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Drag One of basic concepts in Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Drag on a sphere A simple case No general theoretical solutions Still a challenging topic
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Drag on a Sphere
A
Sediment transport Sludge transport Air pollution Food processing
Applications
Water purification
18 January 2007
What is Drag?
Lift
Drag
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DP = P cos ds
D f = sin ds
4
18 January 2007
Friction Drag is related to the surface roughness and the boundary layer. It is also called Surface Drag.
18 January 2007
Drag Coefficient
Consider a flow with velocity V approaching an object
V a b
Stagnation point
Pb V2 = a f g 2g
Pressure head b = Velocity head a
(Bernoulli equation)
V A Dp = f
V2 2
* A* C p
18 January 2007
Drag Coefficient
Drag FD =
V2 2
* A * CD
Drag Coefficient
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D2
D3 D
w2
2
FD
FB
FW = p g
FW
FD + FB = FW
CD
D2
w 2
2
= ( p )g
D3
18 January 2007
CD
D2
w 2
2
= ( p )g
D3
w=
4 gD 3 CD
CD =
4 gD 3 w2
Here = (p - )/
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General Relationship: CD ~ Re
CD Laminar BL
No inertial effect
Turbulent BL
2*105
Re = wD/v
10
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Theoretical Solution
CD
1 D2 w= g 18
No inertial effect
1
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Re
11
Re > 2*105, Turbulent boundary layer, Wake size reduces, Drag sharply decreases
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12
13
24 1 + C D = Re 0.45
Re 86
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19
Computation
24 1 + C D = Re 0.45
Re 86
Re
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10
CD = f (Re)
4 gD wD ) = f( 2 3 w v
(Iteration needed for computing w)
1/ 3
3C D 2 Re 4
1/ 3
g = 2 D D*
Re = f ( D* ) w = f (D)
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22
11
32 2/3 C D = + 1 Re
3/ 2
CD =
32 Re
23
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100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 CD 10000 1000 100 10 1 1E-07 1E-06 1E-05 0.0001 0.001 Experiment Computation
0.01 Re
0.1
10
100
1000
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24
12
Re
w=
D*
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wm = (1 c) K w
wD 4 . 65 + 0 . 42 K = 0 . 75 wD 1 + 0 . 175
0 . 75
Wm = w if c = 0
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26
13