EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Modern Trends in Airframe Structural Design

Professor Komarov V.A. Director of Institute AVIKON Of Samara State Aerospace University

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Plan of the presentation 1. General view on the modern structural design problems. 2. New ideas for improving design process. 3. The example of using a new ideas for research aerodynamic and weight efficiency of morphing wing.

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Airframe design process

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Time and resource expediture

The main reason of greater charges of time and resources in sequential design paradigme is use very simple, (insufficiently exact) mathematical models on early stage of design. For reduction of designing time it is suitable use of highly accuracy mathematical models on early stage design.
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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

New paradigm for Airframe Structure Design

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

The problem of weight estimation in structural design 1. 2. 3. 4. Choice of structure topology (skeleton design). Estimation of structural mass fraction. Weight estimation of the wing, fuselage, etc. Weight check.

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Choice of structure topology

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Estimation of structural mass fraction

Definition of flight vehicles takeoff gross weight via equation of existence

mo =

m pl 1 mst msys m f m pp
mst mst = mo
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where

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Example of calculation a wing mass fraction via weight equation

Typical weight equation (Eger)
m st =

+ 4 1 4,5k 2 k3 1 + 0,015 0, 75 +3 + p 4 1, 5 +1 10 p0 c 0 cos 0

7 k1n p m0

( )

m0,4 st
0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Liptrote Driggs Taye Kozlovsky

m o = 270 000 kg m o = 685 000 kg

Torenbeek

Badyagin

Pattersson

Average

Melvill

Raymer

Shejnin

Farren

Dent

Eger

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Weight Check
1. Definition of the weight limits for different part of structure before design. 2. Analyses of weight penalty after design (if necessary). Looking for decrease of structural mass.

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Unconventional flight vehicles

Morphing Wing from TUDelft

(http://www.lr.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=fd5540a7-0cfe-44e5-b1bc-c806fa0410b8&lang=en )

mst = ?

mst = ??
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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

New ideas for improving design process 1st idea. Load-carrying factor
Frame

G = N i li
i =1

Thin-wall structure

G = Ri S i
i =1

3D-structure

G =
V

eqv

dV
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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Definition of structural mass via load-carrying factor

Theoretical structural material volume n n Ni VT = li = Fi li i =1 [ ] i =1 Real mass of structure

specific durability of material of full-mass structure, (it depends on design and coefficientperfect) technology
G-criteria allows to calculate absolutely mass of unconventional structure with high accuracy
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G or mst = G take into account topology, geometry and external loads

G mst = VT = [ ]

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

2nd idea. Size less criteria of load carrying perfection of structure Load-carrying factor is proportional to the linear sizes (coordinates of nodals) of structure and value of nodal forces (at retaining of the law of distribution of external loading)
dimensional quantity

Sizeless criteria coefficient of load carrying factor where P- specific load G CK = L- specific size PL whence G = C K PL
(aerodynamic analogy :

Y = C y qS

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Example of simple structures

CK = 1,00 a)
b a

P a

c)

CK = 3,41

P a
a

l CK = 2,00
c

b) P a
b a

CK = 10,00 P a d)
b a

l
c

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

New weight equation for definition of full wing mass and wing mass fraction
Specific size square of wing in degree Specific load lift Y = n m0 g

G = C K n mo g S
whence
CK = G*
* n* mo g S *

Weight equation :

mwing

= CK n g S

m wing

= C K n mo g S
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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Example of structural topology choice

Panel structures Wing Membrane structures = 0,6 Strategy I = 0,5 = 0,4 = 0,6 Strategy II = 0,5 = 0,4

1 2 3

1,62 1,68 2,55

1,68 1,76 2,69

1,70 1,78 2,75

1,71 1,81 2,83

1,84 1,83 2,68

1,94 1,89 3,03

2,07 1,98 3,56

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Example of morphing wing aerodynamic and weight efficiency research

Wing 1a croot = 4 2 12 6 ctip = 3

Wing 1b 4.774

Grant CRDF: REO-1386

Wing 2a 4

Wing 2b 4.387

Wing 3a 4

Wing 3b 4 2 b/2 = 20 Axis of symmetry

2.1935

2.387

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Scheme of wing parts joints

1 Fuselage joints Inner wing Beam Outer wing

Rolls 2

Rigid connection

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

3rd idea. Using 3D-model with variable density Model

Traditional material

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Hypothetic material with variable density [ ] = [ ]

E = E

Algorithm of density distribution optimization

1. 0i = const 2. i
eqv 0i 3. 1i =

[ ]

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Test

3D-model of the wing structure

p

8-layers of 3D-solid finite elements Boundary conditions of console

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Comparison of load-carrying factor coefficient calculations for thin-wall structure and 3D-solid model with variable density
CK 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Iteration n 28.10 25.05 s olid (8 layers ) 23.81 23.14 22.75 22.50 22.34 22.23 22.16 22.11 19.58 As pec t ratio b /c = 8

w ing box

CK 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 1
51.74 46.11 43.73 42.41

As pe c t ratio b /c = 12

s olid (8 la ye rs ) 41.63 41.15 40.83 40.61 40.45 40.35 35.56

w ing box

10

11

Iteration n

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Wind tunnel model 1

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Wind tunnel model 2 with pressure of orifices

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Spanwise load distributions

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

3D-model with variable density of material

Y X Z

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

External loads

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Comparison of weight perfection

dimens ionles s eqvivalent of wing weigh
CK 35,000

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0,000 0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1 ct Morph Tra p Morph for uniform load dis tribution

ge om e trica l pa ra m e te r of te le s cope wing

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Comparison maximum aerodynamic efficiency

40.000 L/D max maximum aerodynamic efficiency 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0.000 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 geometrical parameter of teles cope wing Morph Trap

ct1

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EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Pressurized cabin, pressure vessel Specific volume volume - V Specific load pressure P Some results for reservoirs: Spherical Cylindrical
CK = 3 2

G CK = P V

CK = 3

Spherical from CM

CK = 3
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Cylindrical from CM C = 3 K

EWADE 2007 Komarov V.A.

Conclusion Load-carrying factor C K allows:

1. To put in according to load-carrying scheme (topology of structure) the certain dimensionless value which defines weight perfection of a design. 2. To build "weight" formulas for any designs. 3. To accumulate the knowledge in convenient form (dimensionless!) for analysis of existing and perspective designs. There are 3 new ideas in the lecture, which can be useful to increase efficiency of early stage design.
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