King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HOMEWORK # 4

Problem 1 Define ESWL, ESAL. What is the difference between both? Answer Equivalent Single Wheel Load (ESWL) is the single wheel load having the same contact pressure, which produces same value of maximum stress, deflection, tensile stress or contact pressure at the desired depth. Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) is the effect on pavement performance of any combination of axle loads of varying magnitude equated to the number of standard single-axle loads that are required to produce an equivalent effect. Normally, in ESWL design approach, only a critical or design vehicle is used (e.g. heaviest or most damaging aircraft) and the damage effects of the other vehicle types are ignored. This procedure is largely applied to airports. For highway ESAL design approach is used as the damage is related to the number of load repetition.

Problem 2 Find the ESWL for a dual tire of a single axle load of 26 kips and tire pressure 80 psi and spacing Sd=18". Consider the maximum ESWL occurs between the two tires and use equal sub-grade stress criteria for a pavement of thickness 4" and E = 150,000 psi and rested on sub-grade of E = 15000 psi. Solution Given: Sd=18" p=80psi load = 26/4 = 6.5 kips/wheel = 6500 lbs/wheel Pavement thickness, t = 4"
P p

Radius of the tire imprint, a =

6500 = 5.09 in * 80

d = Sd 2*a = 18 2*5.09 = 7.82 in So, 7.82/2 or 3.91" corresponds to the load 6500 lb. 2* Sd or 36" corresponds to 13000 lbs. Now, we can find out the load corresponds to 4" by plotting load and dept in log scale.
ESWL vs Depth

100000

ESWL (log Scale)

10000

1000 1 10
Depth z (log Scale)

100

With the help of the above figure, Pe =6500*2 = 13000lb

Problem 3 If the pavement in problem (2) was replaced by a concrete slab of 4" thickness, find the ESWL using LCN & FAA methods. Assume k for sub-grade 100 pci, E slab = 4 * 106 psi and = 0.15. Solution Method: LCN The contact area of individual tire, A = P/p = 6500/80 = 81.25 in2 For dual tire, the contact area, A= 2*81.25 = 162.5 in2 Now, we have to find out reduction factor with the help of Figure 4.10 To use Figure 4.10, we need wheel spacing and contact area. Wheel spacing = 18" and contact area = 162.5 in2 The obtained reduction factor = 1.32 We know that, Reduction Factor = Total Load/ ESWL Now, ESWL = 26000/1.32 = 19697 lb Method: FAA We have to find out radius of relative stiffness (l) with the help of Table 3.1 But there is no value of h for the given information. For this reason we are using equation 3.7 l=
4

Eh 3 = 12(1 2 )k

4 * 10 6 * 4 3 = 21.61 in 12(1 0.15 2 )100

Sd / l = 18/21.61 = 0.83, A/l2 = 162.5 / 21.612 = 0.35 With the help of Figure 4.11, Total gear load/ESWL = 1.35 Now, ESWL = 26000/1.35 = 19259 lb

Problem 4 Calculate ESWL for the two loads P1 = 4000lbs and P2 = 6000 lbs with equal tire pressure of 50 psi based on equal stress at point (A).
Hint: Calculate total vertical stress at point A due to P1 and P2. Then for that stress value calculate Pe P1 Sd=20" P2

10"

12"

Solution Considering the load P1 Based on the work of Boussinesq, Vertical stress, z = p [A + B] Here, the radius of imprint, a =
P = p

4000 = 5.05 in * 50

Now, wit the help of Table 2.2 we can find out the values of A and B Offset in radii = (20-12)/5.05 = 1.6 Depth in radii = 10/5.05 = 2.0 A = 0.0592, and B = 0.0566 z =50*[0.0592+0.0566] = 5.79 psi Considering the load P2 Here, the radius of imprint, a =
P = p

6000 = 6.18 in * 50

Now, wit the help of Table 2.2 we can find out the values of A and B Offset in radii = 12/6.18 = 1.9 Depth in radii = 10/6.18 = 1.6 A = 0.0553, and B = 0.0252 z =50*[0.0553+0.0252 ] = 4.02 psi

Now, the total stress at A, = 5.79 psi + 4.02 psi = 9.81 psi For standard loading, offset = 0 Now, we can find the value, A+B = /p = 9.81/50 = 0.196 With the help of Table 2.2 (by inspection) For z/a = 2.5, A = 0.07512 and B = 0.12807 So, A + B = 0.20319 For z/a = 3, A = 0.05132 and B = 0.098487 So, A + B = 0.149807 Therefore, our obtained value lies between z/a = 2.5 to 3 By interpolation, desired z/a = 2.567 so, a =10/2.567 = 3.90 in Now, Pe = Imprint Area * pressure = *a2*50 =2389 lb

Problem 5 Calculate the Design Lane EAL for the mixed divided traffic given in the table for 4 lane/highway. Assume: SN =4 Directional split 50/50 Lane distribution 30/70 Design life 20 years Traffic growth 7 % Terminal serviceability 2.0 Axle load (kips) Single Axles 2 6 8 10 12 Tandem Axles 12 14 18 20 24 (Hint: follow example in the book) Solution
Axle Load
2 6 8 10 12 12 14 18 20 24

No. of Axles / day

4000 500 450 250 280 400 300 250 200 100

Single / Tandem Axle

No. 4000 500 450 250 280 400 300 250 200 100 F 0.0002 0.01 0.04 0.1 0.21 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.14 0.29 Total No.*F 0.8 5 18 25 58.8 8 9 22.5 28 29 204.1

single axle

tandem axle

Daily EAL EAL0 = 204.1 EAL0 =204.1*0.50*0.70 = 71.43 for per lane per day n EAL0 (365) (1 + i )n 1 Here, n = 20 yrs, i = 0.07 Design lane EAL = EAL = log e (1 + i ) 0

Now, design lane EAL =

71.43 * 365 (1 + 0.07 )20 1 log e (1 + 0.07) = 1105820

Problem 6 The maximum axle load for a single axle with dual tires should not exceed 13 tons in GCC countries. Assume spacing between two tires Sd = 18" and tire pressure 80 psi. Calculate the maximum equivalent single wheel load (ESWL) for the pavement conditions given in problem (3). (use graphical method of each sub-grade stress criterion). Solution Given: Sd=18" p=80psi load = 13*2240/4 = 7280 lbs/wheel Pavement thickness, t = 4"
P p

Radius of the tire imprint, a =

7280 = 5.38 in * 80

d = Sd 2*a = 18 2*5.38 = 7.24 in So, 7.24/2 or 3.62" corresponds to the load 7280 lb. 2* Sd or 36" corresponds to 7280*2 = 14560 lbs. Now, we can find out the load corresponds to 4" by plotting load and dept in log scale.
ESWL vs Depth
100000 ESWL (log Scale)

10000

1000 1 10 Depth z (log Scale) 100

With the help of the above graph, Pe= 2*7500 = 13000 lb

Problem 7 Re-calculate the maximum ESWL of problem (6) using equal deflection criterion (Assume one layer theory (i.e. neglect deflection in the pavement layer) and assume that maximum deflection occurs at the center-line between the tires. Solution Given, z = 10", p = 80 psi, For each wheel, the load, Pk = 13*2204/4 = 7163 lb
P =5.34" p With the help of Figure 4.5 (for z/a = 4/5.34 = 0.75) Fe = 1.2 The distance, r = Sd/2 = 18/2 =9" so, r/a = 9/5.34 = 1.7, z/a = 0.75 F=0.49 Again for the another tire, F = 0.49

Now, a =

Pk Fi max Pe =
i

Fe

= 2*7163*(0.49+0.49) / 1.2 = 11700 lb