Induction Motor III

ELEC 2032(3)
Electromechanical System
Course Instructor: Dr S. Goolaup
21
st
March 2012
Recap
Stator and Wound Rotor windings induced EMF
Torque Speed Characteristics
Equivalent circuit for stator
Power Flow
Rotor Equivalent Circuit
Rr
s
Air Gap Power P
ag
=
I
r
2
R
r
s
= I
r
2
R
r
+ I
r
2
R
r
1 s
s
|
\

|
.
|
Prcl Pmech
P
ag
: P
rcl
: P
mech
= 1: s :1 s
Torque per phase
P
mech
= T
mech

m

m
=
2n
m
60
T
mech
=
P
ag

s
Equivalent Circuit Model
No Load Test, Blocked Rotor Test and DC resistance of Stator
Windings
P
i
n
Stator Core
Loss
Stator Cu Loss
( )
P
ag
Rotor Core
Loss
Rotor Cu Loss
( )
3I
1
2
R
1
3I
2
2
R
2
P
mech
Friction and
Windage Losses
P
out(shaft)
(P
shaft
)
Motoring
Power
P
shaft
= T
shaft

m
P
shaft
= P
mech
P
f , w
Efficiency
Useful power output:Total input power
=
P
shaft
P
in
Power Factor
Power Factor =
cosr
=
P
in
S
in
For a 3 phase
system:
S
in
= 3V
line
I
line
*
Example 2
A 60Hz, 11.19KW, 460V, 3phase, 6pole, Y connected
induction motor driving a load at a speed of 1185 rev/min.
The total rotational losses are 166 W and the motor
parameters referred to the stator (ohms/phase):
R1 = 0.20 R2 = 0.25 XM=42.0
X1 = 1.20 X2= 1.29 RC = 317
Determine:
(a) line current (b) Apparent power (c) equivalent rotor
current (d) stator copper loss (e) core loss (f) Air gap
power (g) mechanical power and torque developed (h)
shaft torque
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
High Power Motors I1 is very small
> 2 KW Fractional Horsepower
still need to use equivalent circuit
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
Fixed supply voltage and frequency
Core losses, Friction and windage losses are constant at all
operating speed
Rotational losses
Performance Characteristic
P
mech
= T
mech

m
P
mech
= I
2
'
( )
2 R
2
'
s
(1 s)
T
mech
= I
2
'
( )
2 R
2
'
s
(1 s)
1

m
= (1 s)
s
T
mech
= I
2
'
( )
2
R
2
'
s
1

s
Performance Characteristic
I
2
'
( )
2
=
V
1
2
R
1
+
R
2
'
s
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
T
mech
=
V
1
2
R
1
+
R
2
'
s
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
R
2
'
s
s
For small s(n
m
n
s
)
T
mech
~
V
1
2
R
2
'
s

s
Linear Characteristic near synchronous speed
Large s (n
m
0)
Torque varies inversely with s
T
mech
=
V
1
2
X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
R
2
'
s
s
For fixed s(n
m
= constant)
T
mech
V
1
2
Torque varies as square of supply voltage
Performance Characteristic
Performance Characteristic
Maximum Torque
dT
mech
ds
= 0
T
mech
=
V
1
2
R
1
+
R
2
'
s
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
R
2
'
s
s
Quotient Rule
g(s) =
R
2
'
s
h(s) = R
1
+
R
2
'
s
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
Performance Characteristic
S
T max
=
R
2
'
R
1
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
( )
1
2
T
max
=
1
2
s
V
1
2
R
1
+ R
1
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2

1
2
Maximum torque is independent of rotor circuit
resistance
R2 determines
speed of Maximum
Torque
Performance Characteristic
If Stator resistance, R
1
is small
S
T max
~
R
2
'
X
1
+ X
2
'
T
max
~
1
2
s
V
1
2
X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
Maximum Torque inversely proportional to Leakage Reactance
Maximum torque to Torque at any speed
T
max
T
~
s
T max
2
+ s
2
2s
T max
s
Effect of Rotor Resistace
S
T max
=
R
2
'
R
1
2
+ X
1
+ X
2
'
( )
2
( )
1
2
S
T max
R
2
'
+ R
ext
( )
Rotor I
2
R loss dissipated in external
resistance
Rotor heating lower during starting and
acceleration period
Starting of Squirrel Cage Motor
Draws a large current at start - Low Torque and Power Factor
5 to 8 time the Full Load Current
Large Current leads to overheating of motor
Reduced Voltage Starting
Auto-Transformer
R: Running contact
S: Starting contacts
Start: S are closed & R is open
Running: S are open & R is closed
Starting of Squirrel Cage Motor
Star-Delta
1: Star 2: Delta
Running - Delta
Starting - Star
Solid State Voltage Controller
Stator Windings
Control Speed
Reduce Voltage Reduce Torque
Example 3
A 3 phase, 460V from a Y-connected supply, 1740 rpm 60Hz, 4pole wound-
rotor induction motor has the following parameter per in ohms/phase:
R1 = 0.25 R2 = 0.20
X1 = X2 = 0.5 Xm=30
The rotational losses are 1700W. With rotor terminals short circuited find:
(a) (i) starting current when started direct on full voltage
(ii) Starting Torque
(b) Full load (i) slip (ii) current (iii) Torque (iv) Motor Efficiency (v) Internal
efficiency (Pag:Pmech)
(c) (i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed (ii) Maximum Torque
(d) For maximum torque to occur at start, what is the additional resistance to
be connected per phase?