CytoSkeleton

It supplies structure to cells and acts as a scaffolding for the attachment of many organelles. It is responsible for the ability of cells to move. It is required for the proper division of cells during cellular reproduction.

Chloroplast

the chloroplast function is related to photosynthesis. The thylakoids are made up of photo systems, chlorophyll and accessory pigments which absorb light resulting in electron transfer to form complex co factors like NADP (Nicotine Amide Dinucleotide Phosphate) and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which are energy providing molecules. This is followed by the dark reaction wherein carbon fixation and carbohydrate formation takes place using ATP and NADP. This reaction takes place in the stroma and is named as the Calvin cycle, after the discoverer.

Cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or moredaughter cells.[1] Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort of cell division in prokaryotes is known as binary fission. In another type of cell division present only in eukaryotes, called meiosis, a cell is permanently transformed into a gamete and may not divide again until fertilization. Right before the parent cell splits, it undergoes DNA replication. For simple unicellular organisms[nb 1] such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction-- an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Cell division also enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. And after growth, cell division allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[2] A human being's body experiences about 10,000 trillion cell divisions in a lifetime. [3] The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell'sgenome. Before division can occur, the genomic information which is stored inchromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between "generations". Variants

Cells are classified into two categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. By dint of their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Furthermore, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm in males or ova in females) is different from that of eukaryote somatic Degradation

Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humansthis occurs on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication, shorten with each copy, eventually being consumed, as described in the article on telomere shortening. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing division to continue indefinitely.

Mitosis \ Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates thechromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membraneinto two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.
[1]

Mitosis and cytokinesis together define

the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cyclethe division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately 10% of the cell cycle. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different species. For example, animals undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans andSaccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.[2] Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a process called binary fission. The process of mitosis is fast and highly complex. The sequence of events is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase,prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During mitosis the pairs of chromatids condense and attach to fibers that pull thesister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. The cell then divides incytokinesis, to produce two identical daughter cells which are still diploid cells.[3] Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis, "mitosis" is often used interchangeably with "mitotic phase". However, there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately, forming single cells with multiple nuclei. This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds, but is found in various groups. Even in animals, cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently, for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development.[4] Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to certain types of cancer. Mitosis was discovered in frog, rabbit, and cat cornea cells in 1873 and described for the first time by the Polish histologist Wacaw Mayzel in 1875. Three Types Of Mitosis Direct division - amitosis Indirect division- mitosis Reduction division- meiosis