POLICY ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION

(Examination)

By: Andi Thahir 11-613176 andi@iainlampung.ac.id +6381369906130

Lector: Dr. Azucena P. Capul (Prof)

Graduate School Doctor of Education JOS RIZAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA 2nd Trimester SY 2011-2012

Exam I: Public Policy and Policy Analysis The context of public policy:

Define the context of public policy come from three different perspectives: utility, system, and change. Utility: 1. The principle of utility is the foundation of a system. 2. The principle of utility is the foundation of the present work. 3. Property in any object, its meant produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness. 4. The interest of the community is one of the most general expressions. 5. it is in vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual. 6. Respect to the ccommunity at the large. 7. A measure of government, is supposed by a man to be conformable to the principle of utility. System: 1. The analysis of the effect of the case of rapudly changing ones, even though the rate of change may have important additional consequences. Change: 2. The scientific revolution 3. The function in scientific development

Public Policy Making:

Public policy making is the totality of the dicisional processes by which a government decides to deal with a particular problem or concern. It is a never ending process. The two distinct and opposite theories seeking to explain the mechanisms that produce policy decisions or non decisions. The firt might be called the rational dicision making approach and it generally has been attributed to political scientist. The second is

decisions in the political arena are influenced far more by the perception of a situasion than by any rational concept of objective reality.

Intrest Groups and Public Policy:

The interest group as a shareed attitude group that makes certain claim upon other groups in the society. If and when it makes its claims through or upon any of the institutions of government, it becomes a public interest group. Group pressure is assured throuhg the establisment of lines of accses and influences.

Agenda Setting:

Agenda setting is the process by which ideas or issues bubble up through the various political cahnnels to come up for consideration by a political insyitution such as a legislature or court. The two greatest sources af new agenda items are elective executives and legislators. Each of their constituencies expects that they will seek the enactment into law of the policies that they advocated in theier campaigns for elective office. Additionally, the admintrative agencies of a government often generate legislative proposals. Agenda setting process often makes extensive use of the mass media to take a relatively unknown or unsupported issue and, through publicity expand the numbers of people who care about the issue so that an institution, whether it be city hall or congress, is forced to take some action.

The political Economy of Public Policy:

Economics is the study of how people or states use their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants, how scarce resources are allocated among competing needs. Political economy is the conjuction of politics and economics, the field that studied the intersections between the economy and the state before either political science or economics became distinct disciplines. Political ekonomi proposes to enrich both the people and the sovereign.

Policy Making by Legislatures:

A legislature is the law making branch of a representative government. It is not necessary for legislature to have the word legislature in its formal title. It could be an assembly or a city council. Constitutions states that all legislative power shall be vested in the congress. This means that the president is specifically denied the power to make laws. All his authority must be based either on expressed or implicit power granted by the constitution or on statutes enacted by the congress.

Policy Implementation by the Executives:

Implementation is the process of putting a government program into effect, it is the total process of translating a legal mandate, whether an executive order or an enacted statute, into approriate program directives and structures that provide services or create goods. Implementation, the doing part of public administration, is an inherently poltical process. Policy implies intentional change. But most administrative implementators act in good faith. There is seldom intentional distortion.However , there is subtantial friction, This mean no matter how well planned a large operation is, the reality of delays, misunderstandings etc., will make its inevitable executions less than ideal. While military in origin, friction has become a generally recognized phenomenon in all aspects of the administration of public and international affairs.

Policy Reviewing by the Judiciary

Judicial activism is the making of new public policies through the decisions of judges. This may take the form of reversal or modification of a prior court dicision, the nullification of a law passed by a legislature, or overturning of some action of the excecutive branch. The main argument againts judicial activism is that it tends to usurp the power of the legislature or negate the words of a constitution. The counterargument holds that because laws being products of compromise-tend to be vegue on hot issue, the court are in effect forced by nature of the cases they receive to sort things out in a manner that seems activist to critics.

Foreign Policy

Is the totality of a states relations with and policies toward other states. According to George F. Kennan, Realities of American Foreign Policy (1954) A poltical society does not live to conduct foreign policy, it would be more correct to say that it conducts foreign policy in order to live. A nation foreign policy, even though it may be largely the prerogative of an executive branch, is always grounded in its domestic policy and must be defined in terms of national interest.

Public Policy as Public Relations

One of term to manage public opinion is propaganda. Propaganda at its core is the spinning of peoples beliefs, value, and behaviour by using symbols (such as flag, music, or oratory) and other psychological tools. Propaganda is the older term for what is now called public relations, a governments mass dissemination of true information about its politics and policies of its adversaries, or alternatively, similar dessimination that is untruthful (called black propaganda).The growth of mass media which all gfovernment use to influence their publics.

Policy Analysis

Policy Analysis is the way to seeks for answer the question of what the probable effect of policy will be before they actually accur. A policy analysis undertaken on a program that is already in effect is more properly called a program evaluation. Policy analysis involves the application of systematic research techniques to the formulation, execution, and evaluation of public policy create a more rational or optimal administative system.

Exam II:

 Consider the case of using cell phones while driving a car. Given the info on the previous slides, would you favor restricting drivers use of handheld cell phones? How would you defend this policy choice? Much of the policy analysis that is used in public debates today comes from interest groups committed to one side of the issue or another, or from think tanks that espouse a particular ideology. Do you think these commitments make the quality of the analysis suspect? Why or why not? Should policy analysis try to deal with the fundamental causes of social problems or aim for a more pragmatic and limited approach that may be more realistic and more politically acceptable? Why do you think so? 1. Yes, I would favor restricting drivers use of handheld cell phones. I would defend this policy choice by making public opinion about the dangerous of using handheld cell phones. The public opinion can be held by broadcast it through newspaper, television, radio and other medias.

2. Yes, itll improve the quality of analysis suspect, because the data and indicators that needed for the analysis will be more realistic, policy makers and people can understand more complex problems, the problems could be addressed more rational, and the research will be independent from policy makers or other interest

3. Yes, when policy analysis deals with the fundamental causes of social problems, it can solve the real basic problem. So we dont only spinning around continous problem.

Exam III: Fayols Principles of Organization Unity of Command Hierarchy of Authority

 Division of Labor Subordination of Individual Interest Authority Discipline Centralization Stability of tenure Unity of direction Order Equity Remuneration Initiative Esprit de corps

Sate Islamic Studies (IAIN) Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia is one of university under coordination of Indonesian Ministry of Religion. It is built on 1969, This university has four faculty, they are Tarbiyah Faculty which is take an educational, Syariah Faculty which is take law and economic part, Ushuludin Faculty which is held social administration and political, Dakwah Faculty which held mass communication for people. Principles of Organization from Payol in IAIN has been run by using these points of view: Unity on Command As one of educational organization, president of university become top leader who will state policies. He/she has vice president who will help them to handle certain side of job description. In IAIN Vice President 1 has control about academic job, Vice President II will handle about finance and human resource, Vice President III do activity which is related with students. President also has Chief of Administration who will help in handle administration in all faculties. In spite of their own job description, they should run their activity under Presidents policy as their commander.

Hierarchy of Authority In IAIN we can separate hierarchy of authority in three parts. The top managers will be held by President and all vice presidents. The authority in this first hierarchy are evaluating, and supervising policys actions. The second hierarchy will lead by middle managers, who are deans, vice of dean, chief of administration. Their authority is planning, and actuating the presidents policy. In the bottom are low managers engage staff, employees and also includes lecturers. Their authority is actuating all planning and responsible of their activity,

Division of Labor Labor will be handle of subunit under chief administration. They also run activity which is related about human resources.

Subordination of Individual Interest In IAIN hasnt take special subordination in their hierarchy who specially takes individual interest. All about individual interest of employee will undertake by Human Resource Division. This division are under supervise of Chief Administration and being coordinate with the other section as part of educational system. They will take care of employees interest related with right and duty in their job description.

Authority Every section in this university has their own authority depends on their job description. Beside, they have responsibility about their own job and also every position which is under their control. Holistically, university doesnt have full authority, it means that they have also responsibility to Ministry Of Religion as a central control.

Discipline

In discipline IAIN has some regulation that will be control employee and education system. This regulation will take part on employees job performance and also from student, lecturer behavior on learning activity. Centralization Because of IAIN as university under Ministry of Religion, they will be engage under centralization of Ministrys system. They also have some responsibility to reporting some section to the ministry Stability of tenure Every employee in university has includes on Indonesian Republic Employee Corps. This organization as the unity of employee in Indonesia become stability of tenure which will be linkage every condition, system, problem of employee with their right and duty from their job. Unity of Direction Unity of direction in IAIN will be done by under same vision and mission of university. All of part of academic system will have the same direction to fulfill and achieve their goal. Order Order in IAIN will be done under job description of every employee. In order to take good of educational management system and related with job performance, order will also need related with goal, vision and mission of university. Equity Under the law of UUD 1945, IAIN undergo similarity and equity to all members in university. There wont be any race engage their educational system and administration. Every employee, student, and lecturer have the same right depends on their job description Remuneration

IAIN also take remuneration as their system of job appraisal. It becomes rewards for employee. And it will be supervise by employees job appraisal. Initiative Every part of educational system which is engage in university has its own initiative under their job description. Esprit de corps IAIN has Enlightening University as their esprit de corps. It will become spirit for every employee, students, lecturer and the whole part which are engage in the system to care of educational system and accelerate with educational needed with social life.