
i,0
p ac
p ac
p ac
ac
s
i,1
ac
s
i,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
When a UE is turned on, the Iirst thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and Iind a UMTS
cell. AIter that, it has to Iind the primary scrambling code used by that cell in order to be able to
decode the BCCH (Ior system inIormation). This is done with the help oI the Synchronization
Channel.
The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is transmitted
unscrambled during the Iirst 256 chips oI each time slot, in time multiplex with the P-CCPCH. It
is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio Irame. The SCH provides the primary
scrambling code group (one out oI 64 groups), as well as the radio Irame and time slot
synchronization.
The SCH consists oI two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These sub-channels are
sent in parallel using code division during the Iirst 256 chips oI each time slot.
The P-SCH, which is repeated at the beginning oI each time slot. The same code is used by all
the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence oI the UMTS cell and to synchronize
itselI on the time slot boundaries. This is normally done with a single matched Iilter or any
similar device. The slot timing oI the cell is obtained by detecting peaks in the matched Iilter
output.
This is the Iirst step oI the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the secondary
synchronization channel.
Each cell oI a node B has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
26
sIot number ScrambIing
Code Group
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
.
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
....
2560 chips
ac
p
SIot # ?
P-SCH
ac
p
SIot #?
16 6
S-SCH
ac
p
SIot #?
11
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
The S-SCH also consists oI a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) that indicates
which oI the 64 scrambling code groups the cell`s downlink scrambling code belongs to. 16
diIIerent SSCs are deIined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long sequence.
There is one speciIic SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence oI 15 SSCs. There is
a total oI 64 diIIerent sequences oI 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary scrambling code
groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one sequence is diIIerent Irom any other one,
and diIIerent Irom any rotated version oI any sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with
the 16 SSCs and identiIies the maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH provides the inIormation required to Iind the Irame boundaries and the downlink
scrambling code group (one out oI 64 groups). The scrambling code (one out oI 8) can be
determined aIterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then be able to decode the
BCH.
27
Common Pilot Channel(CPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPCH)
Carries pre-defined sequence.
Fixed rate 30KbpsSF=256
Primary CPCH
Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Only one CPCH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
The P-CPCH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, ACH, PCH.
By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symboI sequence
SIot #0 SIot #1 SIot # i SIot #14
T
sIot
= 2560 chips , 20 bits
1 radio frame: T
r
= 10 ms
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted over the
entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists oI a sequence oI known bits that
are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH.
The CPICH is used by the mobile to determine which oI the 8 possible primary scrambling codes
is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reIerence Ior common channels.
Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through a symbol-
by- symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. AIter the primary scrambling
code has been identiIied, the UE can decode system inIormation on the P-CCPCH.
There are two types oI common pilot channels, the primary and secondary CPICH. The use oI
the S-CPICH is optional.
The P-CPICH is the phase reIerence Ior the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is broadcasted
over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the P-CPICH is always Cch,256,0
(all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a Iixed rate channel. Also, it is always scrambled with the
primary scrambling code oI the cell.
II it is used, the S-CPICH provides the phase reIerence Ior the secondary CCPCH and the
downlink DPCH. It is transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part oI the cell. It is spread
by an arbitrary channelization code oI SF256, and scrambled with the primary or with a
secondary scrambling code.
28
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1
Carry BCH transport channel
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
Only data part
STTD transmit diversity may be used
PCCPCH Data
18 bits
SIot #0
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
SIot #1 SIot #i
256 chips
SIot #14
T
sIot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
SCH
The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a Iixed rate
(SF256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel. It
is broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH.
The Iigure above shows the Irame structure oI the P-CCPCH. The Irame
structure is special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-
CCPCH only has one Iix predeIined transport Iormat combination, and the only
bits transmitted are data bits Irom the BCH transport channel. It is important to
note that the P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the Iirst 256 chips oI the slot. In
Iact, another physical channel (SCH) is transmitted during that period oI time.
Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are time multiplexed on every time slot.
Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH. Also, it
is always scrambled by the primary scrambling code oI the cell.
29
Paging ndicator Channel (PCH)
PCH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging ndicators (P).
Frame structure of PCH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
N paging indicators {P0, ., PN-1} in each PCH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
f a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
One radio frame (10 ms)
b
1
b
0
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b
287
b
288
b
299
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a Iixed rate (30kbps, SF256) physical channel used by
the NodeB to inIorm a UE (or a group oI UEs) that a paging inIormation will soon be transmitted
on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it is inIormed to do so by the
PICH. This enables to do other processing and to save the mobiles` battery.
The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user speciIic and calculated by higher layers.
It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
The Irame structure oI the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always contains 300
bits (SF256). 288 oI these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while the remaining 12 are
not Iormally part oI the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That part oI the Irame (last 12 bits) is
reserved Ior possible Iuture use.
In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the conIiguration oI the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be multiplexed
on one PICH radio Irame. Thus, the number oI bits reserved Ior each PI depends oI the number
oI PIs per radio Irame. For example, iI there is 72 PIs in one radio Irame, there will be 4 (288/72)
consecutive bits Ior each PI. These bits are all identical. II the PI in a certain Irame is '1, it is
an indication that the UE associated with that PI should read the corresponding Irame oI the S-
CCPCH.
30
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Carry FACH and PCH.
Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without
TFC. UTRAN decides if a TFC should
be transmitted, UE must support TFC.
Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH
SF =256 - 4.
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
same or separate SCCPCHs. f
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same frame.
Data
N bits
SIot #0 SIot #1 SIot #i SIot #14
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
T
sIot
= 2560 chips,
Data
PiIot
N bits
PiIot
N bits
TFCI
TFCI
20*2
k
bits (k=0..6)
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the FACH
and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted continuously. It is only
transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH inIormation to transmit. At the mobile side, the mobile
only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a useIul message on the PCH or FACH.
A UE will expect a message on the PCH aIter indication Irom the PICH (page indicator channel),
and it will expect a message on the FACH aIter it has transmitted something on the RACH.
The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. II they are
mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple transport Iormats
The Iigure above shows the Irame structure oI the S-CCPCH. There are 18 diIIerent slot Iormats
determining the exact number oI data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits correspond to the PCH
and/or FACH bits coming Irom the transport sublayer. Pilot bit are typically used when beam
Iorming techniques are used.
The SF ranges Irom 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer as is the
scrambling code, and they are Iixed during the communication. They are sent on the BCCH so
that every UE can decode the channel.
As said beIore, FACH can be used to carry user data. The diIIerence with the dedicated channel is
that it cannot use Iast power control, nor soIthandover. The advantage is that it is a Iast access
channel.
31
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists
of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available
signatures totally
10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by
higher layer
Message part PreambIe
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
PreambIe PreambIe
Message part
PreambIe
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)
PreambIe PreambIe
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the network and to
carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The PRACH is an open loop power
control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms (ALOHA approach) to enable a random
access Irom several users.
The PRACH is composed oI two diIIerent parts: the preamble part and the
message part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identiIier
which consists oI 256 repetitions oI a 16 chip long signature (total oI 4096
chips). There are 16 possible signatures which correspond to the 16 OVSF
codes oI SF16. Basically, the UE randomly selects one oI the 16 possible
preambles and transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response Irom
the network (on the AICH). That preamble is scrambled beIore being sent.
That is a sign that the power level is high enough and that the UE is
authorized to transmit, which it will do aIter acknowledgment Irom the
network. II the UE doesn`t get a response Irom the network, it has to select
a new signature to transmit. The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split
into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made oI the RACH data and the layer 1
control inIormation.
32
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
5120 chips
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
Access sIot #0
Random Access Transmission
Access sIot #1
Access sIot #7
Access sIot #14
Access sIot #8
The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The
access Irame is access oI 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio Irames).
To avoid too many collisions and to limit interIerence, a UE must wait at
least 3 or 4 access slots between two consecutive preambles.
The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be
divided between diIIerent Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to
provide diIIerent priorities oI RACH usage. The ASC number ranges Irom
0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest priority).
33
PRACH Message Structure
PiIot
N bits
SIot # 0 SIot # 1 SIot # i SIot # 14
Message part radio frame T
RACH
= 10 ms
T
sIot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
PiIot
TFCI
N bits
TFCI
Data
N
data
bits
Data
ControI
k
bits (k=0..3)
The data and control bits oI the message part are processed in parallel. The SF oI
the data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF oI the control part is always
256. The control part consists oI 8 pilot bits Ior channel estimation and 2 TFCI
bits to indicate the transport Iormat oI the RACH (transport channel), Ior a total
oI 10 bits per slot.
The OVSF codes to use (one Ior RACH data and one Ior control) depend on the
signature that was used Io the preamble (Ior signatures s0 to s15: OVSF
control

C
ch,256,m
, where m16s 15; OVSF
data
C
ch,SF,m
, where mSF*s/16.
34
Acquisition ndicator Channel (ACH)
Frame structure of ACHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 40 symbols(5120 chips).
Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-ndicator(A) and a
part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-ndicator A have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPCH is the phase reference of ACH.
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a1 a2 a0 a31 a32 a30 a33 a38 a39
A part Unused part
20 ms
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to control the
uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each corresponding to a
signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the node B receives the random access Irom a mobile, it
sends back the signature oI the mobile to grant its access. II the node B receives multiple
signatures, it can sent all these signatures back by adding the together. At reception, the UE can
apply its signature to check iI the node B sent an acknowledgement (taking advantage oI the
orthogonality oI the signatures).
The AICH consists oI a burst oI data transmitted regularly every access slot Irame. One access
slot Irame is Iormed oI 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio Irames (20 ms). Each access slot consists
oI two parts, an acquisition indicator part oI 32 real-valued symbols and a long part during which
nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due to propagation delays.
s (with values 0, 1 and -1, corresponding to the answer Irom the network to a speciIic user) and
the 32 chip long sequence bs,j~ is given by a predeIined table. There are 16 sequences bs,j~,
each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum oI 16 AIs can be sent in each access
slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level signal by the signature it used to know iI its
access was granted.
The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system inIormation
type 5.
35
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)
DPDCH and DPCCH are /Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips
The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the
same Layer 1 connection
Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCFBTPC
Now look at the Ieature oI uplink dedicated physical channel.
Pilot is used to help demodulate
TFCI: transport Iormat combination indicator
FBI:used Ior the FBTD. (Ieedback TX diversity)
TPC: used to transport power control command.
Dedicated channels are established between one UE and the network to carry user
dedicated data and control.
There are two kinds oI uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH). The
DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry the
physical sublayer control bits.
There can be up to 6 uplink DPDCHs, but only one DPCCH is associated to these
DPDCHs on each radio link. More than one DPDCH is used Ior data rates above 960
ksps (maximum capacity oI one DPDCH). Thus, the maximum channel bit rate Ior one
UE is 960 * 6 5.76 Msps in uplink, which can correspond to a user bit rate oI 2.048
Mbps.
36
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Data
Ndatabits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Tslot 2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k0..6)
1 radio Irame: T 10 ms I
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
NFBI bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
One the Iigure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot
constitution. The parameter k determines the number oI symbols per slot.
It is related to the spreading Iactor (SF) oI the DPDCH by this simple
equation: SF256/2
k
. The DPDCH SF ranges Irom 4 to 256. The SF Ior the
uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per slot. The exact
number oI pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is conIigured by higher layers.
This conIiguration is chosen Irom 12 possible slot Iormats. It is important
to note that symbols are transmitted during all slots Ior the DPDCH
The diIIerent slot Iormats oI the DPDCH and the DPCCH are given in TS
25.211.
The SF oI the DPDCH is determined by higher layers.
37
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
Control information includesPilotTPCTFC(optional).
The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection
DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user speciIic inIormation like
speech, data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned
beIore, the payload Irom the DPDCH and the control bits Irom the DPCCH are
time multiplexed on every time slot. The Iigure above shows how these two
channels are multiplexed. There is only one DPCCH in downlink.
38
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
One radio Irame, T
I
10 ms
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k0..7)
Data2
N
data2
bits
DPDCH
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
Data1
N
data1
bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH
TPC
N
TPC
bits
We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main diIIerence. The chips oI
one slot is also 2560. Because the SF oI downlink DPCH can be 512, so the k can be 7.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user speciIic inIormation like speech, data
or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned beIore, the payload
Irom the DPDCH and the control bits Irom the DPCCH are time multiplexed on every
time slot. The Iigure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed. There is only
one DPCCH in downlink.
Basically, there are two types oI downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or
non use oI the TFCI Iield. TFCI bits are not used Ior Iixed rate services or when the TFC
doesn`t change.
The parameter k in the Iigure above determines the total number oI bits per time slot. It is
related to the SF, which ranges Irom 4 to 512.
39
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
Tslot 2560 chips, M*10*2
k
bits (k4)
Data
NData 1bits
1 subIrame: TI 2 ms
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer2
overhead bits mapped Irom the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
The user data and layer2 overhead bits Irom HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS- PDSCH and transIerred in 2 ms subIrame using one or several
channelization code with Iixed SF16
40
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new
data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
2560 chips, 40 bits
Data
NData 1bits
1 subIrame: T
I
2 ms
HS-SCCH uses a SF128 and has q time structure based on a sub-Irame oI length 2 ms,i.e. the same length as the HS-
DSCH TTI. The timing oI HS-SCCH starts two slot prior to the start oI the HS-PDSCH subIrame.
The Iollowing inIormation is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
1.Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM
2.Channelization Code Set (7bits)
3.Transport Size ( 6bits)
4.HARQ process number (3bits)
5.Redundancy version (3bits)
6.New Data Indicator (1bit)
7.UE identity (16 bits)
In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries physical-layer signalling to a single UE.
As there should be a possibility Ior HS-DSCH transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex), multiplex
HS-SCCH may be needed in a cell. The speciIication allows Ior up to Iour HS-SCCHs as seen Irom a UE point oI
view .i.e. UE must be able to decode Iour HS-SCCH.
41
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport
blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
CQ and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control
S u b I r a m e # 0 S u b I r a m e # i S u b I r a m e # 4
H A R Q - A C K C Q I
O n e r a d i o I r a m e T I 1 0 m s
O n e H S - D P C C H s u b I r a m e ( 2 m s )
2 T s lo t 5 1 2 0 c h i p s T s lo t 2 5 6 0 c h i p s
The uplink HS-DSCH related physical layer signalling consists oI:
1.Acknowledgements Ior HARQ
2.Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
As the HS-SCCH uses SF256, there are a total oI 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub Irame (3
time slot). The HS-DPCCH inIormation is divided in such a way that the HARQ
acknowledgement is transmitted in the Iirst slot oI the subIrame while the channel
quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
42
Section 1 PhysicaI ChanneI Structure and Functions Section 1 PhysicaI ChanneI Structure and Functions
Section 2 ChanneI Mapping Section 2 ChanneI Mapping
43
Mapping Between Channels
LogicaI channeIs Transport channeIs PhysicaI channeIs
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and physical
channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical channels correspond
to a transport channel.
The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC sublayer.
DiIIerent connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH;
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH
or a CPCH;
CTCH is connected to FACH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH
or a CPCH;
PCCH is connected to PCH;
CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
These connections depend on the type oI inIormation on the logical channels.
44
45
Section 1 Coding and MuItipIexing TechnoIogy Section 1 Coding and MuItipIexing TechnoIogy
Section 2 Spreading TechnoIogy Section 2 Spreading TechnoIogy
Section 3 ModuIation TechnoIogy Section 3 ModuIation TechnoIogy
46
CRC of TB
Error detection is provided on transport blocks through a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC)
CRC size is informed by higher layer signal
08121624(optional)
f no TB are input, no CRC bits should be attached. f TB are
input with TB SZE=0,CRC bits shall be also added ,but all
CRC are zero
Error detection is provided on transport blocks through a Cyclic Redundancy
Check (CRC). The size oI the CRC is 24, 16, 12, 8 or 0 bits and it is signalled
Irom higher layers what CRC size that should be used Ior each TrCH.
47
TB Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation
All transport blocks in a TT are serially concatenated .
The maximum size of the code blocks depends on whether
convolutional coding or turbo coding is used for the TrCH .
Convolutional code: if TBS SZE>504,segmented to multiple code
block of the same size.
Turbo code:if TBS SZE>5114, segmented to multiple code block
of the same size.
No coding:no segmentation
f codes cannot be segmented evenly, fill in "0 bits at the
beginning of the first code block.
f the code block length of Turbo code<40, fill in "0 bits at the
beginning to keep the code length constantly as 40
All transport blocks in a TTI are serially concatenated. II the number oI bits in a
TTI is larger than , the maximum size oI a code block in question, then code
block segmentation is perIormed aIter the concatenation oI the transport blocks.
The maximum size oI the code blocks depends on whether convolutional coding
or turbo coding is used Ior the TrCH.
convolutional coding: 504;
turbo coding: 5114.
48
Channel coding
The following channel coding schemes can be applied to TrCHs:
Convolutional coding, coding rates 1/3 and 1/2 are defined
Turbo coding, The coding rate of Turbo coder is 1/3
No coding
Usage of coding
BCH, PCH and RACH1/2 Convolutional coding
DCH and FACH1/2 or 1/3 Convolutional coding ,1/3 Turbo
coding, no coding
The Iollowing channel coding schemes can be applied to TrCHs:
- convolutional coding;
- turbo coding.
Usage oI coding scheme and coding rate Ior the diIIerent types oI TrCH is shown in
above slide
49
Rate Matching
Rate matching means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or
punctured.
The number of bits on a transport channel can vary between different
transmission time intervals(TT). n the downlink the transmission is
interrupted if the number of bits is lower than maximum. When the
number of bits between different transmission time intervals in uplink
is changed, bits are repeated or punctured to ensure that the total bit
rate after TrCH multiplexing is identical to the total channel bit rate of
the allocated dedicated physical channels.
Rate matching means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or punctured.
The objective oI rate matching is to Balance the multiplexing oI Eb/I0 oI each
TrcH mapped to the same CCTrCH, to Match channel(uplink) and to Avoid
multi-code transmission. Rate matching has two types:dynamic matching and
static matching. downlink, there is no repeating, only puncturing
50
nterleaving
Function: reduce the influence of fast fading.
Two kinds of interleaving: 1st interleaving and 2nd interleaving
The length of 1st interleaving is TT of TrCH, 1st interleaving is
a inter-frame interleaving
The length of 2nd interleaving is a physical frame, 2nd
interleaving is a intra-frame interleaving.
51
Radio Frame Segmentation
When the transmission time interval (TT) is longer than 10 ms, the
input bit sequence is segmented and mapped onto consecutive Fi
radio frames.
Following radio frame size equalisation in the UL the input bit
sequence length is guaranteed to be an integer multiple of Fi.
Following rate matching in the DL the input bit sequence length is
guaranteed to be an integer multiple of Fi.
Fi: Number of radio frames in the transmission time interval of TrCHi.
52
Multiplexing of TrCH
Every 10 ms, one radio frame from each TrCH is delivered to the
TrCH multiplexing. These radio frames are serially multiplexed into
a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH)
The format of CCTrCH is indicated by TFC
TrCH can have different TT before multiplexing
2 types of CCTrCH:Common and dedicated
Common CCTrCH should be multiplexed by common TrCH;
Dedicated CCTrCH should be multiplexed by dedicated TrCH
There is only one CCTrCH in uplink and one or several CCTrCH in
downlink for one user
53
nsertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
ndication Bits
n the downlink, DTX is used to fill up the radio frame with bits.
DTX indication bits only indicate when the transmission should be
turned off, they are not transmitted.
1st insertion of DTX indication bits
This step of inserting DTX indication bits is used only if the
positions of the TrCHs in the radio frame are fixed
2nd insertion of DTX indication bits
The DTX indication bits inserted in this step shall be placed at
the end of the radio frame.
54
Physical Channel Segmentation and Mapping
When multiple physical channels are used, one CCTrCH radio frame
can be divided into multiple physical frames multicode transmission
Each physical channel of multicode transmission must have the
same SF
DPCCH and DPDCH of uplink physical channel is code multiplexed.
DPCCH and DPDCH of downlink physical channel is time
multiplexed
Uplink physical channel must be fully filled except when compressed
mode is used
n downlink, the PhCHs do not need to be completely filled with bits
that are transmitted over the air. Values correspond to DTX
indicators, which are mapped to the DPCCH/DPDCH fields but are
not transmitted over the air.
55
1020 40 or 80ms
d
a
t
a
d
a
t
a
d
a
t
a
TrCH-i
dataCRC dataCRC dataCRC
dataCRCdataCRC dataCRC d a t a CBL CBL CBL
0816 or 24bits
Size Z
512K
tail
Conventional code
5120K
tail
Turbo code
CedBL CedBL CedBL Coded data Channel Coding Rate matched data
Rate matched data DTX
or
or
Data beIore 1
st
interleaving Data aIter 1
st
interleaved
Radio Irame Radio Irame Radio Irame
Number oI Rado Irame124 or 8
TrCH-1 TrCH-2 TrCH-I CCTrCH TrCH-1 TrCH-2 TrCH-I DTX CCTrCH
Ph-1 Ph-2 Ph-
10ms
10ms
Ph-1 Ph-2 Ph-
TPC TFCI pilot
Spreading
Scrambling
Spreading
Scrambling
Spreading
Scrambling
TrCH-i1
data1 data2 TPC TFCI pilot data1 data2 TPC TFCI pilot data1 data2
Transport channel multiplexing structure for downlink Transport channel multiplexing structure for downlink
56
Example of Coding and Multiplexing
The number of TrChs 3
Transport block size 81, 103, and 60 bits
CRC 12 bits (attached only to TrCh#1)
Coding CC, coding rate = 1/3 for TrCh#1, 2 coding rate =
1/2 for TrCh#3
TT 20 ms
Transport block size 148 bits
Transport block set size 148 bits
CRC 16 bits
Coding CC, coding rate = 1/3
TT 40 ms
Parameters for
12.2kb/s AMR speech
Parameters for
3.4kb/s control channel
57
TrCh#1 Transport block
CRC attachment
CRC
Tail bit attachment
Convolutional
coding R1/3, 1/2
Rate matching
81
81
303
Tail
8 93
303NRM 1
1
st
interleaving
12
Radio Irame
segmentation
#1a
To TrCh M ultiplexing
303 NRM 1
NRF1 (303 NRM 1)/2
NRF2 (333 NRM 2)/2
NRF3 (136 NRM 3)/2
#1b
TrCh#2
103
103
333
Tail
8 103
333 NRM 2
#2a
TrCh#3
60
60
136
Tail
8 60
136 NRM 3
#3a
136 NRM3
#3b
333 NRM 2
#2b
NRF1 NRF1 NRF2 NRF2 NRF3 NRF3
58
Example of Coding and Multiplexing(3.4kbps)
T r a n s p o r t b l o c k
C R C a t t a c h m e n t
C R C
C o n v o l u t i o n a l
c o d i n g R 1 / 3
R a t e m a t c h i n g
1 4 8
1 4 8
5 1 6 * B
T a i l
8 * B
( 5 1 6 N R M ) * B
1
s t
i n t e r l e a v i n g
1 6 b i t s
R a d i o I r a m e
s e g m e n t a t i o n
# 1
| ( 1 2 9 N R M ) * B N D I | /
4
T o T r C h M u l t i p l e x i n g
( 5 1 6 N R M ) * B N D I
# 2 # 4
T a i l b i t a t t a c h m e n t
1 6 4 * B
# 3
T r B k c o n c a t i n a t i o n B T r B k s ( B 0 , 1 )
1 6 4 * B
( 5 1 6 N R M ) * B N D I
I n s e r t i o n o I D T X
i n d i c a t i o n *
| ( 1 2 9 N R M ) * B N D I | /
4
| ( 1 2 9 N R M ) * B N D I | /
4
| ( 1 2 9 N R M ) * B N D I | /
4
* I n s e r t i o n o I D T X i n d i c a t i o n i s u s e d o n l y i I t h e p o s i t i o n o I t h e T r C H s i n t h e r a d i o I r a m e i s I i x e d .
59
12.2kbps data
3.4kbps data
TrCH
multiplexing
30ksps DPCH
2
nd
interleaving
Physical channel
mapping
#1 #1a #1c
1 2 15
CFN4N
slot
Pilot symbol TPC
1 2 15
CFN4N1
slot
1 2 15
CFN4N2
slot
1 2 15
CFN4N3
slot
#1b #2 #2a #2c #2b #3 #1a #1c #1b #4 #2a #2c #2b
#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4
510 510 510 510
12.2kbps data
60
61
Uplink DPCCH/DPDCH Spreading
The DPCCH is always spread by code cc = Cch,256,0
When only 1 DPDCH exists,(Cd,1 = Cch,SF,k ) k=SF/4
The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long
or short type
E
j
c
d , 1 | d
S
l o n g , n
o r S
s h o r t , n
+ j Q
D P D C H
1
Q
c
d , 3 | d
D P D C H
3
c
d , 5 | d
D P D C H
5
c
d , 2 | d
D P D C H
2
c
d , 4 | d
D P D C H
4
c
d , 6 | d
D P D C H
6
c
c | c
D P C C H
E
Up to 6 DPDCH
for one user
The Iigure above illustrates the principle oI the uplink spreading oI DPDCH and DPCCH. First
each channel is spread by an OVSF code. As it was mentioned beIore, channelization codes are
only used to spread the inIormation in uplink
The channelization code used Ior DPCCH is always C
ch,256,0
(all ones). II only one DPDCH is
used, it is spread by code C
ch,SF,k
, where k is linked to SF by kSF/4. When more than one
DPDCH is used, they will all have a SF equal to 4. DPDCH
n
is spread by code c
d,n
C
ch,4,k
,
where k1 Ior n e 1,2} , k3 Ior n e 3,4} , and k2 Ior n e 5,6}. Thus, the same
channelization code can be used by two diIIerent DPDCHs in uplink. AIter channelization, the
chip rate is equal to 3.84 Mcps.
AIter channelization, the spread signals are weighted by a gain Iactor (|
c
Ior DPCCH and |
d
Ior
all DPDCHs). These gain Iactors are quantized into 4 bits, giving values between 0 and 1. There
is at least one oI the values |
c
and |
d
that is equal to 1. These gain Iactors may vary Ior each
TFC, and are either signaled or computed.
Then, the streams oI chips are summed up giving a multilevel signal. AIter this addition, the real-
valued chips on the I and Q branches are summed up and treated like a complex-valued stream oI
chips. This stream is scrambled by a complex-valued scrambling code. For DPDCH and
DPCCH, a unique scrambling code oI 38,400 chips (corresponding to one radio Irame) is used.
That code can be either oI long or short type.
Finally, the complex chips are I and Q multiplexed and sent over the air interIace. The result oI
all this is a BPSK modulation, which gives us 1 bit per symbol. We will study that part in the
next section.
There can be up to 6 uplink DPDCHs, but only one DPCCH is associated to these DPDCHs on
each radio link. More than one DPDCH is used Ior data rates above 960 ksps (maximum
capacity oI one DPDCH). Thus, the maximum channel bit rate Ior one UE is 960 * 6 5.76
Mbps in uplink, which can correspond to a user bit rate oI 2.048 Mbps.
62
Uplink PRACH Spreading
Message part is shown in the following figurethe value of
gain factors is the same with DPDCH/DPCCH
j
|
c
c
c
c
d
|
d
S
r-msg,n
IjQ
PRACH message
control part
PRACH message
data part
Q
I
This is the PRACH spreading Iigure. the value of gain factors is the same with
DPDCH/DPCCH
The preamble signature , 0 s s 15, points to one oI the 16 nodes in the code-
tree that corresponds to channelization codes oI length 16. The sub-tree below the
speciIied node is used Ior spreading oI the message part. The control part is
spread with the channelization code cc oI spreading Iactor 256 in the lowest
branch oI the sub-tree, i.e. cc Cch,256,m where m 16s 15. The data part
uses any oI the channelization codes Irom spreading Iactor 32 to 256 in the
upper-most branch oI the sub-tree. To be exact, the data part is spread by
channelization code cd Cch,SF,m and SF is the spreading Iactor used Ior the
data part and m SFs/16.
The scrambling code used Ior the PRACH message part is 10 ms long, and there
are 8192 diIIerent PRACH scrambling codes deIined.
63
Downlink Spreading
Downlink physical channel except SCH is first serial-to-parallel
converted , spread by the spreading code, and then scrambled by a
complex-valued scrambling code.
The beginning chip of the scrambling code is aligned with the frame
boundary of P-CCPCH.
Each channel have different gain factor
I
Data oI
physical
channel
except
SCH
S

P
C
ch,SF,m
j
S
dl,n
Q
IjQ
S
Each pair oI two consecutive real-valued symbols is Iirst serial-to-parallel
converted and mapped to an I and Q branch. The mapping is such that even and
odd numbered symbols are mapped to the I and Q branch respectively.
The I and Q branches are then both spread to the chip rate by the same real-
valued channelization code Cch,SF,m. The channelization code sequence shall be
aligned in time with the symbol boundary. The sequences oI real-valued chips on
the I and Q branch are then treated as a single complex-valued sequence oI chips.
64
Downlink Spreading
DiIIerent physical
channel come Irom point S
E EE E
G
1
G
2
G
P
G
S
S-SCH
P-SCH
E EE E
Each complex-valued spread channel, corresponding to point S in the Figure, is
separately weighted by a weight Iactor Gi. The complex -valued P-SCH and S-
SCH, are separately weighted by weight Iactors Gp and Gs. All downlink
physical channels are then combined using complex addition.
65
66
Uplink Modulation
The chip rate is 3.84Mbps
n the uplink, the complex-valued chip sequence generated by the
spreading process is QPSK modulated
S
m{S}
Re{S}
cos(et)
Complex-
valued
sequence
after
spreading
-sin(et)
Split
real &
imag
parts
Pulse
shaping
Pulse
shaping
The complex-valued sequence S aIter spreading is split into real part and
imaginary part. Then the real part is multiplied by cos(wt) aIter pulse shaping.
The imaginary part is multiplied by sin(wt) aIter shaping.
67
Downlink Modulation
The chip rate is 3.84Mbps
n the downlink, the complex-valued chip sequence generated by the
spreading process is QPSK modulated
S
m{S}
Re{S}
cos(et)
Complex-
valued
sequence
after
spreading
-sin(et)
Split
real &
imag
parts
Pulse
shaping
Pulse
shaping
The complex-valued sequence S aIter spreading is split into real part and
imaginary part. Then the real part is multiplied by cos(wt) aIter pulse shaping.
The imaginary part is multiplied by sin(wt) aIter shaping.
68
69
Synchronization ProcedureCell Search
Frame synchronization and
code-group identification
ScrambIing-code
identification
UE uses SSC to find frame
synchronization and identify the
code group of the ceII found in
the first step
UE determines the primary
scrambIing code through correIation
over the CPICH with aII codes within
the identified group, and then detects
the P-CCPCH and reads BCH
information@
SIot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire sIot
synchronization to a ceII
The purpose oI the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility oI Iinding a
cell and oI determining the downlink scrambling code and Irame synchronization oI that
cell. This is typically perIormed in 3 steps:
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCH`s primary synchronization code to
acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization code is used by the
UE to detect the existence oI a cell and to synchronize the mobile on the TS boundaries.
This is typically done with a single Iilter (or any similar device) matched to the primary
synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing oI the cell can be
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched Iilter output.
SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identiIication): The secondary
synchronization codes provide the inIormation required to Iind the Irame boundaries and
the group number. Each group number corresponds to a unique set oI 8 primary
scrambling codes. The Irame boundary and the group number are provided indirectly by
selecting a suite oI 15 secondary codes. 16 secondary codes have been deIined C
1
, C
2
,
..C
16
. 64 possible suites have been deIined, each suite corresponds to one oI the 64
groups. Each suite oI secondary codes is composed oI 15 secondary codes (chosen in the
set oI 16), each oI which will be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes
matches one oI the possible suites, the UE has both determined the Irame boundary and
the group number.
CPICH (Scrambling-code identiIication): The UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the Iound cell. The primary scrambling code is typically
identiIied through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all the codes
within the code group identiIied in the second step. AIter the primary scrambling code
has been identiIied, the Primary CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell
speciIic BCH inIormation can be read.
70
Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship
AICH access
sIots
Secondary
SCH
Primary
SCH
t tt t
S-
CCPCH,k
10 ms
t tt t
PICH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #14 #13 #12 #11 #10 #9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4
P-CCPCH, (SFN moduIo 2) = 0 P-CCPCH, (SFN moduIo 2) = 1
CPICH
k:th S -CCPCH
PICH for k:th S -CCPCH
n:th DPCH
t tt t
DPCH,n
This page shows the transmission timing oI the various downlink channels. The 256
chips gap in the beginning oI each oI the PCCPCH slots is to accommodate the
transmission oI the SCH. The SCH is always transmitted Irom the base station and is
transmitted at the same timing reIerence as the CPICH. The SCCPCH is only transmitted
when there is data available. ThereIore ,it has its own transmission timing. The timing
oIIset is a multiple oI 256 chips. The PICH has a Iixed time oIIset time oIIset with
respect to the SCCPCH to be able to tell UE that there is paging coming on the PCH
mapped onto the SCCPCH
71
Random access procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channeI from
avaiIabIe ones
Get avaiIabIe signatures
Set PreambIe Retrans Max
Set PreambIe _InitiaI _Power
Send a preambIe
Check the corresponding AI
Increase message part power by p
-m based on preambIe power
Set physicaI status to be RACH
message transmitted
Set physicaI status to be Nack
on AICH received
Choose a access sIot again
Counter> 0 & PreambIe power-
maximum aIIowed power<6 dB
Choose a signature and
increase preambIe transmit power
Set physicaI status to be Nack
on AICH received
Get negative AI
No AI
Report the physicaI status to MAC
END
Get positive AI
The counter of preambIe retransmit
Subtract-1, Commanded preambIe power
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Y
Send the corresponding message part
72
Random Access ProcedureRACH
Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access
slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. f there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding
to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such
that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal
probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures
within the given ASC.
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_
Retrans_ Max
73
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to
Preamble_nitial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble transmission power.
6. f no positive or negative acquisition indicator (A = +1 nor 1)
corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access
slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
~ A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH
sub-channels within the given ASC;
~ B: select a signature;
~ C: ncrease the Commanded Preamble Power;
~ D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. f the
Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6.
Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.
74
7. f a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to
the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access
procedure Signature
8. f a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three
or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
9. exit the physical random access procedure
75
Transmit diversity Mode
Application of 1x diversity modes on downlink physical channel Application of 1x diversity modes on downlink physical channel
applied ACH
applied HS-SCCH
applied applied HS-PDSCH
applied PCH
applied applied applied DPCH
applied S-CCPCH
applied SCH
applied P-CCPCH
Mode 2 Mode 1 STTD TSTD
Closed loop mode Open loop mode Physical channel type
Transmitter-antenna diversity can be used to generate multipath diversity in
places where it would not otherwise exist. Multipath diversity is a useIul
phenomenon, especially iI it can be controlled. It can protect the UE against
Iading and shadowing. TX diversity is designed Ior downlink usage. Transmitter
diversity needs two antennas, which would be an expensive solution Ior the UEs.
The UTRA speciIications divide the transmitter diversity modes into two
categories: (1) open-loop mode and (2) closed-loop mode. In the open-loop mode
no Ieedback inIormation Irom the UE to the Node B is available. Thus the
UTRAN has to determine by itselI the appropriate parameters Ior the TX
diversity. In the closed-loop mode the UE sends Ieedback inIormation up to the
Node B in order to optimize the transmissions Irom the diversity antennas.
.
76
Thus it is quite natural that the open-loop mode is used Ior the common channels,
as they typically do not provide an uplink return channel Ior the Ieedback
inIormation. Even iI there was a Ieedback channel, the Node B cannot really
optimize its common channel transmissions according to measurements made by
one particular UE. Common channels are common Ior everyone; what is good Ior
one UE may be bad Ior another. The closed-loop mode is used Ior dedicated
physical channels, as they have an existing uplink channel Ior Ieedback
inIormation. Note that shared channels can also employ closed loop power
control, as they are allocated Ior only one user at a time, and they also have a
return channel in the uplink.There are two speciIied methods to achieve the
transmission diversity in the open-loop mode and two methods in closed-loop
mode
77
Transmit Diversity-STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity(STTD
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b
0
b
1 b
2
b
3
b
0
b
1 b
2
b
3
-b
2
b
3 b
0
-b
1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
Ior antenna 1 and antenna 2.
The TX diversity methods in the open-loop mode are
(1) space time-block coding-based transmit-antenna diversity (STTD)
(2) time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD).
In STTD the data to be transmitted is divided between two transmission antennas
at the base station site and transmitted simultaneously. The
channel-coded data is processed in blocks oI Iour bits. The bits are time reversed
and complex conjugated, as shown in above slide. The STTD method, in Iact,
provides two brands oI diversity. The physical separation oI the antennas
provides the space diversity, and the time diIIerence derived Irom the bit-
reversing process provides the time diversity.
These Ieatures together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable.
In addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both
antennas. The normal pilot is sent via the Iirst antenna and the diversity pilot via
the second antenna. The symbol sequence Ior the second pilot is given in
The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to
extract the phase inIormation Ior both antennas.
The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory Ior
the UE`s receiver.
78
Transmit Diversity-TSTD
1ime switching transmit diversity (1S1D) is used only on SCH cha 1ime switching transmit diversity (1S1D) is used only on SCH channel. nnel.
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
acs
i,0
ac
p
ac
s
i,1
ac
p
ac
s
i,14
ac
p
SIot #0 SIot #1 SIot #14
ac
s
i,2
ac
p
SIot #2
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just as with
STTD, the support oI TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE.
The principle oI TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two
base station antennas in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are
transmitted via antenna 1, and in odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is
depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH channels only use the Iirst 256 chips oI
each time slot (i.e., one-tenth oI each slot).
79
Closed Loop Mode
The closed-loop-mode transmit diversity can only be applied to the
downlink channel iI there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode
canonly be used with dedicated channels The chieI operating principle oI
the closed loop mode is that the UE can control the transmit diversity in
the base station by sending adjustment commands in FBI bits on the uplink
DPCCH. This is depicted in next slide .The UE uses the base station`s
common pilot channels to estimate the channels separately. Based on this
estimation, it generates the adjustment inIormation and sends it to the
UTRAN to maximize the UE`s received
power.
There are actually two modes in the closed-loop method. In mode 1 only
the phase can be adjusted; in mode 2 the amplitude is adjustable as well as
the phase. Each uplink time slot has one FBI bit Ior closed-loop-diversity
control. In mode 1 each bit Iorms a separate adjustment command, but in
mode 2 Iour bits are needed to compose a command
80
Transmit DiversityClosed Loop Mode
Closed loop mode transmit diversity
Used in DPCH and PDSCH
Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-
diversity mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX
antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight
factors w1 and w2.
The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the
UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FB
field of uplink DPCCH.
The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx
diversity.there are two modes with different calculation methods of
weight factor
~ 1mode 1 uses phase adjustmentthe dedicated pilot
symbols of two antennas are different(orthogonal)
~ 2mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustmentthe dedicated
pilot symbols of two antennas are the same.
81
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01 Huawei WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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