MATHEMATICS REVISION OF FORMULAE AND RESULTS

Surds Co-ordinate Geometry

a b = ab

a b

Distance formula: d = Gradient formula: m =

=
2

a b

x2 x1
y2 y1 x2 x1

+ (y2 y1 )2

or m = tan
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2

( a) = a
Midpoint Formula: midpoint =

Absolute Value

a = a if a 0 a = a if a < 0
Geometrically:

Perpendicular distance from a point to a line:

ax1 + by1 + c a2 + b2
Acute angle between two lines (or tangents)

x is the distance of x from the origin on the number line x y is the distance between x and y on the number line ab = a . b a+b a + b
Factorisation

tan =
Equations of a Line

m1 m2 1 + m1 m2

gradient-intercept form: y = mx + b point-gradient form: two point formula: intercept formula:

x3 y3 = x y (x2 + xy + y2 ) x3 + y3 = x + y (x2 xy + y2 )
Real Functions A function is even if f x = f(x). The graph is symmetrical about the y-axis. A function is odd if f x = f(x). The graph has point symmetry about the origin.

y y1 = m(x x1 )
y y1 x x1 x a

y2 y1 x2 x1

y b

=1

general equation: ax + by + c = 0 Parallel lines: Perpendicular lines:

m1 = m2 m1 .m2 = 1

The Circle The equation of a circle with: Centre the origin (0, 0) and radius r units is:

x2 + y2 = r2
Centre (a, b) and radius r units is:

(x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2

Trigonometric Results

The Quadratic Polynomial (SOH) The general quadratics is: y = ax2 + bx + c The quadratic formula is:
2

sin =

opposite hypotenuse

x=

b b2 4ac 2a

cos =

adjacent hypotenuse

(CAH) (TOA) The discriminant is: = b 4ac If 0 the roots are real If < 0 the roots are not real If = 0 the roots are equal If is a perfect square, the roots are rational If and are the roots of the quadratic equation

tan =

opposite adjacent

Complementary ratios:

sin 90 = cos cos 90 = sin tan 90 = cot sec 90 = cosec cosec(90 ) = sec
Pythagorean Identities

ax2 + bx + c = 0
then:

+ = a and = x = 2a
b

c a

The axis of symmetry is:

sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 + cot2 = cosec2 tan2 + 1 = sec2 tan =

The Sine Rule
a sinA sin cos

If a quadratic function is positive for all values of x, it is positive definite i.e. < 0 and a > 0 If a quadratic function is negative for all values of x, it is negative definite i.e. < 0 and a < 0 If a function is sometimes positive and sometimes negative, it is indefinite i.e. > 0

and cot =

cos sin

The Parabola

b sinB

c sinC

The parabola x2 = 4ay has vertex (0,0), focus (0,a), focal length a units and directrix y = a The parabola (x h) = 4a(y k) has vertex (h, k)
2

The Cosine Rule

a2 = b2 + c2 2bcCosA CosA =

b2 + c2 a2 2bc

The Area of a Triangle

Area = 2 abSinC

Differentiation First Principles: f ' (x) = h lim f ' (c) = xlimc If y = xn then Chain Rule:
d dx dy dx f (x + h) f (x) h f (x) f (c) h

Geometrical Applications of Differentiation or

du dx dy dx dy dx

Stationary points: Increasing function: Decreasing function: Concave up: Concave down: Minimum turning point: Maximum turning point: Points of inflexion: about the point.
d2 y dx2

dy dx dy dx dy dx d2 y dx2 d2 y dx2 dy dx dy dx

=0 >0 <0 <0 >0 = 0 and = 0 and

d2 y dx2 d2 y dx2

= nxn1

f (u) = f ' (u)

Product Rule: If y = uv then

u v

= u dx + v dx =
v
du dv +u dx dx v2

dv

du

>0 <0

Quotient Rule: If y =

then

Trigonometric Functions:
d dx d dx d dx

= 0 and concavity changes

sinx = cosx cosx = sinx tanx = sec2 x

d dx d dx

Horizontal points of inflexion: = 0 and dx2 = 0 and dx concavity changes about the point.

dy

d2 y

Exponential Functions:

ef (x) = f ' (x)ef (x) ax = ax .lna loge f (x) =

f ' (x) f (x)

Logarithmic Functions:

d dx

Approximation Methods The Trapezoidal Rule:

b

Sequences and Series Arithmetic Progression

h f x dx = y + y + 2 y1 + y2 + y3 + + yn1 2 0 n
a

d = U2 U1 Un = a + n 1 d Sn = 2 [2a + n 1 d] Sn = 2 [a + l] where l is the last term

Geometric Progression
n n

Simpsons Rule: h f x dx = y + y + 4 y1 + y3 + + 2 y2 + y4 + 3 0 n

In both rules, h =

ba where n

n is the number of strips.

r=

U2 U1

Integration If f (x) 0 for a x b, the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and x = a and x = b is given by
b f a

Un = arn1 Sn = S =
a rn 1 1 a 1 r

a 1 rn 1r

x dx.

The volume obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x) about the x-axis between x = a and x = b is given by

The Trigonometric Functions

If If
dx dx dx dx

b a

f x

radians = 180
Length of an arc: Area of a sector: Area of a segment:

= xn then y = = ax + b
n

xn+1 n+1

ax + b n a(n + 1)

l = r A = 2 r2 A = 2 r2 ( sin)
1 1

then y =

Trigonometric Functions:

[In these formulae, is measured in radians.] Small angle results:

sin x dx = cosx + C

cos x dx = sinx + C sec2 x dx = tanx + C

Exponential Functions:

sinx 0 cosx 1 tanx 0

lim sinx x0 x

= x lim0

tanx x

=1
2 n

For y = sin nx and y = cos nx the period is For y = sin nx the period is
n

eax dx =

eax a

+ C and

ax dx =

.ax ln a

Logarithmic Functions:
f ' (x) f (x)

dx = loge x + C

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions The Index Laws:

ax ay = ax+y ax ay = axy ax
y

= axy
1 ax

ax =
x y

ay = ax a0 = 1
The logarithmic Laws: If loga b = c then ac = b

loga x + loga y = loga xy loga x loga y = loga loga n + nloga x loga a = 1 and loga 1 = 0
The Change of Base Result:

x y

loga b =

loge b loge a

= log10 a
10

log