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Muscle erector spinae Origin iliac crest, sacrum, transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae and supraspinal ligament Insertion angles of the ribs, transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae, posterior aspect of the skull Action extends and laterally bends the trunk, neck and head Innervation segmentally innervated by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C1-S5 Artery supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa.
iliocostalis
supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa.
interspinales
upper border of spinous lower border of spinous extend trunk and neck process process above
intertransversarii
lower border of laterally bend trunk and dorsal primary rami of transverse process above neck spinal nerves C1-L5
longissimus
transverse process at extends and laterally superior vertebral levels bends the trunk, neck and mastoid process and head
multifidus
spinous processes 2-4 extend and laterally bend dorsal primary rami of vertebral levels superior trunk and neck, rotate to spinal nerves C1-L5 to their origin opposite side
extends the head, rotates suboccipital nerve (DPR occipital a. the head to the same of C1) side
extends the head, rotate suboccipital nerve (DPR occipital a. to same side of C1) extends the head suboccipital nerve (DPR occipital a. of C1)
rotatores
transverse processes
long rotatores: spines 2 rotates the vertebral vertebrae above origin; column to the opposite short rotatores: spines 1 side vertebrae above origin capitis: back of skull between nuchal lines; cervicis & thoracis: spines 4-6 vertebrae above origin
supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa.
semispinalis
extends the trunk and dorsal primary rami of laterally bends the trunk, spinal nerves C1-T12 rotates the trunk to the opposite side
spinalis
spinous processes at extends and laterally superior vertebral levels bends trunk and neck and base of the skull
supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa.
splenius
ligamentum nuchae and capitis: mastoid process extends and laterally spines C7-T6 & superior nuchal line bends neck and head; laterally; cervicis: rotates head to same posterior tubercles of C1- side C3 vertebrae ligamentum nuchae and mastoid process and spines of C7-T6 lateral end of the vertebrae superior nuchal line extends and laterally bends the neck and head, rotates head to the same side ligamentum nuchae and posterior tubercles of extends and laterally spines of C7-T6 the transverse processes bends neck and head, vertebrae of C1-C3 vertebrae rotates head to the same side
splenius capitis
supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa. supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa.
splenius cervicis
pisiform
base of the proximal abducts the 5th digit phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side
abductor pollicis longus middle one-third of the radial side of the base of abducts the thumb at posterior surface of the the first metacarpal carpometacarpal joint radius, interosseous membrane, mid-portion of posterolateral ulna
posterior interosseous a.
adductor pollicis
oblique head: capitate base of the proximal and base of the 2nd and phalanx of the thumb 3rd metacarpals; transverse head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal
anconeus
lateral epicondyle of the lateral side of the extends the forearm humerus olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna short head: tip of the tuberosity of the radius coracoid process of the scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula anterior surface of the coronoid process of the lower one-half of the ulna humerus and the associated intermuscular septa flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
upper two-thirds of the lateral side of the base of flexes the elbow, assists radial nerve lateral supracondylar the styloid process of in pronation & ridge of the humerus the radius supination
radial recurrent a.
coracobrachialis
deltoid
lateral one-third of the deltoid tuberosity of the clavicle, acromion, the humerus lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula
abducts arm; anterior axillary nerve (C5,6) posterior circumflex fibers flex & medially from the posterior cord humeral a. rotate the arm; posterior of the brachial plexus fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm flex the ulnar nerve, deep branch dorsal and palmar metacarpophalangeal metacarpal aa. joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 24 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) extends the wrist; deep radial nerve radial a. abducts the hand
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit
common extensor dorsum of the third tendon (lateral metacarpal bone (base) epicondyle of humerus) lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base)
radial nerve
radial a.
common extensor medial side of the base tendon & the middle of the 5th metacarpal one-half of the posterior border of the ulna
ulnar a.
extensor digitorum
extensor indicis
extends the deep radial nerve metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 5th digit common extensor extensor expansion of extends the deep radial nerve tendon (lateral digits 2-5 metacarpophalangeal, epicondyle of the proximal interphalangeal humerus) and distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist interosseous membrane its tendon joins the extends the index finger deep radial nerve and the posterolateral tendon of the extensor at the surface of the distal ulna digitorum to the second metacarpophalangeal, digit; both tendons insert proximal interphalangeal into the extensor and distal expansion interphalangeal joints interosseous membrane base of the proximal and the posterior surface phalanx of the thumb of the distal radius extends the thumb at the deep radial nerve metacarpophalangeal joint
joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the extensor expansion
interosseous recurrent a.
posterior interosseous a
posterior interosseous a
extensor pollicis longus interosseous membrane base of the distal and middle part of the phalanx of the thumb posterolateral surface of the ulna
posterior interosseous a
ulnar a.
common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum
pisiform, hook of flexes wrist, adducts hamate, and base of 5th hand metacarpal
ulnar nerve
ulnar a.
proximal phalanx of the flexes the 5th digit carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5
posterior border of the ulna, proximal twothirds of medial border of ulna, interosseous membrane humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius flexor retinaculum, trapezium
flexes the median nerve (radial one- ulnar a., anterior metacarpophalangeal, half); ulnar nerve (ulnar interosseous a. proximal interphalangeal one-half) and distal interphalangeal joints median nerve ulnar a.
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints proximal phalanx of the flexes the 1st digit carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb
recurrent branch of the superficial palmar br. of median nerve the radial a.
anterior surface of base of the distal radius and interosseous phalanx of the thumb membrane
median nerve
anterior interosseous a.
infraspinatus
infraspinatous fossa
suprascapular a.
interosseous, palmar
flex the ulnar nerve, deep branch dorsal and palmar metacarpophalangeal metacarpal aa. joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 24 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) four muscles, arising base of the proximal flexes the ulnar nerve, deep branch palmar metacarpal aa. from the palmar surface phalanx and extensor metacarpophalangeal, of the shafts of expansion of the medial extends proximal and metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 side of digits 1 & 2, and distal interphalangeal (the 1st palmar lateral side of digits 4 & joints and adducts digits interosseous is often 5 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction fused with the adductor of the digits of the hand pollicis m.) is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
extends the arm and thoracodorsal nerve rotates the arm medially (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
thoracodorsal a.
lumbrical (hand)
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 2-5
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
dorsal scapular nerve dorsal scapular a. (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 median nerve (radial 2) superficial palmar via palmar digital nerves arterial arch & ulnar nerve (ulnar 2) via deep branch
opponens pollicis
palmar interosseous
four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.)
base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5
flexes the ulnar nerve, deep branch palmar metacarpal aa. metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)
palmaris brevis
palmaris longus
skin of the palm near the draws the skin of the superficial br. of the ulnar border of the hand ulnar side of the hand ulnar n. toward the center of the palm common flexor tendon, palmar aponeurosis flexes the wrist median nerve from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
ulnar a.
ulnar a.
pectoralis major
medial 1/2 of the crest of the greater flexes and adducts the medial and lateral pectoral branch of the clavicle, manubrium & tubercle of the humerus arm, medially rotates the pectoral nerves (C5-T1) thoracoacromial trunk body of sternum, costal arm cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall ribs 3-5 coracoid process of the draws the scapula scapula forward, medialward, and downward anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius pronates the forearm medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk
pectoralis minor
pronator quadratus
medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna
anterior interosseous a.
pronator teres
common flexor tendon midpoint of the lateral and (deep or ulnar head) side of the shaft of the from medial side of radius coronoid process of the ulna spines of vertebrae T2T5 inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1 ribs 1-8 or 9 medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface
median nerve
rhomboideus major
rhomboideus minor
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
dorsal scapular a.
dorsal scapular a
serratus anterior
it draws the scapula long thoracic nerve forward; the inferior (from ventral rami C5fibers rotate the scapula C7) superiorly
lateral thoracic a.
thoracolumbar fascia, ribs 9-12, lateral to the spines of vertebrae T11- angles T12 and L1-L2
lowest posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., first two lumbar aa.
subclavius
draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward
subscapularis
supinator
medial two-thirds of the costal surface of the scapula (subscapular fossa) lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament supraspinatous fossa
medially rotates the arm; upper and lower assists extention of the subscapular nerves arm (C5,6) supinates the forearm deep radial nerve
subscapular a.
recurrent interosseous a.
supraspinatus
greater tubercle of the abducts the arm humerus (highest facet) (initiates abduction)
suprascapular nerve suprascapular a. (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus
teres major
teres minor
crest of the lesser adducts the arm, lower subscapular nerve circumflex scapular a. tubercle of the humerus medially rotates the arm, (C5,6) from the assists in arm extension posterior cord of the brachial plexus upper 2/3 of the lateral greater tubercle of the laterally rotates the arm axillary nerve (C5,6) circumflex scapular a. border of the scapula humerus (lowest facet) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
trapezius
medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12
lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine
elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula
triceps brachii
long head: infraglenoid olecranon process of the extends the forearm; the radial nerve tubercle of the scapula; ulna long head extends and lateral head: adducts arm posterolateral humerus & lateral intermuscular septum; medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus
aryepiglottic
epiglottis
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X) inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)
arytenoid, oblique
muscular process of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together, cartilage, near its apex adducting the vocal folds
arytenoid, transverse
posterior surface of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together, cartilage adducting the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
auricular
buccinator
anterior: galea aponeurotica anterior to ear; superior: galea aponeurotica superior to ear; posterior: mastoid process pterygomandibular raphe, mandible, and the maxilla lateral to the molar teeth
angle of mouth and the pulls the corner of lateral portion of the mouth laterally; presses upper and lower lips the cheek against the teeth
anterior & superior: superficial temporal a., temporal branches of posterior auricular a. facial nerve (VII); posterior: posterior auricular branch of facial nerve (VII) buccal branches of the facial a. facial nerve (VII)
chondroglossus
ciliary
medial side of the lesser horn and body of the hyoid bone meridional fibers: scleral spur; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary process oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage
ascends to blend with the intrinsic tongue musculature meridional fibers: ciliary process; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary process midline pharyngeal raphe
pulls the sides of the tongue down relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens
parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in the ciliary ganglion vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves
ophthalmic a.
lesser and greater horns midline pharyngeal of the hyoid bone and raphe the inferior part of the stylohyoid ligament medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid line of mandible medial part of the supercillary arch
constricts the pharyngeal vagus (X), via the cavity pharyngeal plexus
ascending pharyngeal a.
pharyngeal tubercle and constricts the pharyngeal vagus (X), via the midline pharyngeal cavity pharyngeal plexus raphe
ascending pharyngeal a.
corrugator
pulls eyebrows together temporal branch of the medially facial nerve (VII)
supratrochlear a.
cricoarytenoid, lateral
muscular process of the draws the muscular arytenoid cartilage process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal a., from the recurrent cricothyroid branch of laryngeal nerve, a branch the superior thyroid a. of the vagus nerve (X)
cricoarytenoid, posterior posterior surface of the muscular process of the draws the muscular lamina of the cricoid arytenoid cartilage process posteriorly, cartilage which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and abducts the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal a., from the recurrent cricothyroid branch of laryngeal nerve, a branch the superior thyroid a. of the vagus nerve (X)
cricopharyngeus
constricts the pharyngeal recurrent laryngeal cavity and the entrance nerve, a branch of the to the esophagus vagus nerve (X)
cricothyroid
external branch of cricothyroid branch of superior laryngeal nerve, the superior thyroid a. a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
pulls the corner of the mouth downward depresses the lower lip
maxilla near the midline nasal septum above the incisor teeth anterior belly: digastric body of the hyoid via a fossa of the mandible; fibrous loop over an posterior belly: mastoid intermediate tendon notch of the temporal bone
digastric
depresses the nasal septum; involved in flaring the nostrils elevates the hyoid bone; anterior belly: mylohyoid depresses the mandible nerve, from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V); posterior belly: facial nerve (VII)
marginal mandibular & buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) buccal branch of facial nerve (VII)
inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a. inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a. superior labial branch of the facial a. anterior belly: submental a.; posterior belly: occipital a.
dilator pupillae
epicranius
frontalis: galea frontalis: skin of the aponeurotica; occipitalis: eyebrows; occipitalis: superior nuchal line galea aponeurotica
frontalis
galea aponeurotica
genioglossus
elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead fans out to insert into protrudes the tongue the tongue from the tip (inferior fibers); to the base depresses tongue (middle fibers)
sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
ophthalmic a.
geniohyoid
body of the hyoid bone elevates the hyoid bone; ventral primary ramus of lingual a., submental a. depresses the mandible spinal nerve C1 via fibers carried by the hypoglossal nerve spreads out into the intrinsic muscles of the tongue sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball depresses the sides of the tongue; retracts the tongue hypoglossal nerve (XII) lingual a.
hyoglossus
inferior oblique
upper border of the greater horn of the hyoid and body of the hyoid bone floor of the orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove
elevates and abducts the oculomotor nerve (III), ophthalmic a. corneal part of the eye; inferior division rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea
vagus (X), via the ascending pharyngeal a., pharyngeal plexus, with superior thyroid a., aid from the superior inferior thyroid a. laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves oculomotor nerve (III), ophthalmic a. inferior division
inferior rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the inferior at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball
lateral cricoarytenoid
depresses and adducts the corneal part of the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally muscular process of the draws the muscular arytenoid cartilage process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; inferior head: neck of the mandible protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing
inferior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal a., from the recurrent cricothyroid branch of laryngeal nerve, a branch the superior thyroid a. of the vagus nerve (X)
lateral pterygoid
superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
lateral pterygoid branch pterygoid branch of the of the mandibular maxillary a. division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
lateral rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the lateral at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball canine fossa of the maxilla inferior margin of the orbit angle (corner) of the mouth skin of the upper lip
abducts the corneal part abducens nerve (VI) of the eyeball elevates the angle of the buccal branch of the mouth facial nerve (VII) elevates the upper lip buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
ophthalmic a.
infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.
ala of the nose and skin elevates the upper lip of the upper lip and flares the nostril
skin and fascia of upper elevates the upper eyelid oculomotor nerve (III) ophthalmic a. eyelid and the superior and sympathetics (to the tarsal plate superior tarsal portion)
levator scapulae
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine
elevates scapula
linguae, longitudinalis
apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the medial surface of the auditory tube cartilage within tongue
muscles and fascia of the elevates the soft palate soft palate; palatine aponeurosis
dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 spinal nerves vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus
dorsal scapular a.
ascending pharyngeal a.
linguae, transversus
within tongue
within tongue
linguae, verticalis
within tongue
within tongue
compresses the sides of hypoglossal nerve (XII) lingual a. the tongue; shapes the tongue for speech and mastication shapes the tongue for hypoglossal nerve (XII) lingual a. speech and mastication flex the head and neck cervical plexus, ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-4 cervical and brachial plexus, C2-7 deep cervical a.
longus capitis
anterior tubercles of vertebrae C3-6 anterior tubercles and anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae C3T3 zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
longus colli
anterior arch of atlas, flex neck, rotate and anterior tubercles of C5- laterally bend neck 6, anterior surfaces of bodies of vertebrae C2-4 lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible elevates the mandible
deep cervical a.
masseter
nerve to the masseter, masseteric branch of the from the mandibular maxillary a. division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
medial pterygoid
medial surface of the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, ramus and angle of the pyramidal process of the mandible palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla common tendinous ring sclera on the medial at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball anterior surface of the skin of the chin mandible near the mental symphysis (midline) lesser and greater horns midline pharyngeal of the hyoid bone and raphe the inferior part of the stylohyoid ligament
medial pterygoid branch pterygoid branch of the of the mandibular maxillary a. division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
medial rectus
adducts the corneal part oculomotor nerve (III) of the eyeball (inferior division) elevates the lower lip and skin of chin marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)
ophthalmic a.
mentalis
constricts the pharyngeal vagus (X), via the cavity pharyngeal plexus
ascending pharyngeal a.
middle scalene
posterior tubercles of upper surface of the first elevates the first rib; brachial plexus, C3-C8 the transverse processes rib behind the flexes and laterally bends of vertebrae C2-C7 subclavian artery the neck
ascending cervical a.
musculus uvulae
lesser palatine a.
mylohyoid
midline raphe and body elevates the hyoid bone mylohyoid nerve from mylohyoid branch of the of the hyoid bone and the tongue; the inferior alveolar inferior alveolar a. depresses the mandible nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) ala of the nose and midline aponeurosis ala of the nose midline aponeurosis flattens the nose, flare the nostrils flares the nostrils flattens the nose buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) buccal branch of facial nerve (VII) buccal branch of facial nerve (VII) superior labial branch of the facial a. superior labial branch of the facial a. superior labial branch of the facial a.
nasalis
maxilla above the incisor teeth and the canine teeth maxilla above the canine teeth maxilla above the incisor teeth
oblique arytenoid
muscular process of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together, cartilage, near its apex adducting the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)
oblique, inferior
floor of the orbit lateral sclera on the inferior to the lacrimal groove surface of the eyeball
elevates and abducts the oculomotor nerve (III), ophthalmic a. corneal part of the eye; inferior division rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea depresses and abducts trochlear nerve (IV) the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially pulls the scalp posteriorly; elevates the eyebrows elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) depresses/stabilizes the ansa cervicalis hyoid bone ophthalmic a.
oblique, superior
occipitalis
galea aponeurotica
occipital a.
occipitofrontalis
frontalis: galea frontalis: skin of the aponeurotica; occipitalis: eyebrows; occipitalis: superior nuchal line galea aponeurotica
omohyoid
inferior belly: upper border of the scapula medial to the scapular notch; superior belly: intermediate tendon
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
inferior belly: intermediate tendon; superior belly: lower border of the hyoid bone lateral to the sternohyoid insertion orbital part: medial orbital part: skin of the orbital margin and the lateral cheek; palpebral medial palpebral part: lateral palpebral ligament; palpebral part: raphe medial palpebral ligament skin and fascia of lips skin and fascia of the and the area surrounding lips the lips
transverse cervical a.
supraorbital a., supratrochlear a., infraorbital a., angular branch of the facial a.
superior and inferior labial branches of the facial a., mental a., infraorbital a.
palatoglossus
palatine aponeurosis
elevates and retracts the vagus nerve (X) via the tongue pharyngeal plexus
palatopharyngeus
posterior margin of the bony palate and the palatine aponeurosis fascia overlying the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
platysma
draws the corners of the mouth down; it aids in depression of the mandible posterior cricoarytenoid posterior surface of the muscular process of the draws the muscular lamina of the cricoid arytenoid cartilage process posteriorly, cartilage which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and abducts the vocal folds
posterior wall of the pharynx and the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage inferior border of the mandible and skin of lower face
ascending pharyngeal a.
facial a.
inferior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal a., from the recurrent cricothyroid branch of laryngeal nerve, a branch the superior thyroid a. of the vagus nerve (X)
posterior scalene
posterior tubercles of lateral surface of the the transverse processes second rib of vertebrae C5-C7 nasal bone skin between the eyebrows superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; inferior head: neck of the mandible
elevates the second rib; brachial plexus, C7-C8 flexes and laterally bends the neck depresses the medial temporal branch of the corners of the eyebrows facial nerve (VII) protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing
ascending cervical a.
procerus
supratrochlear a.
pterygoid, lateral
superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
lateral pterygoid branch pterygoid branch of the of the mandibular maxillary a. division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
pterygoid, medial
medial surface of the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, ramus and angle of the pyramidal process of the mandible palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla
medial pterygoid branch pterygoid branch of the of the mandibular maxillary a. division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
pupillae, dilator
pupillae, sphincter
rectus, inferior
rectus, lateral
sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion encircles iris encircles iris constricts the pupil parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion lateral mass of atlas basilar portion of flexes the head ventral primary ramus of occipital bone spinal nerve C1 transverse process of occipital bone laterally bends the head ventral primary ramus of atlas anterolateral to foramen spinal nerve C1 magnum common tendinous ring sclera on the inferior depresses and adducts oculomotor nerve (III), at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball the corneal part of the inferior division eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally common tendinous ring sclera on the lateral abducts the corneal part abducens nerve (VI) at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball of the eyeball common tendinous ring sclera on the medial at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball common tendinous ring sclera on the superior at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball adducts the corneal part oculomotor nerve (III) of the eyeball (inferior division) elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially draws the corner of the mouth laterally elevates the larynx
ophthalmic a.
ophthalmic a.
ophthalmic a.
ophthalmic a.
rectus, medial
ophthalmic a.
rectus, superior
risorius
buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus
salpingopharyngeus
inferior surface of the pharyngeal wall and anteromedial end of the superior border of the auditory tube cartilage thyroid cartilage along with the palatopharyngeus m.
scalene, anterior
anterior tubercles of the scalene tubercle of the transverse processes of first rib vertebrae C3-C6
elevates the first rib; brachial plexus, C5-C7 flexes and laterally bends the neck
scalene, middle
posterior tubercles of upper surface of the first elevates the first rib; brachial plexus, C3-C8 the transverse processes rib behind the flexes and laterally bends of vertebrae C2-C7 subclavian artery the neck
ascending cervical a.
scalene, posterior
posterior tubercles of lateral surface of the the transverse processes second rib of vertebrae C5-C7 greater wing of the sphenoid capsule and articular disk of the temporomandibular joint encircles iris
elevates the second rib; brachial plexus, C7-C8 flexes and laterally bends the neck pulls the articular disk forward in opening of the mouth constricts the pupil
ascending cervical a.
sphenomeniscus
lateral pterygoid branch pterygoid branch of the of mandibular division maxillary a. of trigeminal nerve (V) parasympathetic fibers ophthalmic a. of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion dorsal primary rami of supplied segmentally by: spinal nerves C2-6 deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa.
sphincter pupillae
encircles iris
splenius
stapedius
ligamentum nuchae and capitis: mastoid process extends and laterally spines C7-T6 & superior nuchal line bends neck and head; laterally; cervicis: rotates head to same posterior tubercles of C1- side 3 walls of the pyramidal neck of the stapes dampens vibration of eminence the stapes
anterior tympanic a.
sternocleidomastoid
sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium; clavicular head: medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
draws the mastoid process down toward the same side which causes the chin to turn up toward the opposite side; acting together, the muscles of the two sides flex the neck
spinal accessory nerve sternocleidomastoid (XI), with sensory supply branch of the occipital a. from C2 & C3 (for proprioception)
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
styloglossus
posterior surfaces of both the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle posterior surface of the manubrium below the origin of the sternohyoid m. anterior side of the styloid process
lower border of the hyoid bone, medial to the omohyoid m. insertion oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
superior thyroid a.
superior thyroid a.
stylohyoid
stylopharyngeus
posterolateral side of the retracts and elevates the hypoglossal nerve (XII) ascending pharyngeal a., tongue tongue ascending palatine branch of the facial a. posterior side of the splits around the elevates and retracts the facial nerve (VII) ascending pharyngeal a. styloid process intermediate tendon of hyoid bone the digastric m. to insert on the body of the hyoid bone medial side of the styloid superior border of the elevates the larynx glossopharyngeal nerve ascending pharyngeal a. process thyroid cartilage and also (IX) into the pharyngeal wall
superior oblique
depresses and abducts trochlear nerve (IV) the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially
ophthalmic a.
medial pterygoid plate, pharyngeal tubercle and constricts the pharyngeal vagus (X), via the pterygoid hamulus, midline pharyngeal cavity pharyngeal plexus pterygomandibular raphe raphe, mylohyoid line of mandible
ascending pharyngeal a.
superior rectus
common tendinous ring sclera on the superior at the apex of the orbit surface of the eyeball
temporalis
elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially coronoid process of the elevates the mandible; mandible and the retracts the mandible anterior surface of the (posterior fibers) ramus of the mandible
tensor tympani
cartilagenous auditory manubrium of the tube and the greater malleus wing of the sphenoid bone which lies adjacent to it scaphoid fossa, lateral palatine aponeurosis wall of the auditory tube cartilage
anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) dampens vibrations of medial pterygoid branch the tympanic membrane of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
opens the auditory tube; mandibular division of ascending pharyngeal a. tenses the soft palate the trigeminal nerve (V)
thyroarytenoid
draws the arytenoid cartilage forward, relaxing and adducting the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal branch of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
thyroepiglottic
inner surface of the lateral surface of the thyroid cartilage near the epiglottic cartilage laryngeal prominence
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal branch of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
thyrohyoid
elevates the larynx; ansa cervicalis (via fibers superior thyroid a. depresses/stabilizes the running with the hyoid bone hypoglossal nerve that leave XII distal to the superior limb of ansa) preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the vagus (X) nerve inferior thyroid a., bronchial aa.
trachealis
posterior edge of the constricts the bronchi tracheal cartilage of and trachea other side (joins tracheal rings posteriorly)
transverse arytenoid
posterior surface of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together, cartilage adducting the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
transverse arytenoid
posterior surface of the posterior surface of the draws arytenoid arytenoid cartilage contralateral arytenoid cartilages together, cartilage adducting the vocal folds
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from recurrent laryngeal superior thyroid a. nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
vocalis
surface of the thyroid vocal ligament cartilage, vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
inferior laryngeal nerve, laryngeal br. of the from the recurrent superior thyroid a. laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)
zygomaticus major
upper lateral surface of the zygomatic bone lower surface of the zygomatic bone
zygomaticus minor
elevates and draws the corner of the mouth laterally lateral part of the upper elevates the upper lip lip
zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
external intercostal
upper border of the rib keeps the intercostal intercostal nerves (T1below, coursing, space from blowing out T11) downward and medially or sucking in during respiration
intercostal a.
innermost intercostal
fibers course up and medially to insert on the inferior margin of the rib above
keeps the intercostal intercostal nerves (T1space from blowing out T11) or sucking in during respiration
intercostal a.
internal intercostal
keeps the intercostal intercostal nerves (T1space from blowing out T11) or sucking in during respiration
intercostal a.
transverse processes C7- rib below its origin, T11 medial to the angle angle of ribs angle of a rib 2-3 ribs above origin
transversus thoracis
internal thoracic a.
dartos
subcutaneous connective skin of the scrotum and elevates testis (tenses the tissue of the scrotum penis (or labium majus skin of the pudendal and the penis (or labium and clitoris) region in the female) majus and clitoris)
postganglionic cremasteric a., posterior sympathetic nerve fibers scrotal (labial) a. arriving via the ilioinguinal nerve and the posterior scrotal nerve
lower 8 ribs
linea alba, pubic crest & flexes and laterally bends intercostal nerves 7-11, musculophrenic a., tubercle, anterior the trunk subcostal, iliohypogastric superior epigastric a., superior iliac spine & and ilioinguinal nerves intercostal aa. 7-11, anterior half of iliac crest subcostal a., lumbar aa., superficial circumflex iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a., inferior epigastric a., superficial external pudendal a. compresses abdominal contents iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves inferior epigastric a.
interfoveolar
transversus abdominis fibers that lie superficial to the inferior epigastric vessels
anterior lamina of femoral sheath, immediately distal to origin of inferior epigastric vessels thoracolumbar fascia, lower 3 or 4 ribs, linea anterior 2/3 of the iliac alba, pubic crest crest, lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament
flexes and laterally bends intercostal nerves 7-11, musculophrenic a., the trunk subcostal, iliohypogastric superior epigastric a., and ilioinguinal nerves intercostal aa. 7-11, subcostal a., lumbar aa., superficial circumflex iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a., inferior epigastric a., superficial external pudendal a.
lower 8 ribs
linea alba, pubic crest & flexes and laterally bends intercostal nerves 7-11, musculophrenic a., tubercle, anterior the trunk subcostal, iliohypogastric superior epigastric a., superior iliac spine & and ilioinguinal nerves intercostal aa. 7-11, anterior half of iliac crest subcostal a., lumbar aa., superficial circumflex iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a., inferior epigastric a., superficial external pudendal a.
thoracolumbar fascia, lower 3 or 4 ribs, linea anterior 2/3 of the iliac alba, pubic crest crest, lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament
flexes and laterally bends intercostal nerves 7-11, musculophrenic a., the trunk subcostal, iliohypogastric superior epigastric a., and ilioinguinal nerves intercostal aa. 7-11, subcostal a., lumbar aa., superficial circumflex iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a., inferior epigastric a., superficial external pudendal a. flexes the thigh; flexes & branches of the ventral laterally bends the primary rami of spinal lumbar vertebral column nerves L2-L4 flexes & laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column branches of the ventral primary rams of spinal nerves L1-L2 subcostal a., lumbar aa.
psoas major
psoas minor
bodies of the T12 & L1 iliopubic eminence at the vertebrae line of junction of the ilium and the superior pubic ramus pubis, anterior to the linea alba rectus abdominis posterior part of the iliac transverse processes of crest and the iliolumbar lumbar vertebrae 1-4 ligament and the 12th rib pubis and the pubic symphysis xiphoid process of the sternum and costal cartilages 5-7
lumbar aa.
draws the linea alba subcostal nerve inferiorly laterally bends the trunk, subcostal nerve and fixes the 12th rib ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 flexes the trunk intercostal nerves 7-11 and subcostal nerve
rectus abdominis
transversus abdominis
lower 6 ribs, linea alba, pubic crest flexes and laterally bends intercostal nerves 7-11, musculophrenic a., thoracolumbar fascia, and pecten of the pubis trunk subcostal, iliohypogastric superior epigastric a., anterior 3/4 of the iliac and ilioinguinal nerves intercostal aa. 7-11, crest, lateral 1/3 of subcostal a., lumbar aa., inguinal ligament superficial circumflex iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a., inferior epigastric a., superficial external pudendal a.
Origin Insertion Action Innervation perineal body or central encircles the anal canal; constricts the anal canal inferior rectal nerves tendinous point of the superficial fibers attach (from the pudendal perineum to the coccyx nerve)
middle rectal a.
bulbospongiosus, in female
bulbospongiosus, in male
coccygeus
perineal body and fascia perineal membrane and compresses the of the bulb of the corpus cavernosum of vestibular bulb and vestibule the clitoris constricts the vaginal orifice central tendinous point perineal membrane, compresses the bulb of and the midline raphe dorsal surface of the the penis, compresses on the bulb of the penis corpus spongiosum, the spongy urethra deep penile fascia ischial spine side of the coccyx and elevates the pelvic floor lower sacrum contralateral muscle and fixes and stabilizes the perineal body/central perineal body/central tendinous point tendinous point fascicles are arranged roughly in three layers compresses the urinary bladder
deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve)
perineal a.
perineal a.
branches of the ventral inferior gluteal a. primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 deep branch of perineal internal pudendal a. nerve from pudendal nerve parasympathetic nerve superior and inferior fibers from the pelvic vesical aa. splanchnic nerves (S2-S4 spinal cord levels)
detruser of bladder
iliococcygeus
arcus tendineus levator anococcygeal raphe and elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral ani and the ischial spine the coccyx primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 medial surface of the corpus cavernosum and compresses the corpus ischial tuberosity and the crus of the penis/clitoris cavernosum ischiopubic ramus deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve)
inferior gluteal a.
ischiocavernosus
perineal a.
levator ani
posterior surface of the anococcygeal raphe and elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral body of the pubis, fascia coccyx primary rami of spinal of the obturator internus nerves S3-S4 m. (arcus tendineus levator ani), ischial spine
inferior gluteal a.
levator prostatae
posterior aspect of the pubis posterior aspect of the superior pubic ramis
pubococcygeus
coccyx
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 draws the distal rectum branches of the ventral forward and superiorly; primary rami of spinal aids in voluntary nerves S3-S4 retention of feces
inferior gluteal a.
inferior gluteal a.
puborectalis
inferior gluteal a.
pubovaginalis
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 perineal body or central encircles the anal canal; constricts the anal canal inferior rectal nerves tendinous point of the superficial fibers attach (from the pudendal perineum to the coccyx nerve)
fascia of the vagina and draws the vagina perineal body forward and superiorly
inferior gluteal a.
inferior rectal a.
middle rectal a.
encircles urethra and compresses urethra and vagina; extends vagina superiorly along the urethra as far as the inferior surface of the bladder encircles urethra, compresses urethra reaches lateral surface of prostate and inferior bladder
contralateral muscle and the perineal body/central tendinous point contralateral muscle and perineal body/central tendinous point
fixes and stabilizes perineal body/central tendinous point fixes and stabilizes the perineal body/central tendinous point
deep branch of perineal perineal a. nerve from pudendal nerve deep branch of perineal internal pudendal a. nerve from pudendal nerve deep branch of perineal perineal a. nerve from pudendal nerve
contralateral muscle and fixes and stabilizes the perineal perineal body/central body/central tendinous tendinous point point
abductor hallucis
medial plantar a.
adductor brevis
adductor hallucis
oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; transverse head: heads of metatarsals 3-5 medial portion of the superior pubic ramus ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
lateral side of base of the adducts the great toe deep branch of the proximal phalanx of the (moves it toward midline lateral plantar nerve great toe of the foot; i.e.toward the 2nd digit) linea aspera of the femur adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the femur linea aspera of the adducts, flexes, and femur; the medially rotates the ischiocondylar part femur; extends the inserts on the adductor femur (ischiocondylar tubercle of the femur part) anterior division of the obturator nerve
adductor longus
adductor magnus
posterior division of the obturator a., deep obturator nerve; tibial femoral a., medial nerve (ischiocondylar femoral circumflex a. part)
biceps femoris
lower portion of the inferior pubic ramus anterior surface of the femur above the patellar surface long head: ischial tuberosity; short head: lateral lip of the linea aspera shafts of adjacent metatarsal bones
gluteal ridge and upper part of the linea aspera of the femur articular capsule of the knee
obturator a., medial adducts and laterally posterior division of the femoral circumflex a., rotates the femur obturator nerve deep femoral a. elevates the articular femoral nerve descending genicular a. capsule of the knee joint
head of fibula and lateral extends the thigh, flexes long head: tibial nerve; perforating branches of condyle of the tibia the leg short head: common the deep femoral a. fibular (peroneal) nerve bases of the proximal phalanges for digit 2 (both sides) & digits 3,4 (lateral side) abduct digits 2-4 (move deep branch of the these digits away from lateral plantar nerve midline as defined by a plane passing through the 2nd digit); flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of those digits extends toes 1-4 deep fibular (peroneal) nerve dorsal metatarsal aa.
dorsalis pedis a.
lateral condyle of the tibia, anterior surface of the fibula, lateral portion of the interosseous membrane
dorsum of the lateral 4 toes via extensor expansions (central slip inserts on base of middle phalanx, lateral slips on base of distal phalanx)
extends the deep fibular (peroneal) metatarsophalangeal, nerve proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the lateral 4 toes deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
anterior tibial a.
superolateral surface of dorsum of base of extends the great toe the calcaneus proximal phalanx of the great toe
dorsalis pedis a.
extensor hallucis longus middle half of the base of the distal anterior surface of the phalanx of the great toe fibula and the interosseous membrane fibularis (peroneus) brevis lower one third of the lateral surface of the fibula
extends the deep fibular (peroneal) metatarsophalangeal nerve interphalangeal joints of the great toe superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
anterior tibial a.
tuberosity of the base of extends (plantar flexes) the 5th metatarsal and everts the foot
fibular (peroneal) a.
upper two/thirds of the after crossing the plantar extends (plantar flexes) lateral surface of the surface of the foot deep and everts the foot fibula to the intrinsic muscles, it inserts on the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal bone distal part of the anterior dorsum of the shaft of everts the foot surface of the fibula the 5th metatarsal bone
fibular (peroneal) a.
anterior tibial a.
lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit flexor digitorum brevis tuberosity of the base of the middle calcaneus, plantar phalanx of digits 2-5 aponeurosis, after splitting to allow intermuscular septae passage of the flexor digitorum longus tendons flexor digitorum longus middle half of the bases of the distal posterior surface of the phalanges of digits 2-5 tibia
flexes the lateral plantar nerve metatarsophalangeal joint of the 5th digit flexes the medial plantar nerve metatarsophalangeal & proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
lateral plantar a.
flexes the metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5; plantar flexes the foot medial belly: medial side flexes the of proximal phalanx of metatarsophalangeal the great toe; lateral joint of the great toe belly: lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
tibial nerve
tibial a.
medial plantar nerve medial plantar a. (lateral belly occasionally receives innervation from the lateral plantar nerve)
lower 2/3 of the base of the distal flexes the tibial nerve posterior surface of the phalanx of the great toe metatarsophalangeal and fibula proximal interphalangeal joints of the great toe; plantar flexes the foot
gastrocnemius
femur; medial head: above the medial femoral condyle; lateral head: above the lateral femoral condyle ischial tuberosity ischial spine posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament external surface of the ilium between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines
dorsum of the calcaneus flexes leg; plantar flexes tibial nerve via the calcaneal foot (Achilles') tendon
obturator internus tendon obturator internus tendon upper fibers: iliotibial tract; lowermost fibers: gluteal tuberosity of the femur
laterally rotates the femur laterally rotates the femur extends the thigh; laterally rotates the femur
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. nerve to the obturator internus m. inferior gluteal nerve
gluteus medius
greater trochanter of the abducts the femur; femur medially rotates the thigh
superior gluteal a.
gluteus minimus
external surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
greater trochanter of the abducts the femur; femur medially rotates the thigh
superior gluteal a.
gracilis
pubic symphysis and the medial surface of the inferior pubic ramus tibia (via pes anserinus)
adducts the thigh, flexes anterior division of the and medially rotates the obturator nerve thigh, flexes the leg
obturator a.
iliacus
iliac fossa and iliac crest; lesser trochanter of the ala of sacrum femur iliac fossa; bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae ischial tuberosity lesser trochanter of the femur
iliopsoas
flexes the thigh; if the thigh is fixed it flexes the pelvis on the thigh flexes the thigh; flexes and laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column laterally rotates the femur
femoral nerve
iliolumbar a.
inferior gemellus
branches of the ventral iliolumbar a. primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4; branches of the femoral nerve nerve to the quadratus inferior gluteal a. femoris m.
bases of the proximal phalanges for digit 2 (both sides) & digits 3,4 (lateral side)
abduct digits 2-4 (move deep branch of the these digits away from lateral plantar nerve midline as defined by a plane passing through the 2nd digit); flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of those digits deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve
interosseous, plantar
lumbricals (foot)
bases of proximal adduct digits 3-5 (move phalanges and extensor these digits toward the expansions of digits 3-5 midline of the foot as defined by a plane through the second digit); flex the metacarpophalangeal and extend interphalangeal joints of digits 3-5 medial side of the flex the extensor expansion of metatarsophalangeal digits 2-5 joint, extend the proximal interphalangeal & distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
medial (1st) lumbrical: medial plantar nerve; lateral three lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve
obturator externus
the external surface of trochanteric fossa of the laterally rotates the thigh obturator nerve the obturator membrane femur and the superior and inferior pubic rami the internal surface of greater trochanter on its laterally rotates and the obturator membrane medial surface above the abducts the thigh and margin of the trochanteric fossa obturator foramen nerve to the obturator internus m.
obturator a.
obturator internus
obturator a.
pectineus
femoral nerve and medial femoral possibly the anterior circumflex a. division of the obturator nerve
peroneus mm. (SEE fibularis mm.) piriformis anterior surface of sacrum base and medial side of metatarsals 3-5 upper border of greater laterally rotates and trochanter of femur abducts thigh ventral rami of S1-S2
plantar interosseous
bases of proximal adduct digits 3-5 (move deep branch of the phalanges and extensor these digits toward the lateral plantar nerve expansions of digits 3-5 midline of the foot as defined by the second digit),flex metatarsophalangeal and extend interphalangeal joints of digits 3-5 tibial nerve
plantaris
above the lateral femoral dorsum of the calcaneus flexes the leg; plantar condyle (above the medial to the calcaneal flexes the foot lateral head of tendon gastrocnemius)
popliteal a.
popliteus
psoas major
posterior surface of the flexes and rotates the leg tibia above soleal line medially (with the foot planted, it rotates the thigh laterally) lesser trochanter of flexes the thigh; flexes & femur (with iliacus) via laterally bends the iliopsoas tendon lumbar vertebral column flexes & laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column
tibial nerve
popliteal a.
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4 branches of the ventral primary rams of spinal nerves L1-L2
psoas minor
quadratus femoris
quadratus plantae
bodies of the T12 & L1 iliopubic eminence at the vertebrae line of junction of the ilium and the superior pubic ramus lateral border of the quadrate line of the ischial tuberosity femur below the intertrochanteric crest anterior portion of the tendons of the flexor calcaneus and the long digitorum longus m. plantar ligament
lumbar aa.
laterally rotates the thigh nerve to the quadratus femoris m. assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the toes lateral plantar nerve
inferior gluteal a.
lateral plantar a.
quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
sartorius
anterior surface of the femur and the anterior side of the medial and lateral intermuscular septa straight head: anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head: above the superior rim of the acetabulum anterior superior iliac spine
extends the knee; rectus femoral nerve femoris flexes the thigh
femoral nerve
femoral nerve
lateral femoral circumflex a., saphenous a. perforating branches of the deep femoral a. perforating branches of the deep femoral a.
semimembranosus semitendinosus
upper, outer surface of the ischial tuberosity lower, medial surface of ischial tuberosity (common tendon with biceps femoris m.) posterior surface of head and upper shaft of the fibula, soleal line of the tibia ischial spine
medial condyle of the tibia medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)
extends the thigh, flexes tibial nerve the leg extends the thigh, flexes tibial nerve the leg
soleus
dorsum of the calcaneus plantar flexes the foot via the calcaneal (Achilles') tendon laterally rotates the femur flexes, abducts, and medially rotates the thigh dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
tibial nerve
posterior tibial a.
tibialis anterior
obturator internus tendon anterior part of the iliac iliotibial tract crest, anterior superior iliac spine lateral tibial condyle and medial surface of the the upper lateral surface medial cuneiform and of the tibia the 1st metatarsal interosseous membrane, posteromedial surface of the fibula, posterolateral surface of the tibia
anterior tibial a.
tibialis posterior
tuberosity of the plantar flexes the foot; navicular and medial inverts the foot cuneiform, metatarsals 24
tibial nerve
vastus intermedius
patella
femoral nerve
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
lateral intermuscular septum, lateral lip of the linea aspera and the gluteal tuberosity medial intermuscular septum, medial lip of the linea aspera
extends leg
femoral nerve
extends leg
femoral nerve
lateral femoral circumflex a., perforating branches of the deep femoral a. lateral femoral circumflex a.
Notes the erector spinae m. is separated into 3 columns of muscle: iliocostalis laterally, longissimus in an intermediate position and spinalis medially; each of these columns has multiple named parts the most lateral part of the erector spinae; it may be subdivided into lumborum, thoracis and cervicis portions these are small and fairly insignificant muscles
the intermediate part of the erector spinae;it may be subdivided into thoracis, cervicis and capitis portions semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores make up the transversospinal muscle group
greater occipital nerve (DPR of C2) passes superiorly around the inferior margin of inferior oblique the suboccipital triangle is formed by obliquus capitis superior and inferior and rectus capitis posterior major
none rectus capitis posterior minor is deeper and inserts more medial than rectus capitis posterior major semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores make up the transversospinal muscle group
three parts are named based on their insertions: capitis, cervicis and thoracis; semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores make up the transversospinal muscle group most medial part of the erector spinae; may be subdivided into thoracis, cervicis and capitis portions splenius means bandage; it gets its name from its broad, flat shape
named for its shape: splenius means bandage and capitis refers to the insertion of this portion of the muscle named for its shape: splenius means bandage and cervicis refers to the insertion of this portion of the muscle
y
Notes
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi are located in the hypothenar compartment of the hand abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are located in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
deep palmar arch and deep ulnar nerve pass between the two heads of adductor pollicis, which is in the adductor-interosseous compartment (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) (Greek, anconeus = elbow)
a powerful flexor
although brachioradialis is innervated by the nerve for extensors (radial), its primary action is elbow flexion; the neutral position of this muscle is half way between supination and pronation (elbow flexed, thumb up) the musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle to reach the other arm flexor mm.(biceps brachii and brachialis) the deltoid muscle is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; it is assisted by the supraspinatus m. bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist) works with the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist) works with the flexor carpi ulnaris in adduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
the extensor expansion inserts via a central band on the base of the middle phalanx, while lateral & medial slips insert on the distal phalanx
extensor indicis is a deep forearm extensor, whereas extensor digiti minimi is in the superficial layer of extensors
the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) the tendon of extensor pollicis longus hooks around the dorsal radial tubercle; it forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis mm. to abduct hand (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
the ulnar nerve passes between the two heads of origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris m. (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand ulnar nerve innervates the portion of profundus that acts on digits 4 & 5 (the ulnar 2 digits)
median nerve travels distally in the forearm on the deep surface of the flexor digitorum superficialis m. flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are the three muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) the tendon of flexor pollicis longus passes through the carpal tunnel with the other long digital flexor tendons and the median nerve (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles
bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest (Latin, latissimus = broadest)
lumbricals, arise from the profundus tendons and have the same pattern of innervation as does the profundus muscle (ulnar and median nn. split the task equally) (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm)
opposition is a rotational movement of the 5th metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi brevis are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand opposition is a rotational movement of the 1st metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis are in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
palmaris longus is absent in about 13% of forearms; it may be present on one side only
the deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating breast disease
branches of medial pectoral nerve usually pierce pectoralis minor to reach the pectoralis major muscle pronator quadratus is the deepest muscle in the distal forearm; it works with pronator teres and has the same nerve supply median nerve passes between the two heads of origin of pronator teres
a lesion of long thoracic nerve will cause winging of the scapula (i.e., the medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angel's wing) (Latin, serratus = to saw) a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw)
a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw) it serves an important protective function - it cushions the subclavian vessels from bone fragments in clavicular fractures subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor are the rotator cuff muscles deep radial nerve passes through the supinator to reach the posterior compartment of the forearm
supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm, then the deltoid muscle completes the action; a member of the rotator cuff group teres major inserts beside the tendon of latissimus dorsi, and assists latissimus in its actions fixes the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during abduction & flexion of the arm; a member of the rotator cuff group named for its shape; trapezius is an example of a muscle that migrates during development from its level of origin (cervical) to its final position, pulling its nerve and artery along behind
long head of the triceps separates the triangular and quadrangular spaces (teres major, teres minor and the humerus are the other boundaries); all three heads of origin insert by a common tendon
ly
Notes a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven) the mucosa is raised by the underlying aryepiglottic m. to form the aryepiglottic fold
the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers ( the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse parts
the auricular muscles are derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch, as are the muscles of facial expression
although the buccinator is important in mastication, it is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve and NOT by the buccal nerve from V3 (a sensory nerve) (Latin, buccinator = trumpeter) chondroglossus is often considered to be part of the hyoglossus muscle relaxation of the suspensory ligament allows the lens to thicken for accommodation (near vision) the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior position and depth the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
this muscle causes the furrowed brow of the worried look (Latin, corrugator= to wrinkle)
an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles cricopharyngeus represents the lowest fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor; it is continuous with the esophagus below and marks the beginning of it this is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx that is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.; ALL other laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve, via its inferior laryngeal branch a "frown" muscle
this muscle is used to bare the lower incisor teeth depressor septi is considered a part of the nasalis m. the digastric m. forms two sides of the submandibular triangle; it is formed from mesenchyme derived from the first two pharyngeal arches, hence its dual innervation
none
the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the epicranius muscle; also known as: occipitofrontalis m.
frontalis is the anterior belly of the epicranius muscle an extrinsic muscle of the tongue; XII innervates all tongue muscles except palatoglossus [innervated by vagus (X), as are most of the palate and pharynx muscles]; genioglossus is used to test the function of cranial nerve XII thyrohyoid and geniohyoid receive ansa cervicalis fibers that travel with the hypoglossal nerve distal to the superior limb of the ansa cervicalis an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge of the nose to test the function of this muscle
because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has a rotational action on the iris an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted a "smile" muscle
levator labii superioris is used to bare the upper incisor teeth, as in a sneer (Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips) (Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips)
fibers inserting into the superior tarsal plate are called superior tarsal muscle and are smooth muscle; lesion of the sympathetic supply causes slight ptosis (drooping of the eyelid) (Latin, levator = to lift + palpebrae = eyelid) named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift)
an intrinsic muscle of the tongue; longitudinalis has superior and inferior subdivisions that span the length of the tongue an intrinsic muscle of the tongue whose fibers run transversely
none
this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m.
of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior position and depth a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven) the soft palate and uvula resist the upward pressure of the tongue during swallowing the nerve to mylohyoid also innervates the anterior belly of digastric m.; both muscles are derivatives of the second pharygneal arch nasalis has two subsidiary parts: nasalis pars alaris and pars transversa a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part) a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part)
the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge of the nose to test the function of this muscle
passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly occipitalis is the posterior belly of the epicranius muscle the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle; also known as: epicranius m.
activated involuntarily in the blink reflex; the palpebral part is active in normal blinking and the orbital part is used to forcefully close the eye the "kissing" muscle
although palatoglossus sounds like a tongue muscle (and would therefore be innervated by XII), it is a palatal muscle innervated by X palatopharyngeus is part of the inner longitudinal muscle layer of the pharynx platysma is derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch (Greek, platysma = a flat plate) the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven) (Latin, procerus = long and streched out) the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
none
none
none none
because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has a rotational action on the iris loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m. because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes the iris to rotate medially risorius is active in expressions of mirth (Latin, risorius = to laugh) like other muscles of the pharyngeal wall, salpingopharyngeus is derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch
a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven) a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven) a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven) sphenomeniscus is another name for the superior belly of the lateral pterygoid m. none
it gets its name from its broad, flat shape (Greek, splenius = a bandage)
entirely enclosed in bone, except for its tendon; a derivative of the second pharyngeal arch
sternohyoid overlies the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid mm. sternothyroid lies deep to the sternohyoid m.
facial nerve innervates both the stylohyoid m. and the posterior belly of the digastric m. shortly after exiting from the stylomastoid foramen stylopharyngeus, the only muscle innervated by IX, is the only muscle of the pharyngeal wall NOT innervated by the vagus (X) nerve; it is a derivative of the third pharyngeal arch passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes the iris to rotate medially a powerful chewing muscle; a derivative of the first pharyngeal arch
V3 innervates both tensor muscles of the head (tympani and veli palatini) which are derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch (Latin, tympanum = a kettle drum) remember: V3 innervates both tensor muscles (tympani and veli palatini); ALL other palatal muscles are innervated by vagus its subsidiary parts are the thyroepiglottic m. and the vocalis m.; the medial most fibers of thyroarytenoid that insert along the vocal ligament are called the vocalis muscle represents the superior fibers of thyroarytenoid muscle which fan out to the quadrangular membrane and epiglottis thyrohyoid lies deep to the sternohyoid
the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse parts the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse parts represents the innermost fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle; the cricothyroid m. grossly tenses the vocal ligaments, while the vocalis muscle provides the mechanism for fine tuning the vibrations of the vocal folds a "smile" muscle
a "smile" muscle
lly
Notes left crus attaches to the L1-L2 vertebral bodies, the right crus attaches to the L1-L3 vertebral bodies
11 in number; they extend from the tubercle of the rib to the costochondral junction; continuous with the external intercostal membrane anteriorly
innermost intercostal mm. have the same fiber direction as the internal intercostal mm., the only difference being that they lie deep to the intercostal neurovascular bundle 11 in number; they extend from the margin of the sternum to the angle of the rib; continuous posteriorly with the internal intercostal membrane these are fairly small and insignificant muscles subcostalis, transversus thoracis & innermost intercostal mm. make up the deepest intercostal muscle layer transversus thoracis, subcostalis & innermost intercostal mm. make up the innermost intercostal muscle layer
ally
Notes the cremaster m. is internal abdominal oblique muscle's contribution to the coverings of the spermatic cord and testis; the cremasteric reflex may be elicited by stroking the medial thigh (where the femoral branch of the genitofemoral n. distributes cutaneously) (Greek, cremaster = suspender) the dartos elevates the testis in response to cold (it is modified arrector pili fibers, or the goosebump muscles) (Latin, dartos = leather)
the inguinal ligament is a specialization of the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis; the external spermatic fascia is the external abdominal oblique muscle's contribution to the coverings of the testis and spermatic cord
an inconstant part of the transversus abdominis m. which may be replaced by a ligament (interfoveolar ligament) anterior fibers of internal abdominal oblique course up and medially, perpendicular to the fibers of external abdominal oblique; the cremaster muscle and fascia is the internal abdominal oblique muscle's contribution to the coverings of the testis and spermatic cord
the inguinal ligament is a specialization of the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis; the external spermatic fascia is the external abdominal oblique muscle's contribution to the coverings of the testis and spermatic cord
anterior fibers of internal abdominal oblique course up and medially, perpendicular to the fibers of external abdominal oblique; the cremaster muscle and fascia is the internal abdominal oblique muscle's contribution to the coverings of the testis and spermatic cord
the genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major m. (Greek, psoas = the muscles of the loins) absent in 40% of cases (Greek, psoas = the muscles of the loins)
the pyramidalis m. is not always present the lateral arcuate ligament of the diaphragm crosses the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum m. rectus sheath contains rectus abdominis and is formed by the aponeuroses of external and internal oblique and transversus abdominis mm. transversus abdominis muscle does not contribute to the coverings of the spermatic cord and testis; transversalis fascia, the deep fascia that covers the inner surface of the transversus abdominis, forms the internal spermatic fascia
cally
Notes skeletal (voluntary) muscle, as contrasted with sphincter ani internus, which is smooth (involuntary) muscle; the external anal sphincter is considered part of the pelvic diaphragm smooth muscle (involuntary), as contrasted with sphincter ani externus, which is skeletal muscle (voluntary) skeletal muscle
expels the last drops of urine from urethra; expels semen during ejaculation coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal membrane muscles in the neck of bladder must contract and cause the internal urethral orifice to open before the detruser muscle can void the bladder (Latin, detruser = to push down) the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m. ischiocavernosus m. is closely applied to the surface of the crus penis/clitoris
the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus is the levator ani m.; coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm (Latin, levator = to lift) levator prostatae is part of the puborectalis m. (Latin, levator = to lift) the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m. the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m.
pubovaginalis is part of the levator ani muscle skeletal (voluntary) muscle, as contrasted with sphincter ani internus, which is smooth (involuntary) muscle; the external anal sphincter is considered part of the pelvic diaphragm smooth muscle (involuntary), as contrasted with sphincter ani externus, which is skeletal muscle (voluntary) skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal membrane superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal membrane superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal membrane
Notes abductor digiti minimi forms the lateral margin of the sole of the foot abductor hallucis forms the medial margin of the sole of the foot (Latin, hallex = great toe) anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve lie on the anterior and posterior surfaces of adductor brevis the plantar arterial arch passes superior to the oblique head of adductor hallucis (Latin, hallex = great toe) the most anterior of the adductor group of muscles the ischiocondylar part of adductor magnus is a hamstring muscle by embryonic origin and action, so it is innervated by the tibial nerve
adductor minimus m. is the uppermost fibers of the adductor magnus m. articularis genu is formed by muscle fascicles deep to the vastus intermedius m. one of the "hamstring" muscles
four in number; remember DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct) and PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct), then logic can tell you where these muscles insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
the part of the extensor digitorum brevis that goes to the great toe is called the extensor hallucis brevis m. one of the muscles involved in anterior compartment syndrome
usually considered to be the medial-most part of the extensor digitorum brevis m. (Latin, hallex = great toe) one of the muscles involved in anterior compartment syndrome (Latin, hallex = great toe)
stress fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone is a common runner's injury
fibularis longus lies superficial to the fibularis brevis m. in the lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis tertius is in the anterior compartment of the leg, not the lateral compartment (which contains fibularis longus and brevis) none
flexor digitorum brevis in the foot is equivalent to the flexor digitorum superficialis m. of the arm
flexor digitorum longus in the leg is equivalent to the flexor digitorum profundus m. of the arm
each tendon of insertion contains a sesamoid bone (Latin, hallex = great toe)
flexor hallucis longus is very important in the "push off" part of the normal gait (Latin, hallex = great toe)
the calcaneal tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body gemellus is a Latin word that means "little twin" gemellus is a Latin word that means "little twin" gluteus maximus is a site of intramuscular injection
the angle at which the gluteus medius tendon approaches the greater trochanter of the femur is anterior to the axis of rotation of the thigh, resulting in medial rotation the angle at which the gluteus minimus tendon approaches the greater trochanter of the femur is anterior to the axis of rotation of the thigh, resulting in medial rotation the pes anserinus is the common insertion of the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus mm. (Latin, pes anserinus = goose's foot; gracilis = slender) inserts in company with the psoas major m. via the iliopsoas tendon a combination of the iliacus and psoas major mm.
four in number; remember DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct) and PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct), then logic can tell you where these muscles insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
remember PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct) and DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct), and logic will tell you where these muscles must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
the lumbricals of the foot have the same action on the toes that the lumbricals in the hand have on the fingers (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm)
the tendon of the obturator externus m. passes inferior to the neck of the femur to reach its insertion site the obturator internus m. leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen; the superior and inferior gemellus mm. insert on the obturator internus tendon pectineus often has a dual innervation
peroneus is the old terminology used for the fibularis mm. piriformis leaves the pelvis by passing through the greater sciatic foramen remember PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct) and DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct), and logic will tell you where these muscles must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
plantaris has a long slender tendon that is equivalent to the tendon of the palmaris longus m. of the arm; its tendon is often called the "freshman nerve" because it is often misidentified by the freshman medical student has a round tendon of origin; popliteus unlocks the knee joint to initiate flexion of the leg the genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major m. (Latin, psoas = the muscles of the loins) absent in 40% of cases (Latin, psoas = the muscles of the loins)
the nerve to the quadratus femoris m. also innervates the inferior gemellus m. the quadratus plantae m. changes the line of force of the flexor digitorum longus m. to bring it in line with the long axis of the foot (Latin, quadratus = square)
composed of 4 muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis
its actions put the lower limb in the traditional cross-legged seated position of a tailor (Latin, sartorius = tailor) one of the "hamstring" muscles pes anserinus is the common insertion for the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus mm.
soleus and the 2 heads of gastrocnemius are sometimes called the triceps surae muscle Latin, gemellus = little twin tensor fascia latae redirects the rotational forces of the gluteus maximus m. acts as both an antagonist (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion) and a synergist (inversion) of the tibialis posterior m. acts as both an antagonist (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion) and a synergist (inversion) of the tibialis anterior m.
vastus intermedius is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle (Latin, vastus = huge)
vastus lateralis is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle (Latin, vastus = huge) vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle (Latin, vastus = huge)
none
alveolar, inferior
maxillary n.
coccygeal plexus (S4C1) superior root (C1 and C2) and inferior root (C2 and C3) of the ansa cervicalis musculocutaneous n.
antebrachial cutaneous, lateral antebrachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous, posterior anterior deep temporal n.
n. to mylohyoid; mylohyoid muscle inferior dental plexus; and anterior belly of mental nerve the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoid dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus no named branches none skin overlying the coccyx to infrahyoid muscles omohyoid m., none sternohyoid m., sternothyroid m., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m. anterior and posterior none skin of the lateral side branches of the forearm no named branches none skin of the medial side of the forearm skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm no cutaneous branches
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
none
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose
sympathetic motor skin of the anterior innervation to skin thigh flexor pollicis longus none m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. none skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum
anterior labial n.
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
anterior scrotal n.
anterior cutaneous br. no named branches of the ilioinguinal n. infraorbital n. dental plexus
none
none
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus vascular smooth pain from the kidney, muscle of the brs. of suprarenal gland, the renal aa. upper ureter
auriculotemporal n.
parotid brs., articular secretomotor to the brs., anterior auricular parotid gland by brs. carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion; [preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the lesser petrosal br. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)] deltoid, teres minor
skin of anterior ear and the skin anterosuperior to the ear; part of the external auditory meatus; temporomandibular joint
axillary n.
posterior cord of the superior lateral brachial plexus brachial cutaneous nerve radial n. via its no named branches posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. medial cord of the brachial plexus radial no named branches
skin of the upper lateral arm skin of the lateral side of the distal arm
none
skin of the medial side of the arm no named branches none skin of the posterior arm ventral primary rami dorsal scapular, long muscles of the upper skin of the upper of C5-8 and T1 thoracic, n. to limb, excluding limb subclavius, trapezius suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial no named branches no motor branches skin of the cheek, mucosa lining the cheek
none
facial n. (VII)
no sensory branches
zygomaticus major & no sensory branches minor, buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris & alaque nasi, risorius, procerus, nasalis rectus capitis anterior none and lateralis, longus capitis, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, longus capitis and longus colli skin behind the ear and on the neck below the mandible; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m.
C1 spinal n.
contributes to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm., longus capitis m. contributes to: superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, sternocleidomastoid contributes to: inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius
C2 spinal n.
C3 spinal n.
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm
skin of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m. and the trapezius m
C4 spinal n.
contributes to: supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: phrenic n., long thoracic n.
skin of the root of the neck and the upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m.
C5 spinal n.
C6 spinal n.
respiratory diaphragm, scalene mm., muscles of the shoulder and upper arm scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and arm muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearm muscles of the forearm and hand
C7 spinal n.
skin of the posterior side of the upper limb skin of the medial side of the upper limb
C8 spinal n.
cardiac brs. of the no named branches vagus n. and cervical sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.
moderates heart pain from the heart muscle and lungs (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic); smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree (parasympathetic)
cardiac, sympathetic
no named branches
heart (sympathetic: heart, bronchial tree increases rate and and lungs force of contraction, parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree & lungs via pulmonary plexus heart heart, bronchial tree (parasympathetic: and lungs decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree and lungs via pulmonary plexus none sensory receptors in the carotid body and carotid sinus none
cardiac, vagal
vagus n. (X)
no named branches
carotid body, n. to
glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
no named branches
superior cervical distributes along the ganglion of the brs. of the external sympathetic trunk, via carotid artery the external carotid n. superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n. most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery
vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck
vascular smooth none muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.
carotid, external
vascular smooth none muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead vascular smooth none muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp vascular smooth pain from the muscle of the brs. of stomach, liver & the celiac trunk biliary system, spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas
carotid, internal
celiac ganglion
postganglionic sympathetic axons distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of the celiac trunk
cervical plexus
ventral primary rami brs. to: longus colli & of spinal nerves C1- capitis, C4 sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4
longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
skin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin behind the ear
chorda tympani
facial (VII)
muscles of facial none expression of the lower part of the face; platysma m. secretomotor to the taste to the anterior submandibular and 2/3 of the tongue sublingual glands (it carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the submandibular ganglion) sphincter pupillae m., none ciliary m. of the eye
ciliary ganglion
ciliary, long
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) nasociliary
postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn. no named branches
none
eyeball (GSA)
ciliary, short
ciliary ganglion: multiple short ciliary sensory root - from nn. which leave the the nasociliary n. (a ciliary ganglion branch of V1); anteriorly sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) posterior femoral no named branches cutaneous n. lateral cutaneous no named branches branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 lateral cutaneous no named branches branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 ventral primary rami anococcygeal n. of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 sacral plexus (brs. of no named branches the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4) vestibulocochlear n. no named branches splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar) plexuses to abdominal & pelvic viscera
eyeball (GSA)
none none
skin of the lower part of the buttock skin of the intermediate medial portion of the buttock skin of the superomedial portion of the buttock
cluneal, superior
none
coccygeal plexus
none
coccygeus m., n. to
common fibular n.
sciatic n.
lateral sural cutaneous superficial fibular n.: n., superficial and muscles of the lateral deep fibular nn. compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe
median n.; superficial proper palmar digital sympathetic motor to br. of the ulnar n. nn. the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. medial plantar n. (1st- proper plantar digital 1st lumbrical m. 3rd); superficial br. of nn. the lateral plantar n. (4th)
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe)
cranial nn.
nuclei located in the brain, branistem and upper cervical spinal cord
12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
eye muscles, muscles of mastication, middle ear, face, tongue, pharynx, larynx, most suprahyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., smooth muscle of the gut, cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, salivary, lacrimal and mucous glands in the head and neck; glands of digestive system
smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, general sensation form the skin of the face, sense from viscera of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen (proximal to the splenic flexure)
deep fibular n.
common fibular n.
one proper digital br. muscles of the skin of the web anterior compartment between the great toe of the leg (tibialis and the 2nd toe anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
deep petrosal n.
no named branches
vascular smooth none muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate
deep radial n.
radial n.
posterior interosseous extensor carpi radialis no cutaneous n. brevis m., supinator branches m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. no named branches posterior belly of the none digastric m. skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
median n.; superficial proper palmar digital sympathetic motor to br. of the ulnar n. nn. the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. medial plantar n. (1st- proper plantar digital 1st lumbrical m. 3rd); superficial br. of nn. the lateral plantar n. (4th)
digital, dorsal
radial n.
no named branches
digital, proper palmar common palmar digital branches of the median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of the ulnar n.
no named branches
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) sympathetic motor dorsal skin of the innervation to skin lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed sympathetic motor to median: palmar skin the skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit
digital, proper plantar common plantar no named branches digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) dorsal branch of the ulnar n. ulnar n. dorsal digital
flexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital n. on the medial side of the great toe)
skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
skin of the dorsal surface of the medial 1 1/2 digits; skin of the medial side of the back of the hand dorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed skin of the shaft of the clitoris skin of the shaft of the penis general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) one dermatome
dorsal digital n.
radial n.
no named branches
sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin none
dorsal n., of the pudendal n. clitoris dorsal n., of the penis pudendal n.
dorsal primary ramus first branch off of the numerous dorsal side of the spinal nerve
dorsal root
from the dorsal horn none of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve dorsal rootlets dorsal rootlets
none
dorsal scapular n.
none
esophageal plexus
right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
ethmoidal, anterior
nasociliary n.
anterior and posterior preganglionic vagal trunks parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels internal & external none nasal brs.
vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus none
ethmoidal, posterior
nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
external carotid n.
vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead
superior cervical distributes along the ganglion of the brs. of the external sympathetic trunk, via carotid artery the external carotid n.
vascular smooth none muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck
facial n.
pons and medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons via nervus intermedius; facial motor nucleus of pons via motor root
greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic to pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic travels with brs. of maxillary division of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular and sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior auricular n., intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical brs.
stapedius m., stylohyoid m., posterior belly of digastric m., muscles of facial expression; secretomotor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous glands of the nasal and oral cavities
taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; part of the skin of the external auditory meatus
femoral lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L3) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3)
femoral
lumbar plexus anterior femoral (ventral primary rami cutaneous brs., nn. to of L2-L4) anterior thigh muscles, saphenous n. sciatic n.
fibular, common
sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, pectineus lateral sural cutaneous superficial fibular n.: n., superficial and muscles of the lateral deep fibular nn. compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe
fibular, deep
common fibular n.
one proper digital br. muscles of the skin of the web anterior compartment between the great toe of the leg (tibialis and the 2nd toe anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
fibular, superficial
common fibular n.
medial dorsal cutaneous n. to the medial side of the foot; dorsal digital nn. to the lateral 3 toes
muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.)
frontal
none
ganglia, collateral
ganglia, myenteric
preganglionic postganglionic parasympathetic via parasympathetic via anterior and posterior many short fibers vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) splanchnic nn.
smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying the abdominopelvic viscera smooth muscle of the none gut wall
distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes skin of the forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus pain from the abdominopelvic viscera
ganglia, preaortic
plexuses to vascular smooth pain from abdominal and pelvic muscle of vessels that abdominopelvic viscera supply viscera abdominopelvic viscera
preganglionic postganglionic parasympathetic parasympathetic via arrive via branches of many short fibers the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1L2 postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn. postganglionic sympathetic axons distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of the celiac trunk postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn. dorsal rootlets
dilator pupillae, pain from viscera vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal medulla, heart, lungs and gut
ganglion, celiac
ganglion, ciliary
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) ganglion, dorsal root dorsal rootlets
vascular smooth pain from the muscle of the brs. of stomach, liver & the celiac trunk biliary system, spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas sphincter pupillae m., none ciliary m. of the eye
none
one dermatome
ganglion, geniculate
facial n. (VII) (chorda nervus intermedius none tympani branch) (SVA sensory root of facial n.) preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n. preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n. contributes to the vascular smooth inferior mesenteric muscle of brs. of the plexus; contributes to inferior mesenteric a. the superior hypogastric plexus
taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
ganglion, otic
postganglionic secretomotor to the parasympathetic parotid gland axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3) postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and zygomatic n.
none
ganglion, pterygopalatine
secretomotor to: none mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland
ganglion, semilunar
ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions of the trigeminal n.
skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only)
ganglion, spiral
fibers of the cochlear cochlear n. portion of none hair cells the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII)
hearing (SSA)
ganglion, stellate
gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.
vascular smooth pain from lungs muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs secretomotor to the none submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa
ganglion, submandibular
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.)
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands
preganglionic contributes to the sympathetic axons superior mesenteric from the celiac plexus and intermesenteric plexuses
geniculate ganglion
vascular smooth pain from the lower muscle of brs. of the half of the pancreas superior mesenteric a. and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon facial n. (VII) (chorda nervus intermedius none taste (SVA) from the tympani branch) (SVA sensory root of anterior 2/3 of the facial n.) tongue
geniohyoid m., n. to
genitofemoral n.
C1 fibers from the no named branches superior root of the ansa cervicalis lumbar plexus genital br., femoral (ventral primary rami br. of spinal nerves L1L2)
geniohyoid m.
none
cremaster m.
glossopharyngeal n.
medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from the superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from the inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE - preganglionic parasympathetic)
tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs.
GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to the parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via the tympanic n. to the lesser petrosal n. to the otic ganglion; postganglionic parasympathetic via the auriculotemporal n.) gluteus maximus m.
GVA: carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of the external ear; SVA: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
gluteal, inferior
sacral plexus (ventral no named branches primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) sacral plexus (ventral superior & inferior primary rami of spinal brs. nerves L4-L5, S1) cell bodies located in none the sympathetic chain ganglia
none
gluteal, superior
gluteus medius m., none gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m. carries postganglionic none sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. none skin of the ear and skin below the ear
great auricular n.
greater occipital n.
cervical plexus mastoid n., auricular (contributions from n. the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C2&C3) dorsal primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.)
greater palatine n.
maxillary division of posterior inferior the trigeminal n. (V2) lateral nasal brs.
none
greater petrosal n.
facial (VII)
no named branches
neurons in the no named branches intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk superior hypogastric plexus inferior hypogastric plexus
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate celiac ganglion; pain from the preganglionic fibers abdominal viscera supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate none
hypogastric n.
supplies vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera hypogastric nn. and contributes branches sympathetic: supplies sacral splanchnic nn. to: uterine/vaginal vascular smooth (postganglionic plexus, vesical plexus, muscle of vessels sympathetic axons); prostatic plexus supplying the pelvic pelvic splanchnic nn. viscera; (preganglionic parasympathetic: parasympathetic supplies smooth axons from the muscle of the pelvic ventral primary rami viscera of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric hypogastric nn. (right vascular smooth plexus and lumbar and left) muscle of the pelvic splanchnic nn. viscera (sympathetic) (postganglionic sympathetic axons)
pain from the pelvic viscera pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
hypoglossal n.
medulla: hypoglossal no named branches; nucleus branches of the ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 are carried by this nerve and are not considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) mandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3) lateral and anterior cutaneous brs.
intrinsic and extrinsic none muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus m.)
iliohypogastric n.
muscles of the lower skin of the lower abdominal wall abdominal wall, upper hip and upper thigh skin of the lower abdominal wall and anterior scrotum/labium majus teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
ilioinguinal n.
anterior cutaneous br. muscles of the lower (also known as: abdominal wall anterior labial/scrotal n.)
inferior alveolar n.
inferior gluteal n.
n. to mylohyoid; mylohyoid muscle inferior dental plexus; and anterior belly of mental nerve the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoid sacral plexus (ventral no named branches gluteus maximus m. none primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
inferior laryngeal n.
all intrinsic muscles mucous membrane of of the larynx except the larynx below the the cricothyroid; vocal fold those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold none skin of the lateral side of the distal arm
inferior lateral radial n. via its no named branches brachial cutaneous n. posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. inferior mesenteric ganglion preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n. intermesenteric plexus
contributes to the vascular smooth inferior mesenteric muscle of brs. of the plexus; contributes to inferior mesenteric a. the superior hypogastric plexus
pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
multiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the inferior mesenteric a.
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
inferior branch of the parasympathetic root preganglionic none oculomotor n. to the ciliary ganglion parasympathetic supply to the ciliary ganglion for innervation of the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary m.; inferior oblique m.
pudendal n.
no named branches
maxillary division of middle alveolar n., the trigeminal n.(V2) anterior superior alveolar n.
skin of the anus mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus; upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth; maxillary gingiva; skin of the lateral nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and zygomatic region skin and conjunctiva of the medial upper and lower eyelids; skin of the lateral surface of the nose skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of the medial side of the upper limb (via T1T2) skin of the medial side of the arm
infratrochlear n.
nasociliary br. of the no named branches ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
none
intercostal n.
ventral primary rami lateral & anterior of spinal nerves T1- cutaneous brs. T11
intercostobrachial n.
also known as the no named branches lateral cutaneous br. of the ventral primary ramus of T2 cervical plexus (C3&C4) no named branches
intercostal muscles; abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and hand (via T1) sympathetic motor innervation to skin
intermediate supraclavicular n.
none
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
intermesenteric plexus
lumbar splanchnic nn. renal, testicular (or sympathetic: smooth 1 and 2 ovarian) and ureteric muscle of vessels brs. supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure
internal carotid n.
vascular smooth none muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp vascular smooth none muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. flexor pollicis longus none m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. some authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm muscles none none
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.
most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery no named branches
interosseous, posterior
deep radial n.
no named branches
labial, anterior
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
labial, posterior
perineal n. (a branch no named branches of the pudendal n.) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) no named branches
lacrimal n.
skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus none skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus carries secretomotor skin of the lateral axons to the lacrimal portion of the upper gland eye lid and its associated conjunctiva
laryngeal, inferior
all intrinsic muscles mucous membrane of of the larynx except the larynx below the the cricothyroid; vocal fold those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA from heart
laryngeal, recurrent
vagus n. (X)
esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs., inferior laryngeal n.
laryngeal, superior
vagus n. (X)
cricothyroid m., mucous membrane of inferior pharyngeal the larynx above the constrictor m.; vocal folds secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds
musculocutaneous n. anterior and posterior none branches lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L3) lateral cord of the brachial plexus tibial n. anterior & posterior brs. sympathetic motor innervation to skin
skin of the lateral side of the forearm skin of the lateral thigh
pectoralis major m.
no named branches
lateral sural cutaneous common fibular n. fibular n. communicating br. least thoracic neurons in the no named branches splanchnic n. intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T12 lesser occipital n. ventral primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C2 maxillary division of no named branches the trigeminal n. (V2)
no cutaneous branches quadratus plantae m., skin of the lateral side abductor digiti of the plantar surface minimi m., flexor of the foot; skin of digiti minimi brevis the plantar surface of m., lateral 3 lumbrical the lateral 1 1/2 toes mm., adductor (and the nail bed of hallucis m., plantar & these toes) dorsal interosseous mm. none skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder none skin of the lateral side of the leg renal plexus pain from the kidney and suprarenal gland
none
lesser palatine n.
none
lesser petrosal n.
neurons in the no named branches intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) no named branches
lingual n.
none
nasociliary brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C5C7) lower subscapular n. posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) lumbar n. ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1L5
general sense from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth eyeball (GSA) no cutaneous branches
unnamed muscular brs. contributes to the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses
no cutaneous branches
numerous: see lumbar numerous: see lumbar and sacral plexuses and sacral plexuses
lumbar plexus
ventral primary rami branches of the of spinal nerves L1- lumbar plexus: L4 iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m.
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
no named branches
smooth muscle of vessels that supply the abdominal and pelvic viscera
lumbosacral plexus
ventral primary rami branches of the of spinal nerves L4- lumbosacral plexus: S4 iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn.
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the pelvic & urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip' skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot
lumbosacral trunk
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5
no named branches; it muscles of the hip contributes to the and posterior thigh formation of the sacral plexus
meningeal br., medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid nn., masseteric n., anterior and posterior deep temporal nn., buccal n., auriculotemporal n., lingual n., inferior alveolar n.
SVE: mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.; tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.; muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid)
GSA: skin of the lower lip and jaw extending superiorly above level of the ear; mucous membrane of the tongue and floor of the mouth; lower teeth and gingiva of the mandibular alveolar arch
masseteric n.
no named branches
orbicularis oris m., none depressor anguli oris m., depressor labii inferioris m., mentalis m. masseter m. none
meningeal br., none posterior superior alveolar n., pharyngeal, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal brs., nasopalatine n., greater and lesser palatine nn., zygomatic n., infraorbital n.
medial cord of the brachial plexus medial cord of the brachial plexus medial cord of the brachial plexus
GSA: skin of the upper lip, cheek, lower eyelid; mucous membrane of the palate; teeth and gingiva of the maxillary alveolar arch; the mucous membrane lining most of the nasal cavity; the mucous membrane lining the maxillary sinus skin of the medial side of the forearm skin of the medial side of the arm no cutaneous branches
medial plantar n.
tibial n.
plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital nn. (1st-3rd)
abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m., flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.
skin of the medial side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot skin of the radial half of the palm and palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (and nail bed for these digits)
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
median n.
lateral and medial anterior interosseous pronator teres m., cords of the brachial n., palmar br., flexor carpi radialis plexus recurrent (motor) br., m., palmaris longus common palmar m., flexor digitorum digital nn. (for digits 1- superficialis m., flexor 3) digitorum profundus m. (radial half), flexor pollicis longus m., pronator quadratus m., abductor pollicis brevis m., flexor pollicis brevis m., opponens pollicis m., lateral 2 lumbrical mm.
mental n.
inferior alveolar n.
no named branches
mesenteric ganglion, preganglionic inferior sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
skin of the chin the lower lip contributes to the vascular smooth pain from descending inferior mesenteric muscle of brs. of the colon and sigmoid plexus; contributes to inferior mesenteric a. colon; pain from the superior upper rectum hypogastric plexus
none
mesenteric ganglion, preganglionic contributes to the superior sympathetic axons superior mesenteric from the celiac plexus and intermesenteric plexuses
intermesenteric plexus
vascular smooth pain from the lower muscle of brs. of the half of the pancreas superior mesenteric a. and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon multiple unnamed nn. sympathetic: smooth pain from the course along the muscle of the vessels descending colon, branches of the supplying the sigmoid colon and inferior mesenteric a. descending colon, rectum sigmoid colon and rectum sympathetic: smooth pain & GVA of the muscle of vessels parts of the gut supplying the lower named at left pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area latissimus dorsi m. no cutaneous branches maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus skin of the lateral side of the forearm
celiac plexus, superior multiple unnamed nn. mesenteric ganglion course along the branches of the superior mesenteric a.
middle subscapular n. posterior cord of the unnamed muscular brachial plexus (C7, brs. C8) middle superior infraorbital n. dental plexus alveolar musculocutaneous n. lateral cord of the lateral antebrachial brachial plexus (C5,6) cutaneous n.
none
myenteric ganglia
preganglionic postganglionic parasympathetic via parasympathetic via anterior and posterior many short fibers vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) preganglionic postganglionic parasympathetic via parasympathetic via anterior and posterior many short fibers vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) inferior alveolar n., a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) no named branches
myenteric plexus
mylohyoid, n. to
none
nasociliary n.
communicating br. to none the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary n., anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn., infratrochlear n.
nasopalatine n.
none
eyeball, skin of the nose and medial sides of the eyelids; conjunctiva of the medial sides of the eyelids; mucous membranes of the upper nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses mucous membrane of the nasal septum; mucous membrane of the anterior portion of the palate
nervus intermedius
pons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons
joins with the motor root to form the facial n. (VII); its fibers are contained in the greater petrosal n. and the chorda tympani
secretomotor to the taste from the lacrimal gland and anterior 2/3 of the mucous glands of the tongue lower nasal cavity; secretomotor to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and palate (synapse occurs at the pterygopalatine ganglion); secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands (synapse occurs at the submandibular ganglion) obturator internus m., none superior gemellus m.
obturator internus m., sacral plexus (ventral n. to the superior n. to primary rami of spinal gemellus m. nerves L5-S2 ) obturator n. lumbar plexus anterior and posterior (ventral primary rami brs. of spinal nerves L2L4)
muscles of the medial skin of the lower thigh: adductor medial thigh longus m., adductor brevis m. and adductor magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m. posterior neck muscles skin of the posterior surface of the scalp
occipital, greater
dorsal primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) ventral primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C2 dorsal primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C3 (medial br.)
occipital, lesser
none
occipitalis tertius
oculomotor n.
oculomotor nuclei of superior br., inferior the midbrain br. (extraocular muscles); accessory oculomotor nucleus (nucleus of Edinger-Westphal preganglionic parasympathetic)
of the pterygoid canal formed by the union of the greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic) and the deep petrosal n.(postganglionic sympathetic)
olfactory n.
the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial cells constitute the olfactory n.
second order olfactory nerve cell bodies located in the olfactory bulb
GSE: superior br.: none levator palpebrae superioris m., superior rectus m.; inferior br: medial rectus m., inferior rectus m., inferior oblique m.; GVE: ciliary m. & sphincter pupillae m. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons go to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic go from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball via short ciliary nn.) secretomotor none (parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland and mucous glands of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus; sympathetic innervation to vascular smooth muscle in the same region none smell (SVA)
trigeminal ganglion
(GSA) skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and nose; mucous membrane of the upper nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses vision (SSA)
optic n.
ganglion layer of the none retina to the forebrain preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
none
otic ganglion
postganglionic secretomotor to the parasympathetic parotid gland axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3) posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. none
none
palatine, greater
palatine, lesser
none
mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
median n.; superficial proper palmar digital sympathetic motor to br. of the ulnar n. nn. the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n.
palmar digital, proper common palmar digital branches of the median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of the ulnar n.
no named branches
sympathetic motor to median: palmar skin the skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit pectoralis major m. no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches none
lateral cord of the brachial plexus medial cord of the brachial plexus ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord)
pectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m. unnamed branches smooth muscle and contribute to the glands of the gut pelvic plexus (inferior distal to the left colic hypogastric) plexus flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera none
perforating cutaneous sacral plexus (ventral no named branches n. primary rami of spinal nerves S2-3) perineal n. pudendal
posterior muscles of the scrotal/labial n., deep perineum: (muscular) br. bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae
. . .
. . .
. . .
petrosal, deep
no named branches
vascular smooth none muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate secretomotor none (preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate secretomotor none (preganglionic parasympathetic) for the parotid gland vagus: all muscles of glossopharyngeal: the pharynx except mucous membrane stylopharyngeus; lining the pharynx sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature
petrosal, greater
facial (VII)
no named branches
petrosal, lesser
pharyngeal plexus
motor contributed by no named branches the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ventral primary rami no named branches of spinal nerves C3C5 (cervical plexus)
phrenic n.
skeletal muscle of the diaphragmatic pleura; respiratory diaphragm some fibers contributed to the pericardium and to the adjacent mediastinal and costal pleurae medial plantar n. (1st- proper plantar digital 1st lumbrical m. skin of the plantar 3rd); superficial br. of nn. surface of the toes the lateral plantar n. (except the medial (4th) side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe)
plantar digital, proper common plantar no named branches digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) plantar, lateral tibial n. superficial and deep branches
flexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital n. on the medial side of the great toe)
skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
plantar, medial
tibial n.
quadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm. plantar cutaneous abductor hallucis m., brs.; proper plantar flexor hallucis brevis digital n. (medial side m., flexor digitorum of the great toe); brevis m., 1st common plantar lumbrical m. digital nn. (1st-3rd)
skin of the lateral side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)
skin of the medial side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)
plexus, brachial
ventral primary rami dorsal scapular, long muscles of the upper skin of the upper of C5-8 and T1 thoracic, n. to limb, excluding limb subclavius, trapezius suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial
plexus, cardiac
cardiac brs. of the no named branches vagus n. and cervical sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.
moderates heart pain from the heart muscle and lungs (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic); smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree (parasympathetic)
plexus, cervical
ventral primary rami brs. to: longus colli & of spinal nerves C1- capitis, C4 sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4
longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
skin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin behind the ear
plexus, coccygeal
none
plexus, esophageal
right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
anterior and posterior preganglionic vagal trunks parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels superior cervical distributes along the vascular smooth ganglion of the brs. of the external muscle, arrector pili sympathetic trunk, via carotid artery muscles, sweat glands the external carotid n. of face & upper neck hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric plexus contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus
none
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
multiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the inferior mesenteric a.
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
plexus, intermesenteric
lumbar splanchnic nn. renal, testicular (or sympathetic: smooth 1 and 2 ovarian) and ureteric muscle of vessels brs. supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n. most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery
vascular smooth none muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
plexus, lumbar
ventral primary rami branches of the of spinal nerves L1- lumbar plexus: L4 iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m.
plexus, lumbosacral
ventral primary rami branches of the of spinal nerves L4- lumbosacral plexus: S4 iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn.
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the pelvic & urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip' skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot
plexus, myenteric
preganglionic postganglionic parasympathetic via parasympathetic via anterior and posterior many short fibers vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure)
plexus, pharyngeal
motor contributed by no named branches the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
vagus: all muscles of glossopharyngeal: the pharynx except mucous membrane stylopharyngeus; lining the pharynx sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature
plexus, prostatic
is continuous with the sympathetic: vascular pain from the pelvic rectal and vesical smooth muscle of the viscera listed at left plexuses pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts parasympathetic: smooth muscle & glands of the bronchial tree; sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the lungs sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum none
plexus, pulmonary
continuous with the no named branches cardiac plexus; thoracic visceral nn.; pulmonary brs. of vagus
plexus, rectal
no named branches
plexus, renal
intermesenteric unnamed branches plexus, aorticorenal course along the renal ganglion, least vessels thoracic splanchnic n.
sympathetic: smooth pain from the kidney, muscle of the blood renal pelvis and upper vessels supplying the ureter kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; muscles of the urogenital diaphragm; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot)
plexus, sacral
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn.
intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) celiac plexus, superior mesenteric ganglion
hypogastric nn. (right vascular smooth pain from the pelvic and left) muscle of the pelvic viscera; general viscera (sympathetic) visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera multiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the superior mesenteric a. sympathetic: smooth pain & GVA of the muscle of vessels parts of the gut supplying the lower named at left pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area
plexus, uterovaginal
plexus, vesical
posterior antebrachial radial n. cutaneous n. posterior brachial cutaneous n. posterior deep temporal n. radial
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct none
pain and general sensation from the bladder, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
none temporalis m.
skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm skin of the posterior arm no cutaneous branches mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh
no named branches
none
sacral plexus (ventral inferior cluneal nn.; primary rami of spinal perineal br. nerves S1-S3)
no named branches
posterior labial n.
perineal n. (a branch no named branches of the pudendal n.) perineal n., from the pudendal n. maxillary n. no named branches
some authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm muscles none
none
posterior scrotal n.
none
skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum
dental plexus
splanchnic nn.
proper palmar digital common palmar nn. digital branches of the median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of the ulnar n.
maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus plexuses to vascular smooth pain from abdominal and pelvic muscle of vessels that abdominopelvic viscera supply viscera abdominopelvic viscera no named branches sympathetic motor to median: palmar skin the skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit flexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital n. on the medial side of the great toe) skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
none
proper plantar digital common plantar no named branches nn. digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe)
prostatic plexus
is continuous with the sympathetic: vascular pain from the pelvic rectal and vesical smooth muscle of the viscera listed at left plexuses pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and zygomatic n. secretomotor to: none mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland
pterygopalatine ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.
pudendal n.
ventral primary rami inferior rectal n., of spinal nerves S2-S4 perineal n., dorsal n. (sacral plexus) of the clitoris/penis
its branches supply: external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial & deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae
its branches supply: skin of the anus, posterior scrotum/labium majus, clitoris/penis
pulmonary plexus
continuous with the no named branches cardiac plexus; thoracic visceral nn.; pulmonary brs. of vagus
quadratus femoris m., sacral plexus (ventral n. to the inferior n. to primary rami of spinal gemellus m. nerves L4-L5, S1) radial n. posterior cord of the posterior brachial brachial plexus cutaneous n., inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n., posterior antebrachial cutaneous n., superficial and deep brs.
parasympathetic: none smooth muscle & glands of the bronchial tree; sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the lungs quadratus femoris m., none inferior gemellus m.
muscles of the skin of the posterior posterior arm: triceps arm, forearm and brachii m., anconeus hand m.; muscles of the posterior forearm: brachioradialis, extensor carpi ulnaris m., extensor carpi radialis longus m., extensor carpi radialis brevis m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.
radial, deep
radial n.
posterior interosseous extensor carpi radialis no cutaneous n. brevis m., supinator branches m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. dorsal digital brs. sympathetic motor for the skin skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal phalanx/nail bed) carries postganglionic none sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin pain from viscera is carried back to the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans
radial, superficial
radial n.
ramus communicans, cell bodies located in none gray the sympathetic chain ganglia
ramus communicans, cell bodies located in none white the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
ramus, dorsal primary first branch off of the numerous dorsal side of the spinal nerve
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back
first branch off of the numerous ventral side of the spinal nerve
to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2)
rectal plexus
no named branches
sympathetic: vascular pain and general smooth muscle of the sensation from the pelvic viscera, rectum especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum skin of the anus upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA from heart
rectal, inferior
pudendal n.
no named branches
external anal sphincter esophageal brs., upper esophagus, tracheal brs., cardiac lower pharynx, brs., pharyngeal brs., laryngeal mm. (except inferior laryngeal n. cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction)
renal plexus
intermesenteric unnamed branches plexus, aorticorenal course along the renal ganglion, least vessels thoracic splanchnic n.
sympathetic: smooth pain from the kidney, muscle of the blood renal pelvis and upper vessels supplying the ureter kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter none general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) none
root, dorsal
from the dorsal horn none of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve from the ventral horn none of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve
root, ventral
sacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn.
muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; muscles of the urogenital diaphragm; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot)
sacral splanchnic n.
unnamed branches vascular smooth contribute to the muscle of the pelvic pelvic plexus (inferior viscera hypogastric) plexus infrapatellar br. none
saphenous n.
femoral n.
skin of the medial side of the leg and medial side of the foot
sciatic n.
sacral plexus (ventral tibial n., common primary rami of spinal fibular (peroneal) n. nerves L4-L5 and S1S3)
semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m., biceps femoris m., ischioconylar part of the adductor magnus m.; its branches supply all muscles of the leg and foot none
its branches supply the skin of the leg and foot (excluding the medial side of leg & foot)
scrotal, anterior
anterior cutaneous br. no named branches of the ilioinguinal n. perineal n., from the pudendal n. ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions of the trigeminal n. no named branches
skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only)
scrotal, posterior
none
semilunar ganglion
short ciliary n.
ciliary ganglion: multiple short ciliary sensory root - from nn. which leave the the nasociliary n.(a ciliary ganglion branch of V1); anteriorly sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III)
eyeball (GSA)
spinal n.
formed at the point dorsal primary ramus; where the dorsal and ventral primary ramus ventral rootlets meet; it ends where the dorsal and ventral primary rami diverge
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) from the entire surface of the neck, trunk and extremities; visceral pain (via the white ramus communicans and the sympathetic nervous system)
spiral ganglion
fibers of the cochlear cochlear n. portion of none hair cells the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII) neurons in the no named branches intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk neurons in the no named branches intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T12 neurons in the no named branches intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk celiac ganglion; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
hearing (SSA)
renal plexus
splanchnic, lumbar
splanchnic, pelvic
smooth muscle of pain from abdominal vessels that supply and pelvic viscera the abdominal and pelvic viscera ventral primary rami unnamed branches smooth muscle and none of spinal nerves S2-S4 contribute to the glands of the gut (cell bodies are pelvic plexus (inferior distal to the left colic located in the lateral hypogastric) plexus flexure; smooth horn gray of the muscle and glands of sacral spinal cord) all pelvic viscera sacral sympathetic ganglia unnamed branches vascular smooth contribute to the muscle of the pelvic pelvic plexus (inferior viscera hypogastric) plexus gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br. pain from the pelvic viscera
no named branches
splanchnic, sacral
stellate ganglion
vascular smooth pain from lungs muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs subclavius m. no cutaneous branches skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall none
subclavius m., n. to
subcostal n.
ventral primary ramus lateral cutaneous br., muscles of the of T12 anterior cutaneous br. abdominal wall preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.) postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa
submandibular ganglion
submucosal ganglia of preganglionic postganglionic the gut parasympathetic parasympathetic via arrive via branches of many short fibers the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) suboccipital n. dorsal primary ramus no named branches of spinal nerve C1
muscles of the no cutaneous suboccipital triangle: branches rectus capitis posterior major m., rectus capitis posterior minor m., obliquus capitis superior m., obliquus capitis inferior m. subscapularis m., teres major m. latissimus dorsi m. no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes
subscapular, lower
subscapular, middle
subscapular, upper
superficial fibular n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) common fibular n.
unnamed muscular brs. unnamed muscular brs. unnamed muscular brs. medial dorsal cutaneous n. to the medial side of the foot; dorsal digital nn. to the lateral 3 toes
subscapularis m.
muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.)
superficial radial n.
radial n.
superior gluteal n.
sacral plexus (ventral superior & inferior primary rami of spinal brs. nerves L4-L5, S1) intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) vagus n. (X)
skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal phalanx/nail bed) none
hypogastric nn. (right vascular smooth pain from the pelvic and left) muscle of the pelvic viscera; general viscera (sympathetic) visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera internal br., external br. cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds none mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds
superior laryngeal n.
axillary
no named branches
preganglionic contributes to the sympathetic axons superior mesenteric from the celiac plexus and intermesenteric plexuses
vascular smooth pain from the lower muscle of brs. of the half of the pancreas superior mesenteric a. and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon
celiac plexus, superior multiple unnamed nn. mesenteric ganglion course along the branches of the superior mesenteric a.
sympathetic: smooth pain & GVA of the muscle of vessels parts of the gut supplying the lower named at left pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area none skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the forehead; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus no cutaneous branches skin of the medial forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; associated conjunctiva skin of the lateral side of the leg
supraclavicular, intermediate
no named branches
supraclavicular, lateral cervical plexus (C3&C4) supraclavicular, medial supraorbital n. cervical plexus (C3&C4)
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
suprascapular n.
supratrochlear n.
frontal n, from the medial and lateral brs. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) superior trunk of the no named branches brachial plexus (C5C6) frontal n, from the no named branches ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
none
common fibular n.
none
tibial n.
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot skin of the posterior surface of the lower leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot
sural n.
formed by the union of the fibular communicating br. of the lateral sural cutaneous n. and the medial sural cutaneous nn. preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1L2
postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn. postganglionic sympathetic depart via gray rami communicans to cervical spinal nn.; internal and external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs. joins the ventral primary ramus of C8 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus no named branches
dilator pupillae, pain from viscera vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal medulla, heart, lungs and gut
preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1T5 spinal nerve T1
dilator pupillae m.; pain from viscera vascular smooth muscle; arrector pili muscles and sweat glands of head and neck; heart and lungs
temporalis m.
no cutaneous branches
no named branches
temporalis m.
no cutaneous branches
muscles of facial none expression of the upper part of the face; frontalis m., anterior and superior auricularis mm. latissimus dorsi m. no cutaneous branches skin of the plantar surface of the foot and toes; skin of the dorsal surface of the distal toes (nail bed region)
thoracodorsal n.
tibial n.
posterior cord of the unnamed muscular brachial plexus (C7, brs. C8) sciatic n. medial sural cutaneous n., medial calcaneal brs., medial and lateral plantar nn.
semimembranosus m., semitendinosus m., long head of biceps femoris m., ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus m.; mm. of the superficial and deep posterior compartments of the leg (gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m., tibialis posterior m., flexor hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m.); muscles of the plantar side of the foot none
to carotid body
glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
no named branches
to coccygeus m.
sacral plexus (brs. of no named branches the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4) facial n. (VII) no named branches
to geniohyoid m.
C1 fibers from the no named branches superior root of the ansa cervicalis to obturator internus sacral plexus (ventral n. to the superior m. primary rami of spinal gemellus m. nerves L5-S2 ) to quadratus femoris sacral plexus (ventral n. to the inferior m. primary rami of spinal gemellus m. nerves L4-L5, S1) to subclavius m. superior trunk of the no named branches brachial plexus no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
subclavius m.
no cutaneous branches
transverse cervical n. cervical plexus (C2 and C3) trigeminal n. motor root arises from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons (SVE); sensory part arises from the trigeminal ganglion (GSA) and projects into the pons to the primary sensory nucleus of V or more inferiorly to the nucleus of the spinal root of V (medulla and upper spinal cord) trochlear n. trochlear nucleus of the midbrain
skin of the anterior surface of the neck ophthalmic, maxillary SVE: anterior belly of skin of the face; and mandibular the digastric m., mucous membranes divisions mylohyoid m., tensor of the nasal and oral veli palatini m., tensor cavities; general tympani m.; muscles sensation (GSA) to of mastication: the anterior 2/3 of temporalis m., the tongue masseter m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygoid m.
none
no named branches
none
tympanic n.
glossopharyngeal n.
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic axons which will synapse in the otic ganglion) to the parotid gland
ulnar n.
palmar cutaneous br., flexor carpi ulnaris dorsal br., superficial m., flexor digitorum and deep brs. profundus m. (ulnar half), abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., opponens digiti minimi m., ulnar 2 lumbrical mm., palmar and dorsal interosseous mm.
skin of the medial side of the wrist and hand; skin of the medial 1 1/2 digits
upper subscapular n. posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) uterovaginal plexus inferior hypogastric plexus
subscapularis m.
no cutaneous branches
sympathetic: vascular pain from the pelvic smooth muscle of the viscera listed at left pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina
vagus n.
medulla: dorsal motor nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic); inferior ganglion (GVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); superior ganglion (GSA); inferior ganglion(SVA)
auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior and inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal n., thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the esophageal plexus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks
SVE: intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of the respiratory tree & gut (proximal to the left colic flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of the larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx and gut; secretomotor to digestive glands
GSA: skin of the external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to the left colic flexure; SVA: taste from the epiglottis
ventral primary ramus first branch off of the numerous ventral side of the spinal nerve
to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2)
ventral root
from the ventral horn none of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve
none
vesical plexus
vestibular n. vestibulocochlear n.
pons and medulla pons & medulla: vestibular nuclei from the vestibular ganglion of the semicircular ducts; cochlear nuclei in the inferior cerebellar peduncle cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
no named branches divides within the temporal bone into vestibular and cochlear parts
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct none none
pain and general sensation from the bladder, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
none
zygomatic n.
axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. carries secretomotor fibers
pain from viscera is carried back to the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans
skin of the face lateral and superior to the orbit skin of face lateral to the orbit
zygomaticofacial n.
zygomatic from the no named branches maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
none
zygomaticotemporal n.
zygomatic from the communicating br. maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
d Alphabetically
Notes also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior orbital fissure (Latin, abducens = to draw away) also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla anococcygeal n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also known as the anterior and posterior roots (Latin, ansa = handle or loop)
lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity (Greek, ethmoidal = sieve-like)
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (Latin, labial = lips) anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length
a sympathetic ganglion; located above or near the origin of the renal a. from the abdominal aorta
communicates with the intercostobrachial n. emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels (Latin, plexus = a braid)
not a motor nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the facial n.
not a sensory nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal n.
joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch)
continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch) joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus (Latin, ramus = a branch) cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes (Latin, plexus = a braid)
cervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3 cervical cardiac brs. l (superior, middle and inferior) to the cardiac plexus
vagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior) and 1 or more thoracic cardiac brs.
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion
a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder (Latin, plexus = a braid)
cervicofacial division usually forms a loop by communication with the temporofacial division of the facial n.
chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and continues with it to the tongue (Latin, chorda = cord + tympanum = a kettle drum)
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid) nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia
the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn.
details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in this chart
anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop"
deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off
the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3) the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn.
proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
dorsal branch of the ulnar n. emerges at the level of the ulnar styloid process (Latin, ulna = elbow)
the terminal branch of the pudendal n. the terminal branch of the pudendal n. a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus = a branch)
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament
a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m.
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks (Latin, plexus = a braid)
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity (Greek, ethomodial = sieve-like)
posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen (Greek, ethomodial = sieve-like)
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus, goes through the facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop"
nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia
minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there
terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2
a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing (Greek, celiac = belly)
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one
a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale
a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
a sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
a parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone (Latin, geniculate = to bend) nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck genitofemoral n. lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major in the abdomen; the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via the cremasteric reflex
also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; the glossopharyngeal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.
inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m.
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m.
gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels (Latin, ramus = a branch)
greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen
greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth muscle of the organs supplied
paired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the common iliac vessels; it contains postganglionic sympathetic axons inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the superior root of the ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for a short distance
ilioinguinal n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring
inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m.
inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
parasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic parasympathetic axons) to the ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nn. carry the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. infraorbital n.passes through the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen
infratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea of the superior oblique m. (Latin, trochlea = a pulley)
intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. (Latin, plexus = a braid)
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n.
lacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion (Latin, lacrima = a tear)
inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.
lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and blood vessels least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus
lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen
lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n.
lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland
lingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste and preganglionic parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the infratemporal fossa; the submandibular ganglion hangs from the lingual nerve in the paralingual space these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion located on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior m.; lesion of this nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying "C5, 6, & 7 keep the wings from heaven" subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus) lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric)
also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
also known as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the middle cranial fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial side of V3 below the foramen ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland
branches of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharygeal arch
masseteric n. passes over the mandibular notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter m. also known as: V2; maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes through the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with it in the pterygopalatine fossa; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches of the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and lacrimal gland
medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course communicates with the intercostobrachial n. medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m.
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the foot
the median n. is motor to the flexor muscles of the forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundus),the muscles of the thenar compartment and the lateral 2 lumbricals
mental n. passes through the mental foramen a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin, plexus = a braid)
minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
parasympathetic terminal ganglia are located here; also known as: Auerbach's plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
n. to mylohyoid arises near the lingula of the mandible; course within the mylohyoid groove of the mandible
nasopalatine n. innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate (development); it passes through two openings in bone: sphenopalatine foramen and incisive canal
nervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between the motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the internal acoustic meatus
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
also known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa
contains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. bound for pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing
also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the cribriform plate to exit the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain
also known as: V1; the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; the lacrimal n. receives postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n.
also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; the course of the optic nerve is: through the optic canal to the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale
greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen
lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen
the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m. parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
perineal n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular
deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n.
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch (Latin, plexus = a braid)
phrenic n. crosses the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m. (Greek, phrenic = diaphragm)
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn.
lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the foot
axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels (Latin, plexus = a braid)
cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes (Latin, plexus = a braid)
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder (Latin, plexus = a braid)
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks (Latin, plexus = a braid)
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. (Latin, plexus = a braid) postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses (Latin, plexus = a braid)
parasympathetic terminal ganglia are located here; also known as: Auerbach's plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid)
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and primary bronchi in the root of the lung (Latin, plexus = a braid)
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid)
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin) (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid)
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim (Latin, plexus = a braid)
superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin, plexus = a braid)
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a braid)
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen (Latin, ethmoidal = sieve -like)
there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. (Latin, labial = lips) posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid)
a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on the medial surface of the obturator internus m.
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and primary bronchi in the root of the lung (Latin, plexus = a braid)
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon
all of the muscles on the posterior side of the arm and forearm are innervated by the radial n.
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off
gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels (Latin, ramus = a branch)
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin, ramus = a branch)
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus = a branch)
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus = a branch)
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid)
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin) (Latin, plexus = a braid)
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid)
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number
saphenous n. travels with the great saphenous v.; it does not pass through the adductor hiatus at the knee; it passes anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle (Latin, saphenous = clearly visible)
sciatic n. is composed of tibial and common fibular divisions; branches to muscles come from one of the two divisions, so that the sciatic n. is considered to have no direct muscular brs., only 2 terminal brs.
anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth muscle of the organs supplied
least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus
lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland
sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric) parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number
stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk (Latin, stellate = star shaped)
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one the subcostal n. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal n. found at higher thoracic levels a terminal parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland
terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus) also called the thoracodorsal n.
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6 nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m.
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim (Latin, plexus = a braid)
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin, plexus = a braid)
suprascapular n. passes through the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament supratrochlear n. passes superior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m.
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and blood vessels
sural n. courses posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle with the lesser saphenous v.
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2
located parallel to the vertebral bodies in the neck; there are no white rami communicantes at cervical levels
T1 is the highest spinal nerve to have a white ramus communicans (Latin, ramus = a branch)
a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch
a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch temporofacial division of the facial n. usually forms a loop by communication anteriorly with the cervicofacial division
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3)
nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one transverse cervical n. penetrates the platysma m. but does not innervate it also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; the trigeminal n. divides into three divisions at the trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch origin
also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; the trochlear n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; it is the smallest cranial nerve and the only cranial nerve to arise from dorsum of brainstem (Latin, trochlea = a pulley) tympanic n. passes from the inferior ganglion of CN IX through the tympanic canaliculus to reach the middle ear (Latin, tympanum = a kettle drum)
ulnar n. is motor to most of the muscles of the hand (Latin, ulna = elbow)
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6 the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through the jugular foramen to exit the posterior cranial fossa; (Latin, vagus = wanderer, due to its wide distribution to the body cavities)
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus = a branch)
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a braid)
vestibular n. is part of the vestibulocochlear n. also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into the internal auditory meatus
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons (Latin, ramus = a branch)
zygomatic n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. of the zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the lacrimal n.) zygomaticofacial n. passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen
zygomaticotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. which joins the lacrimal n.)
alveolar, inferior
maxillary a.
lingual br., mylohyoid a., dental brs., mental a. dental brs., mucosal brs.
mandibular teeth and gingiva; mandible; mylohyoid m. maxillary premolar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus
infraorbital a.
alveolar, posterior maxillary a. superior angular anterior cecal anterior cerebral facial a. ileocolic a. internal carotid a.
no named branches
orbicularis oculi m. and lacrimal sac occasionally the appendicular a. cecum anterior communicating a., medial frontobasal a., polar frontal a., callosomarginal a., precuneal a. medial and inferior portions of the frontal lobe; medial side of the parietal lobe; corpus callosum and part of the limbic lobe; olfactory bulb and tract; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus
anterior circumflex axillary a., 3rd part unnamed muscular branches humeral
anterior communicating
an anastomotic connection
maxillary a.
no named branches
anterior meningeal a., anterior septal br., anterior lateral nasal br.
basilar a.
labyrinthine (usually)
anterior ethmoidal air cells, frontal paranasal sinus, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory nerves pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); cerebellum; inner ear lower duodenum and head of the pancreas
anterior intercostal internal thoracic a. unnamed muscular branches (upper 6 intercostal spaces), musculophrenic a. (7-10th intercostal spaces)
anterior interosseous
common interosseous a.
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
flexor pollicis longus m., flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m., radius, ulna, carpal bones lateral side of the ankle
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
they arise as they accompany the ventral meninges; spinal cord; spinal multiple branches rootlets to reach the spinal cord nerve; ventral rootlets of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.) contributions pial arterial plexus received from several arteries (vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.) infraorbital a. dental brs., mucosal brs. meninges; spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus)
anterior spinal
anterior tibial
popliteal a.
anterior tibial recurrent a., posterior tibial recurrent a., anterior malleolar a., medial malleolar a., lateral malleolar a., dorsalis pedis a.
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
anterior tympanic
maxillary a.
no named branches
middle ear
ulnar a.
medial side of elbow and proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. the continuation of inferior phrenic aa. (2), celiac abdominal wall; gastrointestinal the descending trunk, middle suprarenal aa. (2), tract; body below the level of the thoracic aorta lumbar aa. (4 pairs), superior respiratory diaphragm mesenteric a., renal aa. (2), testicular/ovarian aa. (2), inferior mesenteric a., median sacral a., common iliac aa. (2) left ventricle of the left and right coronary aa. heart continuation of aortic arch posterior intercostal aa. 3-11, subcostal aa., left bronchial aa. (2), esophageal aa. (~3), mediastinal brs., superior phrenic aa. heart, entire body
aorta, ascending
thoracic wall, lungs, posterior mediastinum, body below the respiratory diaphragm
aortic arch
the continuation of brachiocephalic trunk, left the ascending common carotid a., left aorta subclavian a.
appendicular
no named branches
vermiform appendix
arch, aortic
the continuation of brachiocephalic trunk, left the ascending common carotid a., left aorta subclavian a.
palmar metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), deep palm, digits including the perforating brs. dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment
dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment deep foot; its plantar metatarsal brs. and their brs. supply the toes, including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5 dorsum of the foot, excluding the pollex and the distal phalangeal segments of the digits renal cortex ductus deferens, seminal vesical; possibly supplies the ureter
lateral plantar a.
ulnar a., superficial common palmar digital aa. (3) palmar br. of the radial a.
arcuate, of foot
dorsalis pedis a.
interlobular aa.
umbilical a.; may no named branches be a branch of the superior or inferior vesical a. right coronary a. no named branches near the point where it becomes the posterior interventricular a. right coronary a. no named branches
ascending aorta
no named branches
ascending pharyngeal
external carotid a. pharyngeal brs., inferior pharynx, meninges tympanic a., posterior meningeal a. right coronary a. no named branches near the point where it becomes the posterior interventricular a. maxillary a. no named branches atrioventricular node and the surrounding myocardium
atrioventricular nodal
auricular, deep
auricular, posterior external carotid a. stylomastoid br., auricular br., occipital br. axillary
part of the external ear, scalp and deeper structures posterior to the ear subclavian a. 1st part: superior thoracic a.; 2nd pectoral region, shoulder region (axillary a. is the part: thoracoacromial a., lateral and upper limb continuation of the thoracic a.; 3rd part: anterior subclavian lateral humeral circumflex a., posterior to the 1st rib) humeral circumflex a., subscapular a.
Artery basilar
Source Branches formed by the pontine brs., anterior inferior joining of the two cerebellar a., superior cerebellar vertebral aa. a., two posterior cerebral aa. (terminal brs.)
Supply to pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); oculomotor nucleus; nucleus of EdingerWestphal; cerebellum; posterior cerebrum
brachial
axillary a. (brachial a. is the continuation of the axillary a. distal to the teres major m.) brachial a.
deep brachial a., superior ulnar arm, forearm and hand collateral a., nutrient a., inferior ulnar collateral a.; terminal branches are the radial a. and the ulnar a. ascending br.; terminal branches muscles and tissues of the are the middle collateral a. and posterior compartment of the radial collateral a. arm
brachial, deep
aortic arch
descending right bronchial a. (occasionally) thoracic aorta 3rd right posterior no named branches intercostal maxillary a. internal pudendal a. no named branches no named branches
right side of the head and neck; right upper limb and right side of the chest wall lower trachea, bronchial tree lower trachea, bronchial tree
cheek and associated muscles bulb of the penis and associated tissues
of bulb of vestibule
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
Artery caroticotympanic
carotid, common
brachiocephalic external carotid a., internal trunk (right), aortic carotid a. arch (left)
carotid, external
common carotid a. superior thyroid a., ascending upper neck, face and scalp pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular a., maxillary a., superficial temporal a. common carotid a. none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic a., posterior communicating a., anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a. brain; eye and orbit; forehead
carotid, internal
dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment tail of the pancreas
caudal pancreatic
splenic a.
ileocolic a. ileocolic a.
may give off the appendicular a. anterior surface of the cecum may give off the appendicular a. posterior surface of the cecum stomach, lower esophagus, liver, upper duodenum, pancreas, spleen retina
central, of retina
abdominal aorta at left gastric a., splenic a., common the level of the hepatic a. T12-L1 intervertebral disc ophthalmic a. superior nasal br., inferior nasal br., superior temporal br., inferior temporal br.
labyrinthine a. (usually)
vertebral a.
posterior spinal a.
pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); cerebellum; inner ear part of cerebellum; medulla (cochlear nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus)
no named branches
cerebral, anterior
internal carotid a.
anterior communicating a., medial frontobasal a., polar frontal a., callosomarginal a., precuneal a.
an anastomotic circle of blood vessels formed by portions of the following vessels: posterior cerebral aa. (2); posterior communicating aa. (2); internal carotid aa. (2); anterior cerebral aa. (2); anterior communicating a.
this is an anastomotic loop; major named vessels connect here, but there are no named branches of the arterial circle
medial and inferior portions of the frontal lobe; medial side of the parietal lobe; corpus callosum and part of the limbic lobe; olfactory bulb and tract; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract brain and midbrain
cerebral, middle
internal carotid a.
lateral frontobasal a.; prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral sulcal a.; central sulcal a.; anterior parietal a.; posterior parietal a.; anterior, middle and posterior temporal aa. posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a.
part of the brainstem (oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear nucleus); medial and inferior portions of the temporal lobe; occipital lobe deep muscles of the neck
cervical, deep
deep muscles of the posterior neck trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues choroid plexus; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract anterior part of eyeball
cervical, transverse thyrocervical trunk unnamed muscular branches, possibly the dorsal scapular a. choroidal ciliary, anterior internal carotid a. muscular brs. of the ophthalmic a. no named branches no named branches
ciliary, posterior
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
eyeball
circumflex
left coronary a.
marginal br., possibly posterior artery of the left ventricle ascending br., transverse br., descending br. ascending br., descending br.
deep femoral a.
deep femoral a.
deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus
circumflex axillary a., 3rd part unnamed muscular branches humeral, posterior
external iliac a.
femoral a.
no named branches
no named branches
colic, left
descending colon
colic, middle
superior mesenteric
transverse colon
colic, right
superior ascending br., descending br. mesenteric (or br. of) brachial a. deep brachial a. deep brachial a. unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches
ascending colon
lower medial arm medial head of triceps, anconeus lower lateral arm
brachiocephalic external carotid a., internal trunk (right), aortic carotid a. arch (left)
common hepatic
celiac trunk
liver, upper part of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, part of the stomach pelvis, lower limb
common iliac
abdominal aorta
common interosseous
ulnar a.
superficial palmar proper palmar digital aa. (2) arterial arch anterior cerebral a. perforating aa.
an anastomotic connection
communicating, posterior
internal carotid a.
perforating aa.
an anastomotic connection
coronary, left
ascending aorta
coronary, right
ascending aorta
sinuatrial nodal a., right marginal right ventricle, right atrium, a., posterior interventricular a., inferior 1/3 of the atrioventricular nodal a. interventricular septum deep muscles of the posterior neck; posterior ends of the first 2 intercostal spaces
costocervical trunk subclavian a., 2nd deep cervical a., highest part intercostal a.
cremasteric
cricothyroid
cystic
right hepatic a. (or no named branches superior mesenteric a., proper hepatic a., left hepatic a., gastroduodenal a.)
Source brachial a.
Branches Supply to ascending br.; terminal branches muscles and tissues of the are the middle collateral a. and posterior compartment of the radial collateral a. arm
deep cervical
deep muscles of the posterior neck origins of pectineus m., adductor longus m.; scrotum/labium majus hip joint, proximal thigh, posterior thigh
femoral a.
femoral a.
medial circumflex femoral a., lateral circumflex femoral a., perforating aa. (3 or 4) no named branches
anterior tongue
palmar metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), deep palm, digits including the perforating brs. dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment
deep plantar
dorsalis pedis
deep foot; its plantar metatarsal brs. and their brs. supply the toes, including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment corpus cavernosum of the clitoris
deep, of clitoris
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
deep, of penis
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
descending genicular
femoral a.
skin and superficial structures of the medial aspect of the knee and upper leg
descending palatine
maxillary a.
superficial palmar proper palmar digital aa. (2) arterial arch common palmar digital a. no named branches
plantar metatarsal no named branches a., from the plantar arterial arch radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.
dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment dorsal aspect of 1/2 digit, excluding the distal phalangeal segment dorsal aspect of 1/2 digit, excluding the distal phalangeal segment posterior tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate dorsum of 2 adjacent digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment dorsum of digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment
dorsal metacarpal
dorsal metatarsal
dorsal nasal
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
dorsal pancreatic
splenic a.
dorsal scapular
dorsal, of clitoris
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
dorsal, of penis
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
dorsalis pedis
anterior tibial a.
lateral tarsal a., medial tarsal a., arcuate a., 1st dorsal metatarsal a., deep plantar a.
umbilical a.; may no named branches be a branch of the superior or inferior vesical a.
Branches cremasteric a.
Supply to lower rectus abdominis m., pyramidalis m., lower abdominal wall superficial fascia and skin of the lower abdominal wall
epigastric, superficial
femoral a.
cutaneous brs.
esophageal
anterior meningeal a., anterior septal br., anterior lateral nasal br.
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
anterior ethmoidal air cells, frontal paranasal sinus, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory nerves posterior ethmoidal air cells; olfactory nerves
common carotid
superior thyroid a., ascending upper neck, face and scalp pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular a., maxillary a., superficial temporal a. inferior epigastric a., deep circumflex iliac a., femoral a. lower limb
external iliac
common iliac a.
no named branches
origins of pectineus m., adductor longus m.; scrotum/labium majus skin and superficial fascia of the upper medial thigh, skin of the pubic region
Artery facial
facial, transverse
Source Branches external carotid a. ascending palatine a., tonsilar br., submental a., superior labial a., inferior labial a., lateral nasal a., angular a. superficial no named branches temporal a.
Supply to lower part of the palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, facial muscles and fascia parotid gland, masseter m., facial muscles and skin
femoral
external iliac a.
superficial epigastric a., thigh, leg and foot superficial circumflex iliac a., superficial external pudendal a., deep external pudendal a., deep femoral a., descending genicular a., popliteal a.
femoral, deep
femoral a.
medial circumflex femoral a., lateral circumflex femoral a., perforating aa. (3 or 4) ascending br., transverse br., descending br. ascending br., descending br.
deep femoral a.
deep femoral a.
posterior tibial a.
Source celiac a.
gastric, right
proper hepatic a.
no named branches
gastric, short
splenic a.
no named branches
fundus and upper part of the stomach near the greater curvature mid-part of the stomach near the greater curvature; greater omentum
gastro-omental, right
lower part of the pyloric region of the stomach, right part of greater curvature of the stomach, greater omentum
gastroduodenal
genicular, descending
common hepatic a. supraduodenal aa., retroduodenal aa., posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a., anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a., right gastro-omental a. femoral a. saphenous br., articular brs.
upper duodenum, upper part of the head of the pancreas; greater curvature of the stomach on the right
skin and superficial structures of the medial aspect of the knee and upper leg
popliteal a.
no named branches
popliteal a.
no named branches
genicular, middle
popliteal a.
no named branches
no named branches
no named branches
gluteal, inferior
gluteal, superior
gluteus maximus m., gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., hip joint lower spinal cord
the spinal br. of no named branches the lower posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., or upper lumbar a., usually on left descending palatine a. no named branches
greater palatine
Artery
Source
Branches
Supply to
hepatic, common
celiac trunk
hepatic, left
proper hepatic a.
segmental aa.
liver, upper parts of the duodenum, upper part of the pancreas, right side of the stomach left lobe of the liver, quadrate lobe of the liver, part of the caudate lobe of the liver
hepatic, proper
common hepatic a. right gastric, right & left hepatic liver, lesser curvature of the stomach proper hepatic a. cystic a., segmental aa. right lobe of the liver, part of the caudate lobe of the liver intercostal muscles of intercostal spaces 1 and 2, vertebral column, deep back muscles deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus
hepatic, right
highest intercostal costocervical trunk posterior intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1-2
humeral, posterior axillary a., 3rd part unnamed muscular branches circumflex
Artery ileocolic
iliac, common
Branches Supply to colic br., anterior cecal br., cecum, appendix, terminal posterior cecal br., appendicular portion of the ileum a., ileal br. external iliac a., internal iliac a. pelvis, lower limb
iliac, external
common iliac a.
lower limb
iliac, internal
common iliac a.
anterior division gives rise to the pelvic viscera, gluteal region, hip, : umbilical a., obturator a., medial thigh uterine a., vaginal a., inferior vesical a., middle rectal a., internal pudendal a., inferior gluteal a.; posterior division gives rise to the: iliolumbar a., lateral sacral a., superior gluteal a.
iliolumbar
internal iliac a., iliac br., lumbar br. posterior division maxillary a. lingual br., mylohyoid a., dental brs., mental a. cremasteric a.
iliacus m., psoas major m., quadratus lumborum m. mandibular teeth and gingiva; mandible; mylohyoid m. lower rectus abdominis m., pyramidalis m., lower abdominal wall gluteus maximus m., hip joint
inferior alveolar
inferior epigastric
external iliac a.
inferior gluteal
inferior labial
facial a.
no named branches
skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the lower lip internal part of the inferior larynx lateral aspect of the knee
inferior laryngeal
popliteal a.
no named branches
popliteal a.
no named branches
inferior mesenteric abdominal aorta at left colic a., sigmoid aa.(2-3), the level of the L3 superior rectal a. vertebral body inferior pancreatic dorsal pancreatic, no named branches left br. inferior superior pancreaticoduoden mesenteric a. al anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. superior suprarenal aa.
splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior part of rectum lower part of the body of the pancreas lower duodenum, head of the pancreas
inferior phrenic
abdominal aorta
inferior rectal
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
inferior aspect of the suprarenal gland thyroid gland, lower larynx, upper trachea, upper esophagus, deep neck muscles
inferior thyroid
thyrocervical trunk ascending cervical a., inferior laryngeal a., esophageal brs., tracheal brs., glandular brs.
brachial a.
internal iliac a., no named branches anterior division or it may arise from the middle rectal a. maxillary a. anterior superior alveolar a., middle superior alveolar a.
infraorbital
intercostal, anterior internal thoracic a. unnamed muscular branches (upper 6 intercostal spaces), musculophrenic a. (7-10th intercostal spaces)
maxillary sinus, maxillary incisors, canine and premolar teeth, skin of the cheek below the orbit, mucosa over the maxillary alveolar arch and the adjacent cheek intercostal muscles anteriorly; skin overlying the intercostal muscles
intercostal, highest costocervical trunk posterior intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1-2
intercostal muscles of intercostal spaces 1 and 2, vertebral column, deep back muscles intercostal muscles, spinal cord and vertebral column, deep back muscles, skin and superficial fascia overlying the intercostal spaces
intercostal, posterior
highest intercostal posterior br., spinal br., anterior (upper 2 br., collateral br., lateral intercostal spaces), cutaneous br. descending thoracic aorta (3rd11th intercostal spaces)
internal carotid
common carotid a. none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic a., posterior communicating a., anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a.
internal iliac
common iliac a.
anterior division gives rise to the pelvic viscera, gluteal region, hip, : umbilical a., obturator a., medial thigh uterine a., vaginal a., inferior vesical a., middle rectal a., internal pudendal a., inferior gluteal a.; posterior division gives rise to the: iliolumbar a., lateral sacral a., superior gluteal a. inferior rectal a., perineal a., artery of the bulb of the clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep clitoral/penile a., dorsal clitoral/penile a. anus, muscles of the superficial and deep perineal spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus
internal pudendal
internal thoracic
pericardiocophrenic a., perforating brs., anterior intercostal aa., mediastinal brs., thymic brs., musculophrenic a., superior epigastric a. unnamed muscular branches
interosseous, common
ulnar a.
flexor pollicis longus m., flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m., radius, ulna, carpal bones deep structures of the forearm
interosseous, posterior
common interosseous a.
interosseous recurrent
intestinal
superior mesenteric a.
arterial arches
muscles of the posterior (extensor) forearm compartment: supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. jejunum, ileum
Source facial a.
Supply to skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the lower lip posterior aspect of the labium majus skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the upper lip, lower part of the anterior end of the nasal septum internal ear
labial, posterior
perineal a.
no named branches
labial, superior
facial a.
septal br.
labyrinthine
no named branches
lacrimal gland, lateral sides of the eyelids internal part of the inferior larynx internal aspect of the superior larynx
lateral mammary
lateral thoracic a.
no named branches
facial a. lacrimal a.
lateral side of the nose lateral sides of the upper and lower eyelids
lateral plantar
posterior tibial a.
lateral sacral
proper plantar digital a. to lateral deep foot; the plantar arterial side of 5th digit arch and its brs. supply the toes, including the distal phalangeal segment dorsally internal iliac a., spinal brs. sacrum, sacral nerve rootlets, posterior division meninges, adjacent muscles dorsalis pedis a. axillary, 2nd part no named branches unnamed muscular branches tarsal bones and joints of the lateral foot serratus anterior m., parts of adjacent muscles, skin and fascia of the anterolateral thoracic wall lower trachea, bronchial tree descending colon
descending right bronchial a. (occasionally) thoracic aorta inferior mesenteric ascending br., descending br. a.
left coronary
ascending aorta
left gastric
celiac a.
esophageal brs.
left hepatic
proper hepatic a.
segmental aa.
left lobe of the liver, quadrate lobe of the liver, part of the caudate lobe of the liver
lesser palatine
descending palatine a.
lingual
muscles of the soft palate, mucosa and glands of the soft palate, upper part of the tonsil bed external carotid a. suprahyoid br., dorsal lingual tongue, suprahyoid muscles, brs., deep lingual a., sublingual a. palatine tonsil
no named branches
lingual a. lingual a.
lumbar
abdominal aorta
anterior br., posterior br., spinal psoas major m., psoas minor m., br. quadratus lumborum m., spinal cord and vertebral column, deep back muscles
malleolar, anterior anterior tibial a. medial malleolar, posterior fibular a. lateral malleolar, posterior posterior tibial a. medial mammary, lateral lateral thoracic a.
no named branches
calcaneal brs.
no named branches
no named branches
mammary, medial perforating brs. of no named branches the internal thoracic a. marginal formed by anastomoses of branches of the ileocolic a., right colic a., middle colic a., left colic a., sigmoid a. maxillary a. colic brs.
colon
masseteric
no named branches
masseter m.
maxillary
external carotid a. deep auricular a., anterior deep face, infratemporal fossa, tympanic a., middle meningeal a., tympanic cavity, muscles of inferior alveolar a., masseteric a., mastication posterior deep temporal a., anterior deep temporal a., buccal a., posterior superior alveolar a., infraorbital a., a. of the pterygoid canal, descending palatine a., sphenopalatine a.
medial mammary
perforating brs. of no named branches the internal thoracic a. ophthalmic a. superior br., inferior br.
medial palpebral
medial plantar
posterior tibial a.
medial tarsal
dorsalis pedis a.
no named branches
tarsal bones and joints of the medial side of the foot sacrum
median sacral
abdominal aorta
most of the dura mater (approx. 80%), bones of the cranial vault
mental
skin, superficial fascia and facial mm. of the chin and lower lip
abdominal aorta at the level of the L3 vertebral body abdominal aorta at the level of the lower 1/3 of the L1 vertebral body
metacarpal, dorsal 1st: radial a.; 2-4: dorsal carpal arterial arch metacarpal, palmar deep palmar arch
splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior part of rectum inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., inferior part of the head of the middle colic a., jejunal a., ileal a., pancreas, distal duodenum, right colic a., ileocolic a. jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon dorsal digital aa. (2) dorsum of 2 adjacent digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment proper palmar digital aa. interosseous mm., deep hand
metatarsal, dorsal
perforating br., plantar digital aa. interosseous mm., deep portions (2) of the foot; digits including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment
middle cerebral
internal carotid a.
middle colic
superior mesenteric
lateral frontobasal a.; prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral sulcal a.; central sulcal a.; anterior parietal a.; posterior parietal a.; anterior, middle and posterior temporal aa. right br., left br.
transverse colon
medial head of triceps, anconeus cruciate ligaments and deep structures of the knee
most of the dura mater (approx. 80%), bones of the cranial vault
middle rectal
no named branches
middle temporal
superficial temporal a.
no named branches
temporalis m.
musculophrenic
mylohyoid
nodal, atrioventricular
nodal, sinuatrial
right coronary a. no named branches near the point where it becomes the posterior interventricular a. right coronary a. no named branches
Artery obturator
Branches Supply to pubic br., acetabular br., anterior medial thigh and hip br., posterior br.
occipital
external carotid a. sternocleidomastoid brs., auricular br., mastoid br., descending br., occipital brs.
of bulb of penis
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
of bulb of vestibule
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
ophthalmic
internal carotid a.
central retinal a., lacrimal a., muscular brs., anterior ethmoidal a., posterior ethmoidal a., medial palpebral a., supraorbital a., supratrochlear a., dorsal nasal a.
optic nerve, optic chiasm optic tract, retina, extraocular mm., eyelids, forehead, ethmoidal air cells, lateral nasal wall, dorsum of the nose
ovarian
abdominal aorta
palatine, descending
maxillary a.
palatine, greater
descending palatine a.
no named branches
palatine, lesser
descending palatine a.
no named branches
muscles of the soft palate, mucosa and glands of the soft palate, upper part of the tonsil bed palmar metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), deep palm, digits including the perforating brs. dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5 palmar aspect two adjacent digits
ulnar a., superficial common palmar digital aa. (3) palmar br. of the radial a.
superficial palmar proper palmar digital aa. (2) arterial arch common palmar digital a. no named branches
palpebral, lateral
lacrimal a.
palpebral, medial
ophthalmic a.
pancreatic, dorsal
splenic a.
no named branches
lower part of the body of the pancreas superior part of the body of the pancreas body of the pancreas
no named branches
pancreaticoduoden inferior pancreatic brs., duodenal brs. al, anterior inferior pancreaticoduoden al a.
pancreaticoduoden inferior pancreatic brs., duodenal brs. al, posterior pancreaticoduoden inferior al a.
penis, dorsal
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
penis, of bulb
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
pericardiacophreni internal thoracic a. pericardial br., sternal br., c mediastinal br. pericardial pericardiacophreni no named branches c a. perineal internal pudendal a.
posterior labial/scrotal; deep br. posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus; muscles of the superficial perineal space pharyngeal brs., inferior tympanic, posterior meningeal pharynx
pharyngeal, ascending
external carotid
phrenic, inferior
abdominal aorta
phrenic, superior
no named branches
diaphragm
deep foot; its plantar metatarsal brs. and their brs. supply the toes, including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment
plantar, deep
dorsalis pedis
perforating br., plantar digital aa. interosseous mm., deep portions (2) of the foot; digits including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment plantar metatarsal aa. (4) deep foot; its plantar metatarsal brs. and their brs. supply the toes, including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment proper plantar digital a. to lateral deep foot; the plantar arterial side of 5th digit arch and its brs. supply the toes, including the distal phalangeal segment dorsally digital brs. (3) medial side of the sole of the foot
plantar, lateral
posterior tibial a.
plantar, medial
posterior tibial a.
popliteal
femoral a.
posterior auricular external carotid a. stylomastoid br., auricular br., occipital br. posterior cecal posterior cerebral ileocolic a. basilar a.
part of the external ear, scalp and deeper structures posterior to the ear may give off the appendicular a. posterior surface of the cecum posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a. part of the brainstem (oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear nucleus); medial and inferior portions of the temporal lobe; occipital lobe deltoid; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus
posterior axillary a., 3rd part unnamed muscular branches circumflex humeral
posterior communicating
internal carotid a.
perforating aa.
an anastomotic connection
maxillary a.
no named branches
ophthalmic a.
no named branches
posterior ethmoidal air cells; olfactory nerves part of cerebellum; medulla (cochlear nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus) lower duodenum and head of the pancreas
vertebral a.
posterior spinal a.
posterior intercostal
highest intercostal posterior br., spinal br., anterior (upper 2 br., collateral br., lateral intercostal spaces), cutaneous br. descending thoracic aorta (3rd11th intercostal spaces)
intercostal muscles, spinal cord and vertebral column, deep back muscles, skin and superficial fascia overlying the intercostal spaces
posterior interosseous
common interosseous a.
interosseous recurrent
posterior labial
perineal a.
no named branches
muscles of the posterior (extensor) forearm compartment: supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. posterior aspect of the labium majus lateral side of the ankle
fibular a.
calcaneal brs.
posterior tibial a.
no named branches
posterior radicular they arise as no named branches multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.) posterior scrotal perineal a. no named branches
posterior septal
posterior spinal
contributions pial arterial plexus received from several arteries (posterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)
spinal cord, especially the dorsal columns; medulla (nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis)
maxillary molar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus upper duodenum and head of the pancreas
posterior tibial
popliteal a.
fibular a. (peroneal), circumflex posterior and lateral leg, plantar fibular a., nutrient a. of the tibia, aspect of the foot communicating br., posterior medial malleolar brs., medial calcaneal brs., lateral plantar a., medial plantar a.
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
ulnar a.
princeps pollicis
radial a.
palmar aspect of the thumb including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment
proper hepatic
common hepatic a. right gastric, right & left hepatic liver, lesser curvature of the stomach common palmar digital a. no named branches palmar aspect of each digit
plantar metatarsal no named branches a., from the plantar arterial arch
femoral a.
inferior rectal a., perineal a., artery of the bulb of the clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep clitoral/penile a., dorsal clitoral/penile a. no named branches
origins of pectineus m., adductor longus m.; scrotum/labium majus anus, muscles of the superficial and deep perineal spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus skin and superficial fascia of the upper medial thigh, skin of the pubic region
pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
lungs
Artery quadrigeminal
Artery radial
Source brachial a.
Branches radial recurrent a., palmar carpal br., superficial palmar br., dorsal carpal br., 1st dorsal metacarpal a., princeps pollicis a., radialis indicis a., deep palmar arterial arch
Supply to posterior elbow, posterior forearm, posterior hand, deep portion of palmar side of the hand, thumb
radial collateral
deep brachial a.
radial recurrent
radial a.
radialis indicis
radial a.
no named branches
radicular, anterior they arise as they accompany the ventral meninges; spinal cord; spinal multiple branches rootlets to reach the spinal cord nerve; ventral rootlets of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.) radicular, great anterior the spinal br. of no named branches the lower posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., or upper lumbar a., usually on left lower spinal cord
radicular, posterior they arise as no named branches multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.) rectal, inferior internal pudendal a. internal iliac, anterior division no named branches
rectal, middle
no named branches
rectal, superior
no named branches
medial side of elbow and proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. anconeus m., elbow joint
no named branches
recurrent, radial
radial a.
renal
inferior suprarenal a., apical segmental a., anterior br: superior anterior segmental a., middle anterior segmental a., inferior segmental a.; posterior br.: posterior segmental a.
gastroduodenal a. multiple unnamed brs. superior ascending br., descending br. mesenteric (or br. of) ascending aorta
right coronary
sinuatrial nodal a., right marginal right ventricle, right atrium, a., posterior interventricular a., inferior 1/3 of the atrioventricular nodal a. interventricular septum no named branches inferior part of the stomach near the lesser curvature
right gastric
proper hepatic a.
right gastroomental
lower part of the pyloric region of the stomach, right part of greater curvature of the stomach, greater omentum
right hepatic
proper hepatic a.
right lobe of the liver, part of the caudate lobe of the liver
Source Branches internal iliac a., spinal brs. posterior division abdominal aorta 5th lumbar aa.
sacral, median
scapular, circumflex
subscapular a.
scapular, dorsal
scrotal, posterior
perineal a.
no named branches
septal, posterior
posterior aspect of the nasal septum fundus and upper part of the stomach near the greater curvature sigmoid colon
short gastric
sigmoid
sinuatrial nodal
right coronary a.
no named branches
sphenopalatine
maxillary a.
spinal, anterior
contributions pial arterial plexus received from several arteries (vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.) contributions pial arterial plexus received from several arteries (posterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)
posterolateral nasal wall, posteroinferior nasal septum, hard palate behind the maxillary incisor teeth meninges; spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus)
spinal, posterior
spinal cord, especially the dorsal columns; medulla (nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis)
splenic
celiac trunk
stylomastoid
dorsal pancreatic a., pancreatic pancreas, spleen, greater brs., pancreatica magna a., caudal curvature of the stomach pancreatic a., short gastric aa., left gastro-omental a., splenic brs. posterior auricular no named branches tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells a.
subclavian
brachiocephalic a. 1st part: vertebral a., (right), aortic arch thyrocervical trunk, internal (left) thoracic a.; 2nd part: costocervical trunk; 3rd part: dorsal scapular a. (70%)
neck, brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland, larynx, shoulder, chest muscles, upper limb
subcostal
vertebrae, spinal cord; muscles, skin & fascia of the upper abdominal wall mylohyoid m., sublingual gland, floor of the mouth
sublingual
lingual a.
no named branches
submental
facial a.
no named branches
subscapular
superficial epigastric
femoral a.
cutaneous brs.
no named branches
skin and superficial fascia of the upper medial thigh, skin of the pubic region
superficial palmar ulnar a., superficial common palmar digital aa. (3) arch palmar br. of the radial a.
superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5
superficial temporal
external carotid a. transverse facial a.; anterior scalp of the lateral side of the auricular brs.; zygomatico-orbital head; lateral face; temporalis m. a.; middle temporal a.; frontal br.; parietal br. superior cerebellar basilar a. no named branches upper cerebellum; trochlear nucleus
superior gluteal
gluteus maximus m., gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., hip joint skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the upper lip, lower part of the anterior end of the nasal septum
superior labial
facial a.
septal br.
popliteal a.
no named branches
popliteal a.
no named branches
superior mesenteric
abdominal aorta at inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., the level of the middle colic a., jejunal a., ileal a., lower 1/3 of the right colic a., ileocolic a. L1 vertebral body no named branches
inferior part of the head of the pancreas, distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon superior part of the body of the pancreas diaphragm
superior phrenic
no named branches
superior rectal
superior thoracic
superior thyroid
external carotid a. infrahyoid br., sternocleidomastoid br., superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid br., glandular brs. brachial a. unnamed muscular branches
thyroid gland, upper part of the larynx, infrahyoid mm., sternocleidomastoid m. medial arm muscles
umbilical a.
no named branches
supraduodenal
supraorbital
ophthalmic a.
muscles, skin and fascia of the forehead inferior aspect of the suprarenal gland medial side of the suprarenal gland
suprarenal, superior
suprascapular
supratrochlear sural
ophthalmic a. popliteal a.
muscles, skin and fascia of the medial forehead gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m.
Supply to tarsal bones and joints of the lateral foot tarsal bones and joints of the medial side of the foot anterior part of temporalis m. and surrounding deep tissues
no named branches
temporal, middle
superficial temporal a.
no named branches
temporalis m.
no named branches
temporal, superficial
testicular
external carotid a. transverse facial a.; anterior scalp of the lateral side of the auricular brs.; zygomatico-orbital head; lateral face; temporalis m. a.; middle temporal a.; frontal br.; parietal br. abdominal aorta ureteric brs. testis, epididymis, lower part of the ductus deferens, ureter near its midpoint
thoracic, internal
pericardiocophrenic a., perforating brs., anterior intercostal aa., mediastinal brs., thymic brs., musculophrenic a., superior epigastric a.
thoracic, lateral
serratus anterior m., parts of adjacent muscles, skin and fascia of the anterolateral thoracic wall muscles of intercostal spaces 1 and 2
thoracic, superior
thoracoacromial
axillary a., 2nd part pectoral br., clavicular br., acromial br., deltoid br. subscapular a. unnamed muscular branches inferior thyroid a., transverse cervical a., suprascapular a.
thoracodorsal
pectoralis major m., pectoralis minor m., subclavius m., deltoid m., shoulder joint latissimus dorsi m. lower neck, posterior shoulder, thyroid gland
thyroid, inferior
thyroid, superior
thyroidea ima
thyrocervical trunk ascending cervical a., inferior laryngeal a., esophageal brs., tracheal brs., glandular brs. external carotid a. infrahyoid br., sternocleidomastoid br., superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid br., glandular brs. brachiocephalic a. no named branches or aortic arch
thyroid gland, lower larynx, upper trachea, upper esophagus, deep neck muscles thyroid gland, upper part of the larynx, infrahyoid mm., sternocleidomastoid m. isthmus of the thyroid gland, upper trachea
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
anterior tibial a.
no named branches
tibial, anterior
popliteal a.
anterior tibial recurrent a., posterior tibial recurrent a., anterior malleolar a., medial malleolar a., lateral malleolar a., dorsalis pedis a.
tibial, posterior
popliteal a.
fibular a. (peroneal), circumflex posterior and lateral leg, plantar fibular a., nutrient a. of the tibia, aspect of the foot communicating br., posterior medial malleolar brs., medial calcaneal brs., lateral plantar a., medial plantar a.
transverse cervical thyrocervical trunk unnamed muscular branches, possibly the dorsal scapular a. transverse facial superficial temporal a. no named branches
trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues parotid gland, masseter m., facial muscles and skin
aortic arch
trunk, costocervical
right side of the head and neck; right upper limb and right side of the chest wall abdominal aorta at left gastric a., splenic a., common stomach, lower esophagus, liver, the level of the hepatic a. upper duodenum, pancreas, T12-L1 spleen intervertebral disc subclavian a., 2nd deep cervical a., highest deep muscles of the posterior part intercostal a. neck; posterior ends of the first 2 intercostal spaces
trunk, pulmonary
right ventricle
lungs
no named branches
middle ear
trunk, thyrocervical
Artery
Source
Branches
Supply to
ulnar
brachial a.
anterior ulnar recurrent a., medial side of the anterior posterior ulnar recurrent a., forearm, posterior forearm, common interosseous a., palmar superficial palm, fingers carpal br., dorsal carpal br., deep palmar br., superficial palmar arterial arch
ulnar collateral, inferior ulnar collateral, superior ulnar recurrent, anterior ulnar recurrent, posterior
brachial a. brachial a.
ulnar a.
ulnar a.
medial side of elbow and proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. medial side of the elbow, forearm flexor mm.
umbilical
urethral
no named branches
penile urethra
uterine
Artery vaginal
vertebral
Source Branches internal iliac a., numerous unnamed branches anterior division; occasionally it arises from uterine a. subclavian a.(1st spinal brs., muscular brs., part) anterior spinal a., posterior inferior cerebellar a., medullary brs., meningeal brs., basilar a.
Supply to vagina
vesical, inferior
internal iliac a., no named branches anterior division or it may arise from the middle rectal a.
deep neck, cervical spinal cord, spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus) lower part of the urinary bladder, prostate/vagina
vesical, superior
umbilical a.
no named branches
vestibule, bulb of
internal pudendal a.
no named branches
betically
Notes anterior superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla inferior alveolar a. runs with the inferior alveolar nerve within the mandibular canal middle superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla posterior superior alveolar a. enters the maxilla in the infratemporal fossa angular a. is the terminal branch of the facial a. anterior cecal a. supplies the ileocecal junction the anterior communicating a. unites the two anterior cerebral aa. across the midline
anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. anterior communicating a. is a short vessel of anastomosis which crosses the midline to join the paired anterior cerebral aa.; it is part of the Circle of Willis anterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m. anterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, then runs forward on the cribriform plate shares its region of supply with branches of the basilar a.
anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the anterior pancreatic arcade
anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the anterior pancreatic arcade there are two anterior intercostal aa. per side per intercostal space, one coursing above and one coursing below each rib
anterior interosseous a. pierces the interosseous membrane at its distal end to reach the dorsal carpal anastomosis anterior lateral malleolar a. anastomoses with the posterior lateral malleolar a. and the perforating br. of the fibular a. anterior medial malleolar a. anastomoses with the posterior medial malleolar a. anterior radicular aa. anastomose with the anterior spinal a.
anterior spinal a. anastomoses with the anterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
anterior superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the anterior pancreatic arcade anterior tibial a. becomes continuous with the dorsalis pedis a.; the name change occurs at the level of the ankle joint
anterior tibial recurrent a. anastomoses with the genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis anterior tympanic a. passes through the petrotympanic fissure along with the chorda tympani n. anterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. abdominal aorta passes posterior to the diaphragm (aortic hiatus) at the level of the T12 vertebral body
ascending aorta is the shortest part of the aorta; it continues as the aortic arch descending thoracic aorta passes posterior to the diaphragm (aortic hiatus) at the level of the T12 vertebral body; it is continuous with the abdominal aorta aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta; the fibrous ligamentum arteriosum connects to the inferior surface of the aortic arch and it marks the location of the fetal ductus arteriosus aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta despite its variable origin, appendicular artery is nearly constant in its course posterior to the terminal part of the ileum aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta; the fibrous ligamentum arteriosum connects to the inferior surface of the aortic arch and it marks the location of the fetal ductus arteriosus aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta deep palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a.
dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. plantar arterial arch anastomoses with the deep plantar br. of the dorsalis pedis a.
superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.
arcuate aa. of the kidney are numerous artery of the ductus deferens is also known as: deferential a.
artery to the atrioventricular node is located at the junction of the coronary sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus artery to the sinuatrial node is important artery to locate during cardiac surgical procedures ascending aorta is the shortest part of the aorta; it continues as the aortic arch ascending cervical a. ascends on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m. beside the phrenic n. ascending palatine a. shares supply of the tonsil bed with 4 other aa. (see also: tonsillar br. of the facial a., palatine br. of the ascending pharyngeal a., tonsillar br. of the dorsal lingual a., tonsillar br. of the descending palatine a.) ascending pharyngeal a. arises from the medial side of the external carotid a. close to the birfurcation artery to the atrioventricular node is located at the junction of the coronary sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus deep auricular a. is small and difficult to dissect
posterior auricular and greater occipital share their region of distribution pectoralis minor m. crosses anterior to the axillary artery and is used to delineate the 3 parts mentioned at left
brachial a. normally terminates at the level of the elbow, but high branching may occur
deep brachial a. spirals around the shaft of the humerus in the radial groove where it is susceptible to injury in mid-shaft fractures there is only one brachiocephalic trunk there are usually two left bronchial aa. right bronchial a. may arise from the left bronchial a. buccal a. runs with the buccal branch of CN V artery of the bulb of the penis courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb artery of the bulb of the vestibule courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb
Notes caroticotympanic a. courses through the petrous portion of the temporal bone
common carotid a. bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage; the internal carotid a. and the external carotid a. are its terminal brs.; the carotid sinus and carotid body are located at the bifurcation external carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the face and superficial head; the maxillary a. and superficial temporal a. are its terminal branches internal carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the brain; it anastomoses with the vertebral aa. and the contralateral internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); anterior and middle cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the internal carotid a. dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. caudal pancreatic a. enters the tail of the pancreas near the hilum of the spleen; it may arise from the left gastro-omental a. anterior cecal a. supplies the ileocecal junction posterior cecal a. supplies the ileocecal junction celiac trunk supplies the foregut derivatives
central a. of the retina is the sole blood supply to the retina; it has no significant collateral circulation and blockage of this vessel leads to blindness; its branches are viewed in a funduscopic exam anterior inferior cerebella a. shares its region of supply with branches of the basilar a.
posterior inferior cerebellar a. shares its region of supply with the vertebral a. and anterior spinal a. (watershed region)
there may be more than one superior cerebellar a. arising from the basilar a. on each side the anterior communicating a. unites the two anterior cerebral aa. across the midline
the two posterior cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the basilar a.
ascending cervical a. ascends on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m. beside the phrenic n. deep cervical a. anastomoses with the occipital a. near the occipital bone transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time choroidal a. follows the optic tract anterior ciliary aa. course deep to the conjunctiva to reach the region surrounding the iris
posterior ciliary aa. may be classified as short (supplying the posterior eyeball) and lone (supplying the anterior eyeball); short and long posterior ciliary aa. are identical in their size and course external to the eyeball circumflex a. courses in the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus lateral circumflex femoral a. arises from the femoral a. in ~14% of cases medial circumflex femoral a. arises from the femoral a. in ~20% of cases arises from the tibial a. before the tibial a. pierces the interosseous membrane anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve deep circumflex iliac a. courses along the iliac crest on the inner surface of the abdominal wall superficial circumflex iliac a. crosses the upper thigh parallel to the inguinal ligament circumflex scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis deep a. of the clitoris and dorsal a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. dorsal a. of the clitoris and deep a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. left colic a. anastomoses with the middle colic a and the sigmoid a.to form part of the marginal a. middle colic a. anastomoses with the right colic a. and the left colic a. to form part of the marginal a.
right colic a. anastomoses with the ileocolic a. and the middle colic a. to form part of the marginal a. anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. anastomoses with the interosseous recurrent a. travels with the radial nerve; anastomoses with the radial recurrent a. travels with the ulnar nerve; anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a. common carotid a. bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage; the internal carotid a. and the external carotid a. are its terminal brs.; the carotid sinus and carotid body are located at the bifurcation common hepatic a. is one of three brs. of the celiac trunk (see also: left gastric a., splenic a.) abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the L4 vertebral body to form the right and left common iliac aa.; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation into its terminal brs. (external iliac a. and internal iliac a.) common interosseous a. supplies the deep forearm flexor and deep forearm extensor muscles common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. anterior communicating a. is a short vessel of anastomosis which crosses the midline to join the paired anterior cerebral aa.; it is part of the Circle of Willis a vessel of anastomosis which connects the internal carotid a. to the posterior cerebral a.; part of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
left coronary a. arises superior to the left cusp of the aortic semilunar valve; during its short course, it is located in the coronary sulcus; the anterior interventricular a. and the circumflex a. are its terminal brs. right coronary a. usually provides the posterior interventricular a.; it courses within the coronary sulcus costocervical trunk is located between the anterior scalene m. and the middle scalene m.; it arches posteriorly over the cervical parietal pleura cremasteric a. is one of the contents of the spermatic cord; it anastomoses with the testicular artery distally cricothyroid a. travels with the external br. of the superior laryngeal n. cystic a. arises from the right hepatic a. in ~72% of cases; other possible origins are noted at left and are clinically relevant during gall bladder surgery
Notes deep brachial a. spirals around the shaft of the humerus in the radial groove where it is susceptible to injury in mid-shaft fractures deep cervical a. anastomoses with the occipital a. near the occipital bone deep external pudendal a. may arise from the medial circumflex femoral a. deep femoral a. is the primary blood supply to muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh deep lingual a. is the terminal br. of the lingual a. deep palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a.
anastomoses with lateral plantar a. to form the plantar arterial arch; the branches mentioned at left arise from the plantar arterial arch deep a. of the clitoris and dorsal a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. deep a. of the penis and dorsal a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. descending genicular a. anastomoses with the genicular brs. of the popliteal a. descending palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n. within the palatine canal common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed proper plantar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. dorsal digital aa. do not supply the nail bed dorsal digital aa. do not supply the nail bed dorsal lingual a. is only one of five arteries that supply the tonsil bed each dorsal metacarpal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the deep palmar arterial arch each dorsal metatarsal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the plantar arterial arch dorsal nasal a. anastomoses with the angular a.
right br.of the dorsal pancreatic a. anastomoses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. in the prepancreatic arcade dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in ~30% of cases dorsal a. of the clitoris and deep a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. dorsal a. of the penis and deep a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. dorsalis pedis a. anastomoses with the plantar arterial arch; the anterior tibial artery continues as the dorsalis pedis - the name change occurs at the level of the ankle artery of the ductus deferens is also known as: deferential a.
Notes inferior epigastric a. anastomoses with the superior epigastric a. within the rectus abdominis m. superficial epigastric a. is one of three superficial arteries that arise from the femoral a. (see also: superficial circumflex iliac a. and superficial external pudendal a.) superior epigastric a. is the direct continuation of the internal thoracic a.; it s anastomoses with the inferior epigastric a. within the rectus abdominis m.
there are usually two (sometimes 3) esophageal brs. off of the aorta; the left gastric a. gives esophageal brs. that ascend to supply the abdominal esophagus and lowest part of the thoracic esophagus; anastomoses occur between the esophageal brs. of the aorta and left gastric a.
anterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, then runs forward on the cribriform plate posterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the posterior ethmoidal foramen external carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the face and superficial head; the maxillary a. and superficial temporal a. are its terminal branches external iliac a. is continuous with the femoral a., the name change occurs at the inguinal ligament; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation deep external pudendal a. may arise from the medial circumflex femoral a. superficial external pudendal a. is one of three superficial branches of the femoral a. near the inguinal ligament (see also: superficial circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a.)
Notes the angular branch of the facial a. anastomoses with the ophthalmic a. transverse facial a. anastomoses with branches of the buccal, infraorbital and facial aa. femoral a. is continuous with the popliteal a., the name change occurs at the adductor hiatus
deep femoral a. is the primary blood supply to muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh lateral circumflex femoral a. arises from the femoral a. in ~14% of cases medial circumflex femoral a. arises from the femoral a. in ~20% of cases fibular a. anastomoses at the ankle with the anterior and posterior tibial aa.; also known as: peroneal a.
Notes left gastric a. anastomoses with the right gastric a. on the lesser curvature of the stomach; it also anastomoses with the esophageal brs. of the thoracic aorta right gastric a. anastomoses with the left gastric a. on the lesser curvature of the stomach short gastric aa. reach the stomach by passing through the gastrosplenic ligament; they are usually 4-5 in number left gastro-omental a. anastomoses with the right gastro-omental a. near the greater curvature of the stomach; also known as: left gastroepiploic a. right gastro-omental a anastomoses with the left gastroomental a. near the greater curvature of the stomach; also known as: right gastroepiploic a. gastroduodenal a. supplies the lowest portion of the foregut and its derivatives
inferior lateral genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis inferior medial genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis middle genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis superior lateral genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis superior medial genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis inferior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip superior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip great anterior radicular a. anastomoses with the anterior spinal a. at lower thoracic or upper lumbar spinal cord levels
greater palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n., it is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures
Notes
left hepatic a. supplies the liver parenchyma and stroma; an aberrant left hepatic a. may arise from the left gastric a. proper hepatic a. supplies the foregut derivatives associated with the liver bud right hepatic a. supplies the liver parenchyma and stroma highest intercostal a. is also known as: supreme intercostal a.
anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve
Notes colic br. of the ileocolic a. participates in the formation of the marginal a. abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the L4 vertebral body to form the right and left common iliac aa.; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation into its terminal brs. (external iliac a. and internal iliac a.) external iliac a. is continuous with the femoral a., the name change occurs at the inguinal ligament; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation to form the internal iliac a. and the external iliac a.
lumbar br. of the iliolumbar a. sends a small spinal br. into the vertebral canal inferior alveolar a. runs with the inferior alveolar nerve within the mandibular canal inferior epigastric m. anastomoses with the superior epigastric m. within the rectus abdominis m. inferior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip inferior labial a. shares its region of distribution with branches of the mental a. inferior laryngeal a. accompanies the inferior laryngeal n. inferior lateral genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis inferior medial genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis branches of the inferior mesenteric a anastomose in the marginal artery inferior pancreatic a. may be imbedded in the substance of the gland inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. supplies both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower duodenum and lower part of the head of the pancreas inferior phrenic a. is the first abdominal branch of the aorta; it may arise from the celiac trunk inferior rectal a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the superior rectal a. inferior suprarenal a. may anastomose with the superior suprarenal a. inferior thyroid a. gives rise to the ascending cervical a. as it arches medially
anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. inferior vesical a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a.
infraorbital a. is one of four terminal branches of the maxillary a. (see also: descending palatine a., sphenopalatine a., posterior superior alveolar a.) there are two anterior intercostal aa. per side per intercostal space, one coursing above and one coursing below each rib
posterior intercostal aa. supply the lateral and posterior portions of the intercostal space; anterior intercostal aa. supply the anterior portions of the intercostal spaces
internal carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the brain; it anastomoses with the vertebral aa. and the contralateral internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); anterior and middle cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the internal carotid a. common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation to form the internal iliac a. and the external iliac a.
interosseous recurrent a. anastomoses with the middle collateral a. anterior interosseous a. pierces the interosseous membrane at its distal end to reach the dorsal carpal anastomosis common interosseous a. supplies the deep forearm flexor and deep forearm extensor muscles posterior interosseous a. passes proximal to the interosseous membrane to reach the extensor compartment of the forearm
intestinal aa. are 12-15 in number and are found in the mesentery
Notes inferior labial a. shares its region of distribution with branches of the mental a. posterior labial a. courses through the superficial perineal space superior labial a. supplies the orbicularis oris m. and the levator labii superioris m. labyrinthine a. accompanies cranial nerves VII and VIII through the internal acoustic meatus lacrimal a. accompanies the lacrimal n. inferior laryngeal a. accompanies the inferior laryngeal n. superior laryngeal a. penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane in company with the internal br. of the superior laryngeal n. mammary gland is a specialization of the skin and is supplied by superficial (cutaneous) arteries
lateral nasal a. anastomoses with the dorsal nasal a. the 2 lateral palpebral aa. anastomose with the two medial palpebral aa. to form the superior and inferior palpebral arches lateral plantar a. becomes continuous with the plantar arterial arch there are usually 2 lateral sacral aa. on each side, a superior one and an inferior one lateral tarsal a. anastomoses with the arcuate a. lateral thoracic a. is a rare case in that it enters the serratus anterior from its superficial surface there are usually two left bronchial aa. left colic a. anastomoses with the middle colic a and the sigmoid a.to form part of the marginal a. left coronary a. arises superior to the left cusp of the aortic semilunar valve; during its short course, it is located in the coronary sulcus; the anterior interventricular a. and the circumflex a. are its terminal brs. left gastric a. anastomoses with the right gastric a. on the lesser curvature of the stomach; it also anastomoses with the esophageal brs. of the thoracic aorta left gastro-omental a. anastomoses with the right gastro-omental a. near the greater curvature of the stomach; also known as: left gastroepiploic a. left hepatic a. supplies the liver parenchyma and stroma; an aberrant left hepatic a. may arise from the left gastric a. lesser palatine a. is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures lingual a. is the 2nd branch off of the anterior side of the external carotid a.; it may arise in common with the facial a.
deep lingual a. is the terminal br. of the lingual a. dorsal lingual a. is only one of five arteries that supply the tonsil bed the 4 lumbar arteries on each side arise from the posterior surface of the aorta at the level of vertebrae L1-L4; they course posterior to the psoas major m.
Notes anterior lateral malleolar a. anastomoses with the posterior lateral malleolar a. and the perforating br. of the fibular a. anterior medial malleolar a. anastomoses with the posterior medial malleolar a. posterior lateral malleolar a. anastomoses with the anterior lateral malleolar a. posterior medial malleolar a. anastomoses with the anterior medial malleolar a. mammary gland is a specialization of the skin and is supplied by superficial (cutaneous) arteries mammary gland is a specialization of the skin and is supplied by superficial (cutaneous) arteries an important anastomosis for the large intestine
masseteric a. passes through the mandibular notch to enter the deep surface of the masseter m. maxillary a. may course medial or lateral to the lateral pterygoid m.
mammary gland is a specialization of the skin and is supplied by superficial (cutaneous) arteries the 2 medial palpebral aa. anastomose with the two lateral palpebral aa. to form the superior & inferior palpebral arches medial plantar a. anastomoses with the plantar metatarsal aa., but does not usually participate in formation of the plantar arterial arch medial tarsal aa. are 2-3 in number; they anastomose with the medial malleolar aa. median sacral a. appears to be the continuation of the abdominal aorta in the median plane, although it is much smaller in size middle meningeal a. passes through the foramen spinosum; it may be torn by a fracture at the pterion; it is encircled by the auriculotemporal n. mental a.passes through the mental foramen; it anastomoses with the inferior labial a.; it accompanies the mental n. branches of the inferior mesenteric a anastomose in the marginal artery superior mesenteric a. supplies the midgut derivatives; brs. of the superior mesenteric a. participate in formation of the marginal artery each dorsal metacarpal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the deep palmar arterial arch palmar metacarpal aa. join with the common palmar digital aa. each dorsal metatarsal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the plantar arterial arch plantar metatarsal aa.anastomose with dorsal metatarsal aa.
middle colic a. anastomoses with the right colic a. and the left colic a. to form part of the marginal a. anastomoses with the interosseous recurrent a. middle genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis middle meningeal a. passes through the foramen spinosum; it may be torn by a fracture at the pterion; it is encircled by the auriculotemporal n. middle rectal a. anastomoses with the inferior rectal a and the superior rectal a. middle superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla middle suprarenal a. anastomoses with the superior suprarenal a. and the inferior suprarenal a. middle temporal a. anastomoses with the posterior br. of the deep temporal a. musculophrenic a. supplies muscles that develop in the septum transversum mylohyoid a. accompanies the mylohyoid n. to the mylohyoid m.; a rare artery because it enters the superficial surface of its target muscle
Notes dorsal nasal a. anastomoses with the angular a. lateral nasal a. anastomoses with the dorsal nasal a.
artery to the atrioventricular node is located at the junction of the coronary sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus sinuatrial nodal a. is an important artery to locate during cardiac surgical procedures
Notes anterior and posterior brs. pass on the anterior and posterior sides of the adductor brevis m.; aberrant obturator a. arises from the inferior epigastric a. in 30% of cases occipital a. anastomoses with the deep cervical a.; it courses with the greater occipital nerve on the posterior surface of the head artery of the bulb of the penis courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb artery of the bulb of the vestibule courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb ophthalmic a. provides the only artery to the retina (central retinal a.)
Notes ascending palatine a. shares supply of the tonsil bed with 4 other aa. (see also: tonsillar br. of the facial a., palatine br. of the ascending pharyngeal a., tonsillar br. of the dorsal lingual a., tonsillar br. of the descending palatine a.) descending palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n. within the palatine canal
greater palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n., it is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures lesser palatine a. is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures deep palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.
common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed palmar metacarpal aa. join with the common palmar digital aa. the 2 lateral palpebral aa. anastomose with the two medial palpebral aa. to form the superior and inferior palpebral arches the 2 medial palpebral aa. anastomose with the two lateral palpebral aa. to form the superior & inferior palpebral arches caudal pancreatic a. enters the tail of the pancreas near the hilum of the spleen; it may arise from the left gastro-omental a. right br.of the dorsal pancreatic a. anastomoses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. in the prepancreatic arcade inferior pancreatic a. may be imbedded in the substance of the gland superior pancreatic aa. are multiple small brs. arising from the splenic a. pancreatic magna is the largest pancreatic branch to arise from the splenic a.; it enters the pancreas at the junction of its middle 1/3 and left 1/3
anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the anterior pancreatic arcade anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the anterior pancreatic arcade inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. supplies both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower duodenum and lower part of the head of the pancreas posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the posterior pancreatic arcade posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the posterior pancreatic arcade pectoral a. accompanies the lateral pectoral n. deep a. of the penis and dorsal a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. dorsal a. of the penis and deep a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. artery of the bulb of the penis courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb pericardiacophrenic a. accompanies the phrenic n. pericardial a. courses on the external surface of the pericardial sac perineal a. courses superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m.; it courses with the perineal n. arises from the medial side of the external carotid a. close to the birfurcation
inferior phrenic a. is the first abdominal branch of the aorta; it may arise from the celiac trunk superior phrenic a. anastomoses with the musculophrenic a. and the pericardiacophrenic a. plantar arterial arch anastomoses with the deep plantar br. of the dorsalis pedis a.
anastomoses with lateral plantar a. to form the plantar arterial arch; the branches mentioned at left arise from the plantar arterial arch lateral plantar a. becomes continuous with the plantar arterial arch medial plantar a. anastomoses with the plantar metatarsal aa., but does not usually participate in formation of the plantar arterial arch the popliteal a. is the continuation of the femoral a., the name change occurs at the adductor hiatus posterior auricular and greater occipital share their region of distribution posterior cecal a. supplies the ileocecal junction the two posterior cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the basilar a.
posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve a vessel of anastomosis which connects the internal carotid a. to the posterior cerebral a.; part of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
posterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m. posterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the posterior ethmoidal foramen posterior inferior cerebellar a. shares its region of supply with the vertebral a. and anterior spinal a. (watershed region) posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the posterior pancreatic arcade posterior intercostal aa. supply the lateral and posterior portions of the intercostal space; anterior intercostal aa. supply the anterior portions of the intercostal spaces
posterior interosseous a. passes proximal to the interosseous membrane to reach the extensor compartment of the forearm
posterior labial a. courses through the superficial perineal space posterior lateral malleolar a. anastomoses with the anterior lateral malleolar a. posterior medial malleolar a. anastomoses with the anterior medial malleolar a. posterior radicular aa. accompany the dorsal rootlets; they anastomose with the posterior spinal aa.
posterior scrotal a. passes superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m. posterior septal a. supplies the mucous membrane of the nasal septum
paired; posterior spinal aa. anastomose with the posterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
posterior superior alveolar a. enters the maxilla in the infratemporal fossa posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. anastomoses with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. to form the posterior pancreatic arcade posterior tibial a. is the direct continuation of the popliteal a. the name change occurs at the inferior border of the popliteus m. where the popliteal a. bifurcates; the tibial a. bifurcates on the medial side of the foot to give rise to the medial plantar a. and lateral plantar a. anastomoses with the other genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. arteria princeps pollicis is similar in function to a proper digital aa.; this artery has a large pulse which can be felt when attempting to take the pulse of a patient - use fingers to feel for the patient's pulse proper hepatic a. supplies the foregut derivatives associated with the liver bud proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed proper plantar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed
deep external pudendal a. may arise from the medial circumflex femoral a. internal pudendal a. is the primary blood supply to the perineum
superficial external pudendal a. is one of three superficial branches of the femoral a. near the inguinal ligament (see also: superficial circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a.) the pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right and left pulmonary aa.; each pulmonary a. carries deoxygenated blood to the hilum of one lung; bronchial aa. supply oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lung as far distally in the bronchial tree as the respiratory bronchioles
Notes blockage of the quadrigeminal a. results in paralysis of the superior oblique m. of the eye
Notes radial a. provides the majority of blood supply to the deep palmar arterial arch; normally it arises at the level of the elbow but may high branching of the brachial a. may result in the radial a. arising as proximal as the axilla
travels with the radial nerve; anastomoses with the radial recurrent a. radial recurrent a. anastomoses with the radial collateral a.; it courses in the groove between the brachioradialis m. and the brachialis m. arteria radialis indicis is equivalent to a proper digital a.
great anterior radicular a. anastomoses with the anterior spinal a. at lower thoracic or upper lumbar spinal cord levels
posterior radicular aa. accompany the dorsal rootlets; they anastomose with the posterior spinal aa.
inferior rectal a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the superior rectal a. middle rectal a. anastomoses with the inferior rectal a and the superior rectal a. superior rectal a. is the continuation of the inferior mesenteric a. after the sigmoid brs. are given off; it anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the inferior rectal a. anterior tibial recurrent a. anastomoses with the genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis anterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. interosseous recurrent a. anastomoses with the middle collateral a. anastomoses with the other genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a.
radial recurrent a. anastomoses with the radial collateral a.; it courses in the groove between the brachioradialis m. and the brachialis m. the right renal a. is longer than the left renal artery; the right renal artery passes posterior to the inferior vena cava
retroduodenal aa. arise as multiple small brs. right colic a. anastomoses with the ileocolic a. and the middle colic a. to form part of the marginal a. right coronary a. usually provides the posterior interventricular a.; it courses within the coronary sulcus right gastric a. anastomoses with the left gastric a. on the lesser curvature of the stomach right gastro-omental a anastomoses with the left gastroomental a. near the greater curvature of the stomach; also known as: right gastroepiploic a. right hepatic a. supplies the liver parenchyma and stroma
Notes there are usually 2 lateral sacral aa. on each side, a superior one and an inferior one median sacral a. appears to be the continuation of the abdominal aorta in the median plane, although it is much smaller in size circumflex scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in ~30% of cases
posterior scrotal a. passes superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m. posterior septal a. supplies the mucous membrane of the nasal septum short gastric aa. reach the stomach by passing through the gastrosplenic ligament; they are usually 4-5 in number sigmoid aa. are 2-3 in number; they anastomose with the left colic a. to help form the marginal a. sinuatrial nodal a. is an important artery to locate during cardiac surgical procedures sphenopalatine a. accompanies the nasopalatine n.
the anterior spinal a. anastomoses with the anterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
paired; posterior spinal aa. anastomose with the posterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
splenic a. courses through the substance of the pancreas near its superior border; splenic artery is very tortuous stylomastoid br. of the posterior auricular a. passes through the stylomastoid foramen in company with the facial n. subclavian a. is continuous with the axillary a., the name change occurs at the lateral border of the first rib; anterior scalene muscle passes anterior to the subclavian a., dividing it into 3 parts
subcostal a. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal a., but is named subcostal because it courses inferior to the 12th rib sublingual a. is one of three branches of the lingual a. (see also: dorsal lingual a., deep lingual a.) submental a. supplies the submandibular gland and the mylohyoid m. in addition to the skin and superficial fascia the circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular a.anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. in the scapular anastomosis superficial epigastric a. is one of three superficial arteries that arise from the femoral a. (see also: superficial circumflex iliac a. and superficial external pudendal a.) superficial external pudendal a. is one of three superficial branches of the femoral a. near the inguinal ligament (see also: superficial circumflex iliac a., superficial epigastric a.) superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.
superficial temporal a. and maxillary a. are the terminal branches of the external carotid a. there may be more than one superior cerebellar a. arising from the basilar a. on each side superior epigastric a. is the direct continuation of the internal thoracic a.; it s anastomoses with the inferior epigastric a. within the rectus abdominis m. superior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip superior labial a. supplies the orbicularis oris m. and the levator labii superioris m.
superior laryngeal a. penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane in company with the internal br. of the superior laryngeal n. superior lateral genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis superior medial genicular a. anastomoses with the other genicular brs. of the popliteal a., circumflex fibular a. and anterior tibial recurrent a. to form the genicular anastomosis superior mesenteric a. supplies the midgut derivatives; brs. of the superior mesenteric a. participate in formation of the marginal artery superior pancreatic aa. are multiple small brs. arising from the splenic a. superior phrenic a. anastomoses with the musculophrenic a. and the pericardiacophrenic a. superior rectal a. is the continuation of the inferior mesenteric a. after the sigmoid brs. are given off; it anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the inferior rectal a. superior suprarenal aa. are numerous small vessels that enter the suprarenal gland independently superior thoracic a. anastomoses with the intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1 and 2 superior thyroid a. is usually the first branch of the external carotid a. travels with the ulnar nerve; anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a. superior vesical aa.arise from the umbilical a. proximal to where its lumen becomes obliterated
supraduodenal a. supplies branches to both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the duodenum supraorbital a. accompanies the supraorbital n. inferior suprarenal a. may anastomose with the superior suprarenal a. middle suprarenal a. anastomoses with the superior suprarenal a. and the inferior suprarenal a. superior suprarenal aa. are numerous small vessels that enter the suprarenal gland independently anastomoses with the circumflex scapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis supratrochlear a. accompanies the supratrochlear n. sural aa. are often confused with the inferior genicular aa. during dissection
Notes lateral tarsal a. anastomoses with the arcuate a. medial tarsal aa. are 2-3 in number; they anastomose with the medial malleolar aa. anterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m. middle temporal a. anastomoses with the posterior br. of the deep temporal a. posterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m. superficial temporal a. and maxillary a. are the terminal branches of the external carotid a. testicular a. is one of the contents of the spermatic cord; the origin of the testicular a. from the aorta at the L2 vertebral level indicates the embryonic level of origin of the testis prior to its descent
lateral thoracic a. is a rare case in that it enters the serratus anterior from its superficial surface superior thoracic a. anastomoses with the intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1 and 2 thoracoacromial trunk pierces the costocoracoid membrane thoracodorsal a. accompanies the thoracodorsal n. thyrocervical trunk does not give rise to the ascending cervical a.it is a branch of the inferior thyroid a. inferior thyroid a. gives rise to the ascending cervical a. as it arches medially superior thyroid a. is usually the first branch of the external carotid a. thyroidea ima a. is present in 10% of individuals; it is clinically significant because it is a midline artery in the region of tracheostomy; ima means "lowest" anterior tibial recurrent a. anastomoses with the genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis anastomoses with the other genicular aa. to participate in the formation of the genicular anastomosis anterior tibial a. becomes continuous with the dorsalis pedis a.; the name change occurs at the level of the ankle joint
posterior tibial a. is the direct continuation of the popliteal a. the name change occurs at the inferior border of the popliteus m. where the popliteal a. bifurcates; the tibial a. bifurcates on the medial side of the foot to give rise to the medial plantar a. and lateral plantar a. transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time transverse facial a. anastomoses with branches of the buccal, infraorbital and facial aa. there is only one brachiocephalic trunk celiac trunk supplies the foregut derivatives
costocervical trunk is located between the anterior scalene m. and the middle scalene m.; it arches posteriorly over the cervical parietal pleura the pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right and left pulmonary aa.; each pulmonary a. carries deoxygenated blood to the hilum of one lung; bronchial aa. supply oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lung as far distally in the bronchial tree as the respiratory bronchioles anterior tympanic a. passes through the petrotympanic fissure along with the chorda tympani n. thyrocervical trunk does not give rise to the ascending cervical a.it is a branch of the inferior thyroid a.
Notes
ulnar a. supplies the majority of blood to the superficial palmar arterial arch; it normally arises at the level of the elbow, but high branching of the brachial a. may cause the ulnar a. to arise as far proximally as the axilla anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. travels with the ulnar nerve; anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a. anterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. distal to the branches described at left, the lumen of the umbilical a. becomes obliterated after birth and the remnant of the vessel becomes the medial umbilical ligament urethral a. branches off of the internal pudendal a. within the deep perineal space uterine a. anastomoses with the ovarian a. and the vaginal a.; it passes superior to the ureter in the pelvis; remember the saying "water under the bridge"
Notes anastomoses with the uterine a.; participates in the formation of the azygos arteries along the lateral surface of the vagina vertebral a. anastomoses with the internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); it courses through the transverse foramina of vertebrae C1-C6 inferior vesical a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a.
superior vesical aa.arise from the umbilical a. proximal to where its lumen becomes obliterated artery of the bulb of the vestibule courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb
behind ear
basilar plexus
cavernous sinus
brachiocephalic
union of left & right brachiocephalic unite head, neck, upper limb, anterior subclavian & to form sup. vena cava chest wall internal jugular; vertebral, thymic, inferior thyroid, internal thoracic, 1st post. intercostal, left sup. intercostal (to left brachiocephalic) right atrium anterior surface of right ventricle ventricular vs., left unites with oblique v. of left marginal atrium to form coronary sinus ventricular vs. coronary sinus coronary sinus heart near anterior interventricular sulcus heart near posterior interventricular sulcus heart near inferior vena cava & right coronary sulcus orbit, brain
cavernous sinuses superior sup. & inf. petrosal sinuses ophthalmic v., middle cerebral vs., sphenoparietal sinus
cephalic
cerebral, great
cerebral, inferior
cerebral, superior of clitoris, deep dorsal of clitoris, superficial dorsal confluens of sinuses
dorsal veins of axillary hand laterally; superficial vs. of forearm union of paired unites with inferior sagittal sinus internal cerebrals; to form straight sinus basal vs. superior sagittal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, superior petrosal sinus superior sagittal sinus vesical plexus superficial & deep external pudendal vs. sup. sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses straight sinus, occipital sinus union of great cardiac v. & oblique v. of left atrium; middle cardiac, small cardiac cephalic rt. atrium
frontal & temporal lobes inferiorly cerebral cortex superiorly erectile bodies of clitoris clitoris superficially brain
coronary sinus
basilic (poss. median antebrachial) directly into liver at bed of gall bladder frontal diploic, ant. & post. temporal diploic, occipital diploic are formed, draining to nearby veins or dural sinuses
dorsal venous arch dorsal digital vs. great saphenous medially, small of foot saphenous laterally dorsal venous arch dorsal metacarpal cephalic laterally, basilic medially of hand vs. emissary connect scalp vs. with dural sinuses; 4 named emissary vs.: parietal, mastoid, occipital & condylar esophageal azygos & hemiazygos vs.
dorsum of digits & foot superficially dorsum of digits & hand superficially
esophagus
facial, common
gastric, left
hemiazygos, accessory
gastric & omental superior mesenteric brs. union of left azygos ascending lumbar & subcostal vs.; left post. intercostal vs. 11-9 or 8, esophageal vs. left posterior azygos intercostal vs. 4-7 or 8, left bronchial vs., esophageal vs. inferior vena cava
greater curvature of stomach & greater omentum lower posterolateral chest wall on left side
hepatic, left
hepatic, middle
hepatic, right
intercostal, posterior
lateral segment & superior portion of medial segment of left lobe of liver inferior vena cava inferior portion of medial segment of left lobe of liver, & inf. part of ant. segment of right lobe inferior vena cava posterior segment & superior portion of anterior segment of right lobe of liver spinal trib., 1st: brachiocephalic; 2nd-4th: intercostal space & muscles & posterior trib., superior intercostal; right 5thadjacent ribs, spinal cord collateral trib., 11th: azygos; left 5th-7th or 8th: segment & vertebra lateral cutaneous accessory hemiazygos; left 9thtrib. 11th: hemiazygos 2nd-4th posterior right: arch of azygos; left: left intercostal spaces 2-4 intercostal brachiocephalic submental, external jugular communicating union of posterior subclavian division of retromandibular & posterior auricular; post. external jugular, transverse cervical, suprascapular, anterior jugular anterior neck superficially head & neck, shoulder
jugular, internal
union of sigmoid brain & skull, face, viscera of & inferior petrosal neck sinus; pharyngeal vs., lingual, common facial, sternocleidomastoi d, superior & middle thyroid right: azygos; left: hemiazygos post. abdominal wall
lumbar, ascending lumbar vs. 1-4 mesenteric, inferior superior rectal, sigmoid vs., left colic
metacarpal, dorsal dorsal digital metatarsal, dorsal oblique, of left atrium occipital sinus ophthalmic, inferior ophthalmic, superior dorsal digital
dorsal venous arch of hand dorsal venous arch of foot unites with great cardiac to form coronary sinus confluens of sinuses superior ophthalmic
digits of hand dorsally digits of foot dorsally left auricle & adjacent portion of left atrium cerebellum lower portion of orbit
nasofrontal, ant. & cavernous sinus post. ethmoid, ciliary vs., central retinal, lacrimal, inferior ophthalmic right: inferior vena cava; left: left renal becomes testicular vein deep to deep inguinal ring
pancreaticoduoden al, posterior superior pancreaticoduoden ant. & post. al, inferior inferior pancreaticoduoden al pancreaticoduoden al, anterior superior paraumbilical
portal
superior mesenteric
posterior part of head of pancreas & 1st & 2nd part of duodenum posteriorly lower part of duodenum & head of pancreas
unites with right gastro-omental upper duodendum & head of to drain to superior mesenteric pancreas anteriorly umbilical part of left branch of portal vein falciform ligament, round ligament of liver
of penis, deep dorsal of penis, superficial dorsal petrosal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferior pharyngeal plexus portal
prostatic venous plexus superficial & deep external pudendal sigmoid sinus
cavernous sinus
cavernous sinus
internal jugular v.
internal jugular union of superior right & left branches of portal, mesenteric & into liver sinusoids splenic; post. sup. pancreaticoduoden al, right & left gastric
pharynx connects with caval drainage at 1) esophagus, 2) rectum, 3) umbilicus, 4) retroperitoneal gut structures
posterior auricular
unites with posterior division of scalp behind ear retromandibular to form external jugular right gastric pylorus of stomach deep dorsal v. of internal iliac penis portion of femoral superficial dorsal v. of penis/clitoris penis & prostate superficial penis/clitoris, pubic region
pudendal, portion of great saphenous superficial external superficial dorsal v. of penis/clitoris pudendal, internal deep v. of internal iliac clitoris/penis, v. of bulb, post. labial/scrotal, inferior rectal pulmonary left atrium
lungs
renal, left
left inferior vena cava ovarian/testicular, left suprarenal, poss. left inferior phrenic inferior vena cava union of ant. & post. divisions of superficial retromandibular; ant. division temporal & unites with facial to form maxillary common facial, post. division unites with post. auricular to form external jugular superior cerebral unites with great cerebral v. to vs. form straight sinus superior cerebral confluens of sinuses vs.
left ovary/testes, left ureter, left kidney, left suprarenal, left part of diaphragm
right kidney
saphenous, greater dorsal venous arch femoral of foot mediallly, perforating communications, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial external pudendal
saphenous, lesser
dorsal venous arch popliteal of foot laterally transverse sinuses, internal jugular v. superior petrosal sinuses
sigmoid sinuses
brain
coronary sinus inf. sagittal sinus & confluens of sinuses great cerebral vein
right atrium & ventricle near inferior vena cava deep cerebrum
suprarenal
testicular
left: left renal, usually in joined suprarenal gland by left inferior phrenic; right: inferior vena cava left: left renal; right: inferior vena testis, ureter cava lateral thoracic or axillary lateral body wall
thoracoepigastric
thyroid, inferior thyroid, middle thyroid, superior superior laryngeal transverse sinuses confluens of sinuses, inferior cerebral vs. vena cava, inferior union of paired common iliacs; lumbar vs. 4-1, rt. ovarian/testicular, renal vs., rt. suprarenal, rt. inferior phrenic, hepatic vs.
thyroid gland inferiorly thyroid gland laterally thyroid gland superiorly brain
rt. atrium
vena cava, superior union of paired rt. atrium brachiocephalics; azygos arch pterygoid plexus descending maxillary palatine, sphenopalatine, infraorbital, posterior superior alveolar, ant. & post. deep temporal, middle meningeal, masseteric, inferior alveolar rectal plexus superior, middle & inferior rectal
body above diaphragm except for pulmonary vs. & heart meninges, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa
uterine plexus
vaginal plexus vena comitans nervi hypoglossi venae cordis minimae vertebral plexus, external
vaginal v. to internal iliac or uterine lingual chambers of heart adjacent segmental vs.
connects with uterine & vesical plexus tongue walls of heart chambers vertebral column & associated muscles
etically
Notes connects with superior & inferior ophthalmic vs. variable in size
may connect with inf. vena cava; arch of azygos passes sup. to root of lung (Greek, a- = not + zygon = yoke, therefore unyoked or unpaired, as the azygos vein)
variable, connects with other small sinuses nearby at its origin, left brachiocephalic receives thoracic duct, right receives right lymphatic duct (Latin, brachio- = arm + cephalic = head)
lies on occipital bone within junction of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli (Latin, coronary = crown)
these multiple small vs. drain gall bladder directly into liver connect with dural sinuses & meningeal vs.
connect with esophageal brs. of left gastric, forming potential portal-caval anastomosis (esophageal varices when enlarged)
connects with esophageal vs., forming portal-caval anastomosis (esophageal varices when enlarged); a.k.a. coronary v. a.k.a. coronary v.
lies within dura mater at base of falx cerebelli connects with pterygoid plexus through inf. orbital fissure connects with angular v.
connects with uterine v. surrounds testicular art. to cool arterial blood reaching testis (Latin, pampiniform = tendrillike + plexus = a braid) connects with posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal connects with ant. & post. superior pancreaticoduodenal
connects with ant. inferior pancreaticoduodendal potential site of portal-caval anastomosis; blood may pass retrogradely into body wall veins near umbilicus, creating caput medusa sign
lies on petrous ridge within dura mater at attachment of tentorium cerebelli lies within dura mater at medial end of petrous temporal connects with pterygoid plexus
helpful in locating pyloric region of stomach connects with vesical plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)
usually two pulmonary vs. per side, sup. & inf., empty into left atrium crosses abdominal aorta under the origin of superior mesenteric art.
lies on corpus callosum in free margin of falx cerebri lies superiorly within falx cerebri; lacunae receive arachnoid granulations (Greek, saphenous = clearly visible)
(Greek, saphenous = clearly visible) lies within sigmoid groove covered by dura mater (Greek, sigmoid = resembles the greek letter sigma)
connects with superficial circumflex iliac & superficial epigastric, and can serve as collateral drainage
connects with cavernous sinus & pharyngeal plexus (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
site of portal-systemic anastomosis (Latin, plexus = a braid) connects with ovarian v. & vaginal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid) (Latin, plexus = a braid)
connects with external vertebral plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid) connects with prostatic & rectal plexus or uterine & vaginal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid)