HQE2R Etat Des Lieux Des Indicateurs Européens

http://hqe2r.cstb.
fr
DELIVERABLE 9 - Foundations
Sustainable renovation of buildings

for sustainable neighbourhoods
Contract n° EVK4–CT–2000–00025
State of the art review

of indicators and
systems of indicators
December 2002
Catherine CHARLOT-VALDIEU, CSTB

Philippe OUTREQUIN, La Calade
HQE2R is a project co-financed by the European Commission within the

programme Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (‘City of
tomorrow’), which aim is to elaborate methods and tools destined to local
communities and their partners to help them in their urban renewal projects.
HQE²R
Sustainable renovation of buildings
for sustainable neighbourhoods
Contract n° EVK4 – CT – 2000 – 00025
State of the art review of indicators

and systems of indicators
December 2002
Catherine CHARLOT – VALDIEU CSTB

E-mail: catherine.charlot-valdieu@cstb.fr
Philippe OUTREQUIN La Calade

E-mail: la.calade@free.fr
Under major contribution for the national parts by:

Céline MULLIER – La Calade (France)
Celia ROBBINS, Martin SYMES – UWE (United-Kingdom)
Antonella GROSSI, Matteo GUALANDI, Sandra MATTAROZZI, Cinzia MAGA – ICIE (Italy)
Daniela GABUTTI – QUASCO-COPRAT (Italy)
Andreas BLUM, Munia TARABICHI, Holger MARTIN – IOER (Germany)
Xavier CASANOVAS, Oriol CUSIDO - CAATB (Spain)
Noemí GRANADO, Albert CUCHI - ITeC (Spain)
Ove MORCK– CENERGIA (Denmark)
HQE2R is a project co-financed by the European Commission within the programme Energy, Environment and
Sustainable Development (‘City of tomorrow’), which aim is to elaborate methods and tools destined to local
communities and their partners to help them in their urban renewal projects.
ABSTRACT1
HQE2R is a European Union research and demonstration project which is developing a methodology
which will help urban communities to increase the sustainability of their neighbourhoods. It
involves coordinating the renovation of buildings with the introduction of socio-economic and
environmental measures aimed at improving the quality of life.
This report is the first part of the project’s “Deliverable 9” on HQE²R-Sustainable development key
issues and indicators. It presents the state of the art and discusses the origins and use of
environmental indicators and the issues which have arisen in transforming these into indicators of
sustainable development. In this context the OECD and European Environment Agency indicators
systems are fundamental: The OECD indicators system (PSR) assesses Pressures on the environment
from human activities, how these modify the State of the environment, and what Responses are made
by the community to these changes. A more elaborate approach has been adopted by the European
Environment Agency. This (the DPSIR system) makes the socio-economic Driving forces of change
more explicit, and analyses the Impact of the resulting modifications of society and of its ecosystems
more clearly. The term Sustainable Development describes “economic, social and environmental
services which do not compromise the natural, property and social systems on which they depend”.
Agenda 21, adopted by the 1992 UN conference in Rio de Janeiro, stipulated that good quality
information should be available at national, regional and urban scales which would support a dialogue
with enterprises and with local inhabitants in decision making processes. The European Commission
has produced an Urban Audit which allows comparisons between urban areas in the Union. At the
level of products (such as those used in building) an ISO standard (14031) has been published. This
part of the report, which gives examples of systems produced in the member states, argues that the
main problems concerning the use of indicators are that it is difficult to create uniform methods of
measurement and that there are likely to be disagreements on the interpretation of their significance.
The appendices give details of the systems of indicators of sustainability currently in use both by
international organisations and within the principal European Union member states.
The state of the art analysis lays the foundation of the development of the HQE²R key issues and
sustainable development indicators system (ISDIS). This second part is currently under review,
evaluating the case study experience and will be published in spring 2004.
All reproduction, all partial or integral representation of the pages published in this book, in any form and by any
means, done without the authorisation of the editor or of the Centre Français d'Exploitation du droit de copie (3
Rue Hautefeuille, 75006 Paris, France), is forbidden and constitutes a counterfeiting.
Only reproductions strictly reserved for the personal use of the copyist and analysis and short quotations justified
by the scientific or informative character of the work where they are incorporated are allowed. (French Law of the
1st July 1992 – article L122-4 and L122-5, and the French Penal Code, article 425)
© CSTB
1
Cf the executive summaries in other languages in Appendix 1
State of the art review of indicators and systems of indicators (deliverable 9 – Foundations) HQE2R
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 6
1. THE TWO MAIN SYSTEMS OF INDICATORS......................................................... 9

1.1 THE OECD [PRESSURE/STATE/RESPONSE (PSR)] SYSTEM ........................................ 9
1.2 THE EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY DPSIR SYSTEM ........................................ 11
2. ENVIRONMENTAL OR THEMATIC INDICATORS.............................................. 13

2.1 THE PRODUCT LEVEL: ISO 14 000............................................................................ 13
2.2 THE DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES OF INDICATORS .......................................... 14
2.3 THE EUROPEAN LEVEL .............................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Networks ................................................................................................................. 15
A. The European association “RESPECT” and its environmental indicators ..................15
B. The "Healthy Cities" programme of the World Health Organisation WHO................16
2.3.2 The Urban Audit by the European Commission (DG XVI) and Eurostat ............... 16
2.4 THE NATIONAL LEVEL ............................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 IFEN in France....................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 The environmental economic accounting approach in Germany ........................... 19
2.4.3 The German Environmental Index (“Deutscher Umweltindex” / DUX) ................ 19
3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AT THE

DIFFERENT SCALES ................................................................................................... 20
3.1 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT: DEFINITION, HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT AND MAIN EVENTS ............................................................................ 20
3.2 THE NATIONAL LEVEL ............................................................................................... 22
3.2.1 Sustainable Development Indicators by the United Nations................................... 22
3.2.2 Eco-efficiency concept by WBCSD ......................................................................... 23
3.3 THE URBAN SCALE .................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 European networks: the 10 composite indicators for sustainability by DG XI ...... 23
3.3.2 National or local programmes................................................................................ 24
A. United-Kingdom..........................................................................................................24
B. Denmark ......................................................................................................................27
C. Italy..............................................................................................................................33
D. Germany ......................................................................................................................38
E. Catalonia / Spain..........................................................................................................43
F. France ..........................................................................................................................49
G. The Netherlands...........................................................................................................53
3.4 OTHER LOCAL INITIATIVES: BRUSSELS CAPITAL AND IBGE..................................... 53
4. QUESTIONS RELATED TO INDICATORS: MEASURES, TIME PERIODS,

SUSTAINABILITY…..................................................................................................... 54
4.1 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS ...................................................................................... 54
4.2 ARE INDICATORS UNIVERSAL? .................................................................................. 55
4.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 56
4
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 57
APPENDIX 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES IN NATIONAL LANGUAGES.................................. 58
APPENDIX 2: THE CRISP EUROPEAN NETWORK ........................................................... 65
APPENDIX 3: THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS PRESENTED IN THE
STATE OF THE ART..................................................................................................... 69
Appendix 3A: List of the RESPECT environment indicators (mainly France)................... 70
Appendix 3B: The Healthy Cities programme by WHO ..................................................... 71
Appendix 3C: The Urban Audit list of indicators ............................................................... 73
Appendix 3D: IFEN Sustainable Development Indicators - The nine modules and their
sub-modules ......................................................................................................................... 76
Appendix 3E: The Environmental-Economic Accounting Approach in Germany.............. 77
Appendix 3F: Sustainable development indicators by the United Nations (CSD) ............. 78
APPENDIX 4: NATIONAL APPENDIXES ............................................................................ 81
Appendix 4UK: United-Kingdom......................................................................................... 82
4-UK1: The 15 headlines indicators of the United-Kingdom ..............................................82
4-UK2: The 29 local indicators in UK .................................................................................90
4-UK3: Southwark, the LITMUS project indicators............................................................91
Appendix 4-DK: Denmark ................................................................................................... 92
4-DK1: The 15 key indicators for sustainable development in Denmark. ...........................92
4-DK2: The Danish urban regeneration experiment ............................................................92
Appendix 4-IT: Italy............................................................................................................. 94
4-IT1: The requirement of the sustainable building regulations BRICK (Bologna) ............94
4-IT2: The VALSIA indicators (Comune di Bologna) ........................................................95
4-IT3: The LEGAMBIENTE–URBAN ECOSYSTEM indicators......................................97
4-IT4: The Tuscany Region indicators.................................................................................98
Appendix 4-D: Germany.................................................................................................... 100
4-D1: Guideline for sustainable building (Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen) .......................100
4-D2: ImmoPass “Rehabilitation of buildings” issues and indicators................................102
4-D3: Indicators for a sustainable development in North Rhine-Westphalia (Indikatoren
für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in NRW) .......................................................................104
4-D4: Guideline - Indicators for sustainable development in the context of the Local
Agenda 21 (Leitfaden - Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren im Rahmen der lokalen Agenda 21).105
4-D5: Cities of the future (Staedte der Zukunft) ................................................................108
4-D6: Sustainable community (zukunftsfähige Kommune)...............................................109
Appendix 4-E: Spain .......................................................................................................... 112
Appendix 4-NL: The Netherlands ...................................................................................... 120
Appendix 4-Brussels and IBGE ......................................................................................... 122
1.
5
CSTB – La Calade
MEMORANDUM THE : HQE2R APPROACH

AND THE FINDINGS OF THE PROJECT
“Je refuse l’idée qu’il y a d’un côté la lumière et de l’autre les ténèbres, l’homme et la femme, moi et
l’autre, le bien et le mal. Je cherche un lieu où ces contradictions puissent être résolues. C’est une
quête sans illusion »2 - Murale, Mahmoud Darwich, édition Actes Sud
The objectives of the HQE²R project

“Sustainable Renovation of Buildings for Sustainable Neighbourhoods” or HQE²R is a project partly
funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework R&D Programme. The project
started in September 2001 and will continue until the end of March 2004.
Co-ordinated by the CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment), France, it combines
research and demonstration aspects with the co-operation of 10 European research partners and
demonstration partners (local authorities or social buildingowners) working upon 14 neighbourhoods3.
The objective of the project is to develop a new methodology or approach together with the
necessary methods and tools to promote sustainable development and the quality of life at the
urban neighbourhood level. HQE²R aims at providing decision aid tools for municipalities and
their local partners, focussing on neighbourhood inhabitants’ and users’ concerns. With its integrated
approach, it aims at providing a framework, which can be generally applied to European cities. The
project uses case studies as neighbourhood models for which the tools are elaborated and in which the
approach or the different tools can be tested.
The elements taken into account in the development of this approach towards sustainable development
and its tools are:
• Improvements in the quality of the buildings and non built elements, which are closely linked
with needs expressed by the actors concerned (users), especially as regard improvements in
comfort and reductions in the costs-in-use and maintenance of residential and non-residential
buildings (energy savings, reduced water consumption, optimisation of the use of raw materials).
• Improvements in the quality of life through urban development, which respects the
environment: reduced urban sprawl, more effective use of public spaces, and the creation of cycle-
ways, pedestrian areas and green spaces. Developing coherence and synergy between the
neighbourhood levels and the conurbation. Encouraging work in partnership and building the
capacity of the local community to achieve meaningful participation.
• Controlling costs and applying management methods, which allow all categories of actors to
share expenses.
• Controlling urban sprawl and commuting by managing the economy and environmental impact
of space use and also by managing mobility and the use of public transport at the scales of the
neighbourhood, the town and the conurbation.
The aim of HQE2R project is thus to allow local authorities to implement regeneration action plans
in their neighbourhoods and renovation of their buildings towards sustainable development. It is
a question of providing operational tools for a concrete analysis and evaluation, which are open to
public (and private) debate and to action.
2
I refuse the idea that there is a side for the light and another one for the darkness, the man and the woman, me and the
others, the good and the bad ones. I look for a place where contradictions can be solved. That is a quest without illusion.
3
See the list of the partners in Appendix or at the end
6
CSTB – La Calade
The HQE2R approach and the expected project results

Today cities are being rebuilt, buildings are being rehabilitated, and neighbourhoods revitalised. To
assure sustainability, this regeneration must go beyond technical solutions, taking social trends,
changes in behaviour, environmental and economic development into account.
To define concrete action plans, sustainable development requires an iterative way of achieving a
decision, because of the necessity of taking the various principles of sustainable development into
account all together at once. As the market law only takes into account economic factors, and
principally only in the short-term, sustainable development requires sustainable development
principles: the integration of the long-term, global impact of decisions on environmental and social
factors, with less hierarchical forms of participation than usual market practices.
The HQE2R methodological framework for sustainable neighbourhood analysis and
development is structured as an ideal regeneration neighbourhood projects into 4 phases: a decision
phase, an analysis phase - identifying priorities, definition, discussion, an assessment of scenarios
phase and finally the setting up of the action plan for the neighbourhood).
The methodological framework is furthermore based on 6 sustainable development principles at the
city scale, and then a system of 21 sustainable development targets under 5 main objectives (see the
list next page) and backed up by a set of 51 key issues with their 61 indicators for the neighbourhood
and its buildings (ISDIS system).
THE HQE²R APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE

NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 1 : DECISION PHASE 2 : ANALYSIS
3. Inventory based on the

1. Identification of 2. Strategic decision 21 targets and the
problems (social, for sustainable integrated SD indicators
environmental, technical) regeneration of the system (ISDIS)
that need actions neighbourhood
4. Shared SD
diagnosis of the
neighbourhood
(potential,
12. Monitoring and
dysfunction,
evaluation of the
Participation of residents and users cohesion)
project : SD
monitoring Partnership (public / private)
indicators
Local Governance 5. Strategic
priorities for the
neighbourhood and
definition of
11. Projects upon objectives for SD
9. Urban planning
the neighbourhood regulations including
with SD SD recommendations
specifications
7. Evaluation of
6. Generation of
10. Projects for the scenarios
scenarios
Sustainable Buildings against SD
8. Action plan for (to identify options
(new & existing) with targets (INDI,
the neighbourhood for SD action)
SD specifications ENVI, ASCOT)
PHASE 4 : ACTION and EVALUATION PHASE 3 : DECIDING UPON THE ACTION PLAN
Source: HQE²R Project (http://hqe2r.cstb.fr) SD: Sustainable Development
7
CSTB – La Calade
The HQE2R project results are specific tools for local communities and for their local partners (see
also the diagram below):
- The choice of 6 sustainable development principles at the scale of the city and a definition of
sustainability for the neighbourhood scale.
- The definition of an overall methodological framework with 5 main global sustainable
development (SD) objectives, their 21 targets, 51 key issues or sub targets and then 61
indisputable indicators at the neighbourhood and building scales (the ISDIS system).
- A shared SD diagnosis method for SD (with an integrated analytical grid for the previous
inventory) adapted to the neighbourhood scale.
- Evaluation tools for scenarios or neighbourhood projects as decision aid tools for assessing
different scenarios before the final action plan for the neighbourhood is chosen (3 models with
the support of 3 analytical grids):
3 models:
- INDI (INDicators Impacts) a model of sustainable regeneration impact using

indicators and allowing the development of different environmental and sustainable
development profiles
- ENVI (ENVironmental Impact)
- ASCOT (Assessment of Sustainable Construction & Technology Cost), a model of
global cost of energy efficient technologies from an environmental point of view at the
building scale.
- Recommendations for improving participation in neighbourhood regeneration projects.

- Recommendations for taking SD into account in urban planning documents (for each
partner country).
- Recommendations for specifying sustainable development in the building process
- Recommendations for specifying sustainable development for non built elements
- Indicators for the different phases of a project state indicators, pressure indicators and then
monitoring indicators.
RESULTS OF THE HQE²R PROJECT:
an approach with methods and tools
for sustainable neighbourhood regeneration
Definition of 6 SD Choice of 5 SD Development of a shared SD

principles at the objectives, 21 SD diagnosis method enabling the
city scale targets, 51 SD key identification of territorial SD
issues and indicators (at stakes*
the neighbourhood and
buildings scales): the
ISDIS system
Elaboration of Recommendations to improve

assessment and and to promote inhabitants’ and
monitoring indicators users’ participation:
for projects and
neighbourhoods, - to identify and collect their needs
regarding SD - to improve procedures and
practices
-Recommendations
for briefing Elaboration of decision aid tools
documents taking Recommendations to to evaluate scenarios or potential
into account SD for integrate SD in urban urban planning projects (“design
new and existing planning documents contract” for example)
buildings
- Recommendations
for non – built
elements SD Sustainable Development
Source: HQE2R project (http:hqe2r.cstb.fr) * See the scheme «The shared SD diagnosis method for setting priorities»
8
CSTB – La Calade
INTRODUCTION
1. THE TWO MAIN SYSTEMS OF INDICATORS
Indicators are currently used by politicians, decision makers, researchers and analysts as tools to
aid their decisions or their analyses.
In every country, indicators are being developed in a thematic way by national organisations at a
national level. For example, in France you can find:
- INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques), INED (Institut National des
Etudes Démographiques) and different statistical services of the ministries dealing with social
indicators;
- INSEE, Bank of France and different ministries (economy, environment and town and country
planning...) developing economic indicators
- the same ones developing environmental indicators.
More generally, there are two systems of indicators, developed at the international level, on which a
number of organisations base their studies. These are the PSR and DPSIR systems and they are
widely used within international organisations and bodies. However they are principally
concerned with environmental issues, even if the OECD and EEA policies are to develop sets of
sustainable development indicators.
1.1 The OECD4 [Pressure/State/Response (PSR)] system

OECD5 was in at the origin of work to finalise statistical or economic indicators. However the
appearance of the sustainable development concept increased the need for defining indicators
reflecting the existing links between economic, social and environmental dimensions. Therefore, the
OECD main objectives concerning indicators became:
1. to assess the progress made in realising and defining a common scope for sustainable
development indicators at the national scale.
2. to study ways of making progress concerning some technical aspects of developing the
indicators .
3. to progress the establishment of an integrated, concrete and limited set of indicators for analysing
national policies, in particular for monitoring and evaluation.
The OECD approach relies on the notion of causality - human activities exert PRESSURE on the
environment,
- these pressures modify the STATE of the environment,
- and the community RESPONDS to these changes, with adaptations of its national
environmental policy.
So, we obtain the following classification of indicators:

Pressure indicators (eg: CO2 emission in the air)
4
http://www.oecd.org/EN/home/0,,EN-home-567-nodirectorate-no-no-no-21--no-,00.html
5
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
9
CSTB – La Calade
Pressure indicators directly describe the pressure of a human activity on the environment. It is
therefore possible to use them to improve a situation.
State indicators (eg: water quality description, nitrate concentration,...)
State indicators describe the situation at a precise moment. They can be determined to give an
account of the state of the economy as well as of the environment. For example, state
indicators would try to measure the quality of the environment, the quality and quantity of
natural resources, or the state of the economy.
Response indicators (eg: financing efforts)
Response indicators represent the response of the whole of society in seeking to solve
problems.
For example: waste recycling, rising costs of fuel, use of public transport, etc..., can be considered
response indicators. It is difficult to quantify many of the reactions to a problem directly, but their
impact can be seen in state or pressure indicators.
The sequence State-Pressure-Response can be a useful tool for establishing indicators or determining
their relevance as it represents a sort of "mini-model" of the phenomena studied. This system is well
known: countries and organisations like the United Kingdom and the United Nations base their
research on this model.
10
CSTB – La Calade
1.2 The European Environment Agency DPSIR system

The European Environment Agency (EEA) uses the DPSIR framework6 (Driving forces, Pressure,
State, Impact, Response) in its reporting activities. The EEA Typology of indicators has been prepared
by TNO7.
According to the DPSIR framework, social and economic Driving forces exert Pressure on the
environment and, as a consequence, the State of the environment changes, such as in the provision of
adequate conditions for health, resource availability and bio-diversity.
This leads to Impacts on human health, ecosystems and materials. These may elicit a societal
Response. This may feed back on the Driving forces, on the State or on Impacts directly, through
adaptation or curative action. In addition to looking at these elements, it is useful to look at the links
between the elements. For example, the relationship between Driving force and Pressure is the eco-
efficiency of technology, with less pressure coming from the driving force if eco-efficiency is
improving. Similarly, the relationship between the Impacts on humans and ecosystems and the State
depends on the carrying capacities and thresholds for these systems. Whether Society Responds to
impacts depends on how these impacts are perceived and evaluated; and the results of the response on
the driving forces depend on the effectiveness of the response.
6
The report ’Environmental indicators: "Typology and overview"
http://themes.eea.eu.int/toc.php/improvement/reporting
7
Edith Smeets and Rob Wetering, TNO Centre for Strategy, Technology and Policy, the Netherlands. Project
managers Peter Bosch, Martin Büchele and David Gee, European Environment Agency.
11
CSTB – La Calade
Indicators and information linking DPSIR elements8
Driving force Effectiveness of responses Responses
Eco-efficiency of technology,
indicators Risk assessment costs and
Emission factors benefits of action/in-action
Pressure Impact
Dose response
Pathways and indicators
dispersion models State
and relationships
According to an EEA report (Technical Report No 25), indicators can be classified into four
groups9 :
Descriptive indicators (What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
Most sets of indicators currently used by national and international bodies are based on the
DPSIR-framework or a subset of it.
- Driving force indicators describe social, demographic and economic development in
societies and the corresponding changes in life styles, levels of consumption and production
patterns.
8
EEA Technical report No 25, “Environmental Indicators: Typology and overview”, prepared by Smeets, E.&
Wetering R. 1999
9
The Model, Flow, Quality system
Dealing with more than environmental indicators, the EEA has already developed a specific approach of urban sustainability:
the model, flow, quality system.
This system is more urban in its focus and analyses the boroughs as metabolising systems, following the municipal model of
material, energy, and information flows:
• Model: the municipal model’s indicators describe processes and events with a multifactorial incidence and they
are directly related with the basic municipal model.
• Flow: the municipal flows indicators undertake the material and energy cycles from the point of view of their
production, distribution, treatment and re-use.
• Quality: the municipal environment quality indicators are those referring to the final condition of the municipal
environment.
12
CSTB – La Calade
Primary driving forces are population growth and changes in the needs and activities of
individuals. These provoke changes in production and consumption levels, and this is how
driving forces exert pressure on the environment.
- Pressure indicators describe developments in the release of emissions, use of resources and
land.
- State indicators describe physical phenomena (like temperature or noise level in a certain
area), biological phenomena (like current wildlife resources) and chemical phenomena (such
as concentrations of harmful substances) both in a quantitative and qualitative way.
- Impact indicators describe impacts caused by the changed state of the environment, for
example impacts with regard to bio-diversity, availability of resources and the provision of
adequate conditions for health.
- Response indicators describe responses by groups in society as well as governmental
attempts to prevent, compensate for or adapt to changes.
Performance indicators (Does it matter?)

Performance indicators compare actual conditions with a specific set of reference conditions.
They measure the distance between the current situation and the situation described (target).
Efficiency indicators (Are we improving?)

Efficiency indicators relate pressures to human activities. These indicators provide an insight
into the efficiency of products and processes in terms of resources used, emissions released
and waste generated per unit of product
Total welfare indicators (Are we on the whole better?)

Total welfare indicators would aim at describing total sustainability. Some measure of total
sustainability like an Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare would be needed.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL OR THEMATIC INDICATORS

Generally, indicators are created in a thematic way: economy, demography, financial issues,
environment, pollution...) but the emergence of sustainable development has created a growing
demand for the elaboration of new tools including new indicators. A number of them have been
studied in the framework of the CRISP database, a European network on sustainable indicators10.
2.1 The product level: ISO 14 00011

The ISO standard 14 031 (Environmental performance evaluation)12 gives guidance on the design
and use of environmental performance evaluation within an organisation.
ISO 14 031 defines environmental condition and specific expression that provides information
performance indicators as follows:
10
See a presentation of this European network in appendix 0
11
http://crisp.cstb.fr/PDF/reports/stateofartmaaliskuu.pdf
12
SFS-EN ISO standard 14031 Environmental performance evaluation. 1999-12-21.& (1+53 p.).
13
CSTB – La Calade
• environmental condition indicator : specific expression that provides information about the
local, regional or global condition of the environment,
• environmental performance indicator about an organisation’s environmental performance,
• management performance indicator : environmental performance indicator that provides
information about the management efforts to influence an organisation’s environmental
performance,
• operational performance indicator : environmental performance indicator that provides
information about the environmental performance of an organisation’s operations.
According to ISO 14031, the environmental indicator is defined as a special expression that
provides information about environmental conditions or performance.
2.2 The different geographical scales of indicators

Each problem has a relevant scale of evaluation and solutions: also the functions of municipalities,
regions, states are extremely varied because of the traditions and political structures in each country.
Propositions must be adapted to each situation.
Some specific indicators could be used at regional, national or international scales. Some others are
exclusively used at the local (even urban) scale.
Some" basic indicators" could be used for the entire urban environment as well as at national or
international scales.
Data which have to be collected (statistics or scientific data) for measuring geographical indicators are
often erratic. Putting them at our disposal implies the improvement of survey systems and systems of
observation concerning physical, economic and social environments at different levels of relevance
for each problem (country, conurbation, administrative regions, cities, neighbourhood...) and these
observations have – in most of European countries – to be created or improved.
Taking the example of water management, the best way to implement global principles and ensure
water access for essential users and ecosystemic balance in the long term, is to do so at the local level.
Implementing new mechanisms of governance for local water communities is a way to apply an
integrated approach to problems.
At this level, local communities have an essential role to play in mobilising the whole sector of water
actors: residents and the principal partner groups of sustainable development (which are quoted in
section III of the Rio Agenda 21).
14
CSTB – La Calade
2.3 The European level

2.3.1 Networks
A. The European association “RESPECT” and its environmental indicators13
The network
Under the aegis of the CNFPT nine French communities have initiated an action leading to the
working out of a model schedule, called RESPECT : a landmark instrument evaluating and monitoring
environmental policies in local communities (" Référentiel d'Evaluation et de Suivi des Politiques
Environnementales des Collectivités Territoriales ").
Today the project RESPECT involves 30 communities in the European Union (towns, cities, regions
inter-district partnerships). It intends to try out and validate the schedule. Based on the sharing of
experience, on the exchange of practice among the participating communities and working together
inside the network, the project will lead to the development of a method for the implementation of a
tool to monitor, run, and evaluate environmental policies. It will be possible to adapt the tool for use in
all the communities of the European Union.
As a result of an initiative by and with the support of the National School of Local Executive Practice
in Montpellier (ENACT – Ecole d’Application des Cadres Territoriaux de Montpellier), which is part
of the CNFPT (Centre National de la Fonction Publique Territoriale), the project is now financially
supported by the European Community as part of the LIFE-Environment programme. In addition
funding for the project has been provided by the French Ministry of Environment and Town and
Country Planning and ADEME.
Contents
The RESPECT schedule is made up of significant and comprehensible indicators based on the
environmental responsibilities of local communities or cities.
At present, 73 indicators are divided in different themes. They characterise the physical
environment (air, water, soil ...), pollution (waste, transport, noise...); they aim at protecting the human
being on the levels of chronic attacks (natural and technological risks); they characterise environments
(town planning, landscapes, nature) and they estimate citizen participation.
Each indicator is linked to a general strategic objective and to an operational objective defined by the
community and is assessed on a set date. The indicators also allow the community to identify the
actions that are to be implemented to reach the operational objective.
By periodically evaluating each indicator and then each theme, the community can monitor the
efficiency and the relevance of their implemented policies and, if they fail, redefine them.
Objectives
The RESPECT schedule is a decision support tool at the disposal of the community which set it up. It
has four basic aims:
- Knowledge
- Evaluation and aid to decisions
- Communication within the community
- Public relations
13
from “French State-of-the-art” , 2001, Catherine CHARLOT-VALDIEU for CRISP (http://crisp.cstb.fr/)
See also http://www.respect.asso.fr/ and appendix 1a.
15
CSTB – La Calade
The RESPECT project must lead to:

suitable indicators for the setting up of an environmental schedule in every participating
community;
a complete methodology enabling any other community in the European Union, whatever its
regional level , to provide for itself a landmark instrument evaluating and monitoring
environmental policies.
Framework of analysis Pressure – State - Response

The indicators within the RESPECT schedule have been worked out in accordance with the
compulsory and voluntary duties of the communities. Thus, they enable the monitoring of their
environmental policies: they are results indicators. The methods of implementation are given as
additional information.
They take into consideration the framework "Pressure - State - Response" (PSR) developed by
OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development).
B. The "Healthy Cities" programme of the World Health Organisation14 WHO
The WHO Healthy Cities project is a long-term international development project that aims to place
health high on the agenda of decision-makers in the cities of Europe and to promote comprehensive
local strategies for health and sustainable development based on the principles and objectives of “the
strategy for health for all in the twenty-first century” and Local Agenda 21.
A set of indicators was produced and then, formally adopted by cities participating in the Healthy
Cities program in 1990. The aims of collecting this data were to:
− Provide a description of health in the cities
− Provide a baseline of information for future comparisons
− Identify indicators which best characterise cities
− Compare and contrast cities in the Healthy Cities project network
The 53 indicators devised cover the areas of health, health services, environmental and socio-
economic factors.
2.3.2 The Urban Audit by the European Commission (DG XVI) and
Eurostat15
The purpose of the Urban Audit is to create a tool which allows comparison across national
boundaries of the conditions of life in European Union urban areas.
The general target of the Urban Audit is to make for European Union cities an inventory of
conditions and to provide information which can be used to compare European Union cities. Hence it
is hoped to make the exchange of information between cities easier.
The Management of the Urban Audit was confided to the General Directorate of regional policy
and cohesion (DG XVI) and to Eurostat. The other general directorates of the European Commission
were consulted for the choice of the information which needed to be included in the Urban Audit.
For the first time, this work assembled, in 58 cities of the European Union, information on different
aspect of the quality of life in urban areas.
14
from Greek national report, 2001, CRISP (http://crisp.cstb.fr/)
See also: http://www.who.dk/healthy-cities/welcome.htm and appendix 1-b
15
from “French State-of-the-art” , 2001, CRISP (http://crisp.cstb.fr/)
See also: http://www.ereco.com/audit/ and appendix 1-c
16
CSTB – La Calade
In order to achieve this, the European Commission urged Municipal authorities to participate directly
in the process, hence close collaboration between the European Commission and the cities was
necessary.
2.4 The national level

2.4.1 IFEN16 in France
The French Institute for the Environment (IFEN) is working on the elaboration of environmental
indicators at the national scale but some expert working groups have also been created in the
economic, social and environmental sectors. Thus, IFEN has already worked on programmes for the
creation of environmental indicators17: "environmental performance indicators", "sector based
indicators: tourism and environment", "the industry, energy and environment program".
Since 1996, IFEN has developed its own ideas about sustainable development including:
a) A methodological approach
The establishment of a methodological scope able to integrate the different elements of sustainable
development and to include various actors (from multiple disciplinary origins) in the construction of
indicators. This has three precise purposes:
- To improve understanding of the phenomenon ;
- To help decision making ;
- To inform the public.
The work realised in that context was quite original because it was chosen to articulate the different
dimensions of sustainable development (according to the studies of the Brundtland Commission) in
a modular architecture as represented in the figure below, and to have a coherent system that can be
assessed independently.
The result is the creation of a realistic set of 307 indicators organised in 9 modules 18(each of these
modules is represented by a number on the diagram).
According to the IFEN, 5 axes characterise the definition of sustainable development in the
Brundtland report:
- balanced growth creating more employment and productivity and fewer
externalities.(module 1);
- greater care for the management and the restoration of critical forms of capital including
human and institutional capital.(modules 2 and 3);
- good links between local and global (modules 4 and 5);
- the satisfaction of present generations by reducing inequalities and dissatisfaction
(modules 6 and 7);
- the integration of future generations by using of the precaution principle for resource
management and for adaptations to unforeseeable situations (modules 8 and 9).
16
French Institute of Environment ( Institut Français de l’Environnement) Established on November 18th 1991,
IFEN is a public administrative body under the authority of the French Ministry of Environment. Appendix 1.d
17
IFEN, études et travaux n°35 “Propositions d’indicateurs de développement durable pour la France.
18
see appendix 1-d
17
CSTB – La Calade
b) Experts and working groups
Working groups including than 50 experts, decision makers, researchers were created in 1998-9
within a programme concerning sustainable development indicators.
This second approach results from defining "critical natural capital", important because the loss of this
capital would compromise the possibility of sustainable development.
The IFEN processes try to link two demands:
- the reference to a coherent field of reflection , enabling the integration of the different
dimensions of sustainable development;
- the creation of numbered indicators (mostly state or evaluation indicators) clearly
situated in the general scheme and directly usable by the actors concerned .
18
CSTB – La Calade
2.4.2 The environmental economic accounting approach in Germany19

In Germany, the Federal Statistical Office has tried to develop indicators aimed at sustainable
development. The purpose of the Environmental Economic Approach (UGR) is to represent
interdependencies between economic activities and the environment. UGR shows what natural
resources are used up, devalued or destroyed by production and consumption and how efficiently the
economy and society deal with energy and areas. The UGR system allows the determination of the
pressure put on nature by using it as a "sink" for residuals and pollutants and permits compiling
information on the state of the environment and the costs of environmental protection. Following
this pattern of issues, UGR results are structured by the following subjects fields: material and energy
flows, use of areas and space, state of the environment, measures for environmental protection, and
abatement costs. This shows that the modular structure is an essential feature of the UGR concept. The
UGR subject fields are self-contained and, at the same time, connected with each other in statistical
terms so that, taken together, they form an overall picture. Depending on the issue examined, different
methodological approaches are used, for example accounting methods, the development of indicators,
or geographical information systems. Physical and monetary values are equally important as results.
Where appropriate, environment-related data are always compiled in a form enabling them to be
linked with economic data from national accounts or other statistics.
2.4.3 The German Environmental Index (“Deutscher Umweltindex” /

DUX)20
The German Federal Ministry for Environmental Affairs developed the German “environmental
barometer”, which is calculated in a similar way to an index used on stock exchange (The German
stock-exchange-index is called "DAX", comparable to the "Dow Jones" index in NYC). Accordingly it
is called "DUX" = "Deutscher UmweltIndex". This index is based on 6 indicators given below. Each
indicator is given certain points for reaching set targets. If the target reaches 100%, 1000 points are
given. For October 2000 the index amounted to 1505 points.
- Climatic index 607 (max 1000 points)
- Air 692 (max 1000 points)
- Soil -11 (max 1000 points)
- Water 0 (max 1000 points)
- Energy 164 (max 1000 points)
- Raw Materials 53 (max 1000 points)
A number of approaches are already orientated towards an environment taking more account of the
different pressures exerted on it. In this way, tools for creating sustainable development indicators are
now developed at national, regional and local scales of urban environment.
19
DR.Karl Schoer et al.: Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnungen 2000, Frankfurt am Main, Oktober 2000
(“German State-of-the-art Report”, http://crisp.cstb.fr ), see also appendix 1-g
20
Description taken from: WETZEL, C.; WÖRLE, G.; MAYER, E. (Fraunhofer IBP, 2001): CRISP – German
State of the art report, section 2.1
19
CSTB – La Calade
3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AT THE

DIFFERENT SCALES
3.1 The sustainable development concept: definition, historical

development and main events
• Definitions
Sustainable development is a new approach to development and became necessary because of
ecological problems arising at a planetary level. The notion of and the term sustainable development
became institutionalised for the first time in 1972 at Stockholm during the UN Environment
Conference..
However, the event that gave it its real importance was the Brundtland report (published in 1987)
commissioned by the UN Environment and Development Program. It was entitled “Our common
future” and defined sustainable development as follows:
“Sustainable development is a form development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
The ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives)21 gave a more local definition
of sustainable development, which is applicable in European urban regions:
“Sustainable development is a form of development which supplies some economic, social and
environmental fundamental services to all the inhabitants without compromising the validity of
natural, property and social systems on which the supply of those services depends.”
The idea of sustainable development is based on a notion of eco-development, in other terms a
development which aims to increase the human standard of living without compromising the natural
environment and exhausting its resources. Hence, future generations will not be penalised by an
impoverished planet, unable to respond to their needs and aspirations.
Source : CSTB, La Calade
21
www.iclei.org
20
CSTB – La Calade
• Main events:
Ten years after Rio and six years after HABITAT 2 (Istanbul), sustainable development is finally
beginning to reach cities but its influence is still weak.
The following table summarises the most important events for sustainable development:
First Conference of the United Nations on Environment

June 1972 Stockholm
Call from scientists for nature conservation
1986 Catastrophy of Tchernobyl in Ukraine
For "a development which does not penalise the future
1987 Bruntland Report for generations". Identification of two risks: the greenhouse effect and
the United Nations ozone layer destruction
Protocol of Montreal /
London and Commitment of States to stop CFC consumption and production
1987 / 1993
Copenhagen by 1/1/1995 and HCFC consumption by 2015.
Amendments
Conference of the United Nations on Environment and
Development: AGENDA 21, conventions on biodiversity and
3 – 14 June 1992 Rio de Janeiro climate, statements on forests. First perspective on the
Northern and Southern approaches.
First Parts Conference: consensus to decrease CO2 emissions back
1994 Berlin
to their 1990 level by 2000.
Second Parts Conference on climatic changes: approval by States,
1996 Geneva without reservation, of the IPCC22 report and of the necessity to
adopt legally restricting “quantified objectives”
Habitat 2 Summit of the United Nations which recognises cities
as partners of the United Nations and confirms the Rio
commitments “to protect the world wide environment and to
improve the quality of life in human establishments, we commit
1996 Istanbul
ourselves to respect sustainable modes of production,
consumption, transport and urbanisation, to prevent pollution, to
respect the ecosystems capacity and to preserve the chances of
future generations” (statement, paragraph 10)
Third “Parts Conference” giving CO2 emission reduction
December 1997 Kyoto
objectives for industrialised countries from now until 2008-2012
RIO + 10 : Keep the agreement about some results from Rio with
26 August – 4 renovation of public policies and a new agreement about an Action
Johannesburg
September 2002 Plan on drinking and sewage water, within type 2 initiatives
(public-private partnership) under the responsibility of ONU.
Source : from Cahier CSTB n° 3106 of March 1999 : « La ville et le développement durable ».
22
IPCC: International Panel on Climate Change, created in 1988 by the United Nations Program for
Environment and the World Meteorological Organisation
21
CSTB – La Calade
• Sustainable Development Indicators

At the Rio Conference, in 1992, Sustainable Development Indicators (SDI) were presented as an
indispensable tool for improving the information supporting decisions. Chapter 40 of Agenda 21
recalls that correct information must be the basis for decisions and that two elements must be taken
into account: the elimination of gaps which exist between levels of information and the improvement
of access to information. For reaching these objectives, a new activity is to establish Sustainable
Development Indicators. Agenda 21 stipulates that different countries as well as international
organisations should define SDI in order to be able to identify them, then they should use them in
national and international accounting.
Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 focuses on city initiatives to promote Local Agenda 21. The proposed action
is its implementation. At this level, dialogue with residents, local organisations and enterprises is the
main topic. To improve empowerment, information systems must be also improved. SDI at this local
level could be also a means to improving this information and encouraging the analysis of local
authority programmes.
3.2 The national level

3.2.1 Sustainable Development Indicators by the United Nations23
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) took place in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. The Earth Summit was convened to address problems of environmental
protection and socio-economic development. The assembled leaders signed the Framework
Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, endorsed the Rio
Declaration and the Forest Principles, and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving sustainable development.
The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created in December 1992 to ensure
follow-up of UNCED and to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements at
the local, national, regional and international levels. The CSD is a functional commission of the UN
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), with 53 members. CSD has worked out a working list of
Sustainable Development Indicators. This should be seen as a flexible list from which countries can
choose indicators according to national priorities, problems and targets .
The indicators are presented in a Driving Force - State - Response framework24.
The UN sustainability indicators aim at describing society from the point of view of sustainable
development. The Driving Force indicators address activities and processes that affect the sustainable
development of a society; the application of those for the assessment of different kinds of activities
and processes is not straightforward. As the indicators formulated by CSD are applied for the
assessment of activities or end products - like buildings and built environment - state indicators cannot
be used as such. However, part of the Driving Force indicators may be applied within one socio-
economic sector in a society.
23
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/worklist.htm
24
"Driving Force" indicators indicate human activities, processes and patterns that impact on sustainable
development. "State" indicators indicate the "state" of sustainable development and "Response" indicators
indicate policy options and other responses to changes in the "state" of sustainable development. ( The list of
indicators is presented in Appendix 1-f).
22
CSTB – La Calade
3.2.2 Eco-efficiency concept by WBCSD

The concept of eco-efficiency was first introduced by the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) in its report for the UN conference on sustainable development in 199225.
The meaning of eco-efficiency concept has been widely discussed ever since. The OECD2627 has
defined the term in such a way that: "Eco-efficiency expresses the efficiency with which ecological
resources are used to meet human needs".
According to the OECD report, eco-efficiency can also be defined as a ratio of output and input so that
the output represents the value of the products or services that a company produces and the input is the
sum of environmental pressures caused by the production.
Eco efficiency = Value of products or services/ Environmental pressures
This definition is product-related and the approach is close to life-cycle assessment. According to
the above definition of eco-efficiency, it does not address all three pillars of sustainable development.
While it strives to improve economic and environmental efficiency, the concept does not pertain to
social issues.
3.3 The urban scale

3.3.1 European networks: the 10 composite indicators for sustainability by
DG XI28
10 composite indicators have been established by a working group managed by the European
Commission, DG Environment (DG XI).
These 10 indicators were presented for the first time in Hanover in February 2000 as “towards a Local
Sustainability profile” at the Third European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns. This
indicator-based monitoring initiative aimed at supporting local authorities in their work towards
sustainability and providing objective and comparable information on progress towards sustainability
across Europe. It does so by helping local communities monitor progress towards sustainability, not
only in relation to their own performance, but also in a wider perspective, allowing them to recognise
their strengths and weaknesses and identify where they can learn from others. The monitoring
initiative aims to enable cities and towns to show in a coherent way how urban areas contribute to
sustainability in Europe.
25
WBCSD has defined the concept of eco-efficiency as follows : Eco-efficiency is reached by the deliver of
competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively
reducing ecological impacts and resources intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level in line with the earth's
estimated carrying capacity.
WBCSD also aims at developing a framework measuring and reporting eco-efficiency. According to the
WBCSD report ( http://www.wbcsd.ch/ee/EEBriefAug99Final.PDF ), when harmonising indicators it is
important that the terminology used is logic, simple and straight-forward.
26
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1998. Eco-Efficiency.
27
OECD Meetings of the Environment Policy Committee at Ministerial Level, February 1996 and April 1998
28
http://www.sustainable-cities.org
23
CSTB – La Calade
The initiative is a contribution of the Expert Group on the Urban Environment (set up as an advisory
body in 1991 by the European Commission's Directorate-General Environment) to the European Cities
and Towns Campaign. The work has been carried out by a Working Group of the Expert Group, in
close collaboration with a Group of Local Authorities set up to ensure that as many local authorities as
possible could take an active role in defining and agreeing on the indicators.
The 10 European composite indicators are divided in 2 groups:

5 core indicators (compulsory)
Citizen satisfaction with the local community
Local contribution to global climatic change
Local mobility and passenger transportation
Availability of local public green areas and local services
Quality of local outdoor air
5 additional indicators (voluntary)

Children ‘s journeys to and from school
Sustainable management of the local authority and local business
Noise pollution
Sustainable land use
Products promoting sustainability
The Urban Expert Group has now published methodology sheets27 setting out how to measure and
test the indicators and thus help Local Authorities to use them
Local authorities across Europe are encouraged to participate in the monitoring of initiatives by
adopting the European Common Indicators and integrating them into existing municipal management
systems, and contribute actively to the further development of this set of voluntarily agreed indicators
during the testing period.
3.3.2 National or local programmes

A. United-Kingdom
1. Introduction
After a first experience to define global indicators at the national scale, the UK government has
published in 1999 a national strategy called “the Quality of life counts”.
This report presents 15 Headline indicators and a more complete list of 150 core indicators.
The 15 headline indicators are intended to make up a 'quality of life barometer', which will be used
to measure overall progress towards sustainable development and the UK government proposed to
bring together and publish the latest information about progress against each of the headline indicators
once a year28.
27
see http://www.sustainable-cities.org/expert.html and
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/urban/local_sustainability_en.pdf
28
see appendix UK
24
CSTB – La Calade
The national core set of 150 indicators is intended:

• to describe, overall, whether the government is achieving sustainable development;
• to highlight key national-scale policy initiatives relevant to sustainable development and to
monitor whether the government is meeting key targets and commitments in those areas;
• to educate the public about what sustainable development means;
• to raise public and business awareness of particular actions which they need to take in order
to achieve more sustainable development;
• to report progress to international audiences;
• to help to make transparent the trade-offs and synergies between sustainable development
objectives.
As a complement of this strategy, the United Kingdom has developed too the “Regional Quality of
Life Counts” in 2000. Its aim is to measure for each of the nine English regions the 15 headline
indicators.
At last, another programme called “Local quality of life counts” determined local indicators in
2000and will be explained in the part concerning local initiatives (below).
There are currently no moves in the UK to introduce statutory quality of life indicators. Guidance is
developed by central government in partnership with local government. It is seen as good practice to
take account of this advice, although local government is free to adapt it to local circumstances.
The structure of UK government Sustainable Development Indicators is described briefly in
Appendix.
2. Local works in the UK

The Local Quality of Life Counts
Complementing national and regional levels, there has also been extensive work at local level by local
authorities and Local Agenda 21 groups to develop indicators, which can be used to monitor
sustainable development at the local scale. In July 2000 a new handbook ‘Local quality of life
counts’29 was launched. This offers ideas for measuring sustainable development and quality of life in
local communities. It gives a menu of 29 indicators, from which local authorities in England may
wish to consider using a selection for reporting their Local Agenda 21 and Community Strategies.
These local indicators build on the work already carried out at local as well as national levels30 and
include some of the 15 national headline indicators. It was developed by a joint initiative between
local and central government.
Southwark and the LITMUS project31

The Local Indicators to Monitor Urban Sustainability project (LITMUS) addresses the need to gain
more experience of engaging local communities in the development and application of indicators of
sustainability. The project is focussed on two major urban regeneration programmes in the London
Borough of Southwark, United Kingdom.
29
www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/index.htm and also appendix UK
30
see National sustainable indicators in United Kingdom
31
Final report of the LITMUS Project-Local indicators to Monitor Urban Sustainability-carried out by the
London Borough of Southwark between October 1997 and March 2000- Southwark Council, March 2001
and web site: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/litmus/ and appendix UK.
25
CSTB – La Calade
The project takes sustainability indicators beyond the development of technically based indicators,
accessible and understood by professionals, to community based indicators developed and owned by
local communities. This approach is based on the idea that the understanding by and active
involvement of citizens in promoting sustainable development is the best guarantee of building
sustainability into urban management processes.
LITMUS seeks to demonstrate that the development of community indicators of sustainability can
lead to changes in individual behaviour, increased public environmental awareness, increased local
participation in neighbourhood management and the development of a clear direction for improving
urban regeneration programmes.
Definition of the indicators
The two areas concerned with this project are Peckham and Aylesbury, two of the most deprived
wards in the United Kingdom.
The project establishes what local people consider to be the most important signs of the changing
quality of their lives and aims to generate discussion among people with different backgrounds and
viewpoints.
For this purpose LITMUS has worked with local people to develop and monitor a set of local
sustainability indicators. This is done by a series of consultation activities, practical projects, and local
meetings.
The indicators have been determined in five linked phases:
- an initial phase to raise awareness of sustainability and environmental issues;
- a consultation phase aimed at exposing the common values of local people and
voluntary groups in a way which truly expresses the key community sustainability
issues for the area;
- a sustainability indicator development phase aimed at supporting local people in
developing appropriate indicators;
- an indicator monitoring phase to involve local people in data collection;
- and an action phase aimed at using information gathered through monitoring the
indicators as a means of identifying and catalysing local responses and action.
3. The Audit Commission Quality of Life Indicators Project

The Audit Commission’s Quality of Life Indicators project is an important recent collaboration
between central and local government. The Audit Commission is the central government body
responsible for auditing the spending of public funds. It’s core work in local government is concerned
with more traditional performance indicators, but it has recently become interested in quality of life
indicators as a way of assessing the effectiveness of local services. The project was started in response
to the Local Government Act of 2000, which gave local authorities a new duty to promote the social,
economic and environmental well-being of their area. Building on the central and local government
indicator work of the late 1990s, the Commission consulted on a set of QOL indicators in the autumn
of 2000. Following this consultation, a voluntary pilot test of the indicators was held, in which 90 local
authorities participated during the financial year 2001/02. The result of this process has been the
production of a list of indicators grouped under the headings ‘Economic’, ‘Environmental’, ‘Social’
and ‘Social - Community Development’. Each indicator is supported by advice on how to collect and
use the data, backed up by the experience of the pilot authorities. The Commission is organising
continuing support through seminars and handbooks. There is a particular focus on improving the
effectiveness and influence of indicators, and communicating them to the public. The use of the
indicators is voluntary and discretionary. It is expected that local authorities will adapt the indicator
list to their local circumstances, changing, omitting and adding indicators as appropriate.
Reference: http://ww2.audit-commission.gov.uk/pis/quality-of-life-indicators.shtml
26
CSTB – La Calade
B. Denmark
1. Introduction
In Denmark work to define sustainable development indicators has been going on since the early
nineties. The strategy plan sustainable development for Denmark has among other things clarified the
need for measurable entities (indicators) that in an easily comprehensible way show the state of or the
direction in which we are moving with respect to sustainability.
The development of indicators in other countries has been extensively studied and used as a basis for
the development of Danish indicator sets29. The Danish government presented a proposal for an
indicator set in April 2001. This has been commented on by the public and a final set produced in
October 200130.
The Danish indicator sets have been developed with a focus on the possibility of using the indicators
to measure the success of the action plans initiated towards sustainability.
It has been decided to develop two sets of indicators:
1. A detailed set of indicators for each area of the strategy plan describing development and
results in relation to the goals and initiatives of the plan.
2. A set of 15 selected key indicators (like the UK “headline” or the Swedish “key” indicators)
that describe development and condition in relation to the overall objectives of the strategy
plan for a sustainable development.
This set of key indicators has been selected in close relation with 8 aims and principles of the
Danish view on sustainable development (key indicators mentioned in parenthesis)32:
1. We shall maintain high social welfare and break the link between growth and harming the
environment (N1, N2, N3 & N4)
2. We shall create a safe and healthy environment for everybody and maintain a high level
of protection (N5, N6 & N7)
3. We shall assure a high level of biological diversity and protect ecosystems (N8)
4. We shall exploit resources more efficiently (N9)
5. We shall contribute actively to international developments (N10)
6. We shall ensure that environmental concerns are taken into account by all sectors (N11 &
N12)
7. We shall assure that the market supports sustainable development (N13)
8. Sustainable development is a common responsibility and we shall measure progress (N14
& N15)
Key indicators:
N1: GNP pr. capita
N2: Environment impact from 4 factors (CO2-eq., N- and P- emissions to the sea and acidity) in
relation to GNP
29
Internationale erfaringer med strategier for baeredytig udvikling- En analyse af strategisk arbejde med
baeredygtig udvikling i udvalgte europaeiske lande og internationale organisationer. Miljo og Energiministeriet,
Oktober 2000
30
Danmarks nationale strategigi for baeredygtig udvikling. Udvikling med omtanke - faelles ansvar;
Indikatorsaet. The Danish Government, Oktober 2001.
Indikatorer i fremtidig strategi g - metodemaessige overvejelser og eksempler. Rapport. Miljo - og
Energiministeriet, Oktober 2000
32
see appendix Denmark-15 key indicators
27
CSTB – La Calade
N3: Real savings

N4: Employment distributed by age
N5: Mean living age (distributed on women and men)
N6: CO2-eq. emissions from different sectors
N7: Use of dangerous chemicals
N8: Size of nature areas
N9: Energy use, water use and waste in relation to GNP
N10: Economical value of international development support
N11, N12: Indicators selected for each year for specific sectors
N13: Number of products that have an environmental specification (e.g. Swan mark)
N14: Number of governmental institutions that have a green buying policy
N15: Number of companies with an environmental certification.
2. Building / built elements

One of the areas covered by the detailed set of indicators in Denmark is « Urban – and dwelling deve-
lopment ». Seven indicators have been defined for this area in relation to the goals and action plans.
Danish Urban and dwelling SD indicators
Goals and actions Indicators
Better use of urban areas, and the growth of the cities must be 1. Area for city zone
reduced
New urban structures shall reduce the need for transportation 2. Percentage of new offices built within 500 m from public
transport
The cities shall be alive and diversified, and parts of the city 3. Relationship between dwellings and workplace positions /
shall contain residences, service companies, etc. Number locally employed in selected larger and smaller cities
The value of use, flexibility and quality shall be increased 4. Percentage of all dwellings that have district heating and
own bath and toilet
The quality of the recreation areas in the city must be 5. Number of m² green area reachable within 15 min’s walk
improved for inhabitants in 3 larger cities i Copenhagen, Aalborg and
Odense
Further requirements on energy- and resource usage 6. Energy use for space heating for the city as a whole (energy
per m²)
7. An index for the development of electrical energy use,
water use and amount of waste in the households (per
inhabitant)
3. New Development
A Danish law31 requires a so-called VVM-statement and Danish Building regulations have to be
adhered to for all new buildings sets out a formal approval procedure for a number of new
developments that may have an impact on the environment. Construction work in urban areas that
requires a VVM-statement are shopping centres and parking areas, and other new constructions that
might impact the environment or the buildings of the cultural environment (heritage) – significantly,
or that have an impact on the infrastructure through their use or users. Larger institutions such as
hospitals, universities, major theatres and sports-stadiums would require a VVM-statement, whereas
e.g. homes for elderly people and schools would not.
The VVM statement will have to be written according to a standard format covering a number of
issues, such as area usage, materials, production processes, expected waste products and emissions,
new supply systems for electricity and heating, etc.
31
LBK Nr. 518 af 11/06/2000 concerning “VVM”
28
CSTB – La Calade
For new developments not covered by the VVM law requirement, the general specifications in regi-
onal, urban and local plans apply and in addition there are special requirements in overall supply plans
for heating and or gas services.
Further to the VMM requirement different cities and municipalities have their own requirements for
new developments.
4. Neighbourhood: The Danish urban regeneration experiment33

The Danish urban regeneration experiment is an experiment in citizen participation and integrated and
coordinated urban regeneration in selected urban areas. Twelve urban areas in Denmark are participa-
ting in an extensive urban regeneration experiment. The purpose is partly to improve the individual
residential areas as a whole and partly to provide models for urban policy in the future.
The main features of the urban regeneration experiment are as follows:
- The projects concern selected areas, and not individual residents or properties
- The projects are based on coordinated and integrated action
- The projects are aimed at increasing local participation
- The projects are part of a controlled process
Focus on resident participation

The projects are democratic in that they are based on local forces. In the projects the residents are
participating in working groups on the urban regeneration plans' themes, e.g. traffic, environment,
cultural life and employment.
Indicators in the Danish urban regeneration experiment

The project does not speak of indicators but of success criteria, but the meaning is the same. The
criteria are subdivided in two categories: process-oriented criteria and thematic criteria for the
individual projects. The criteria selected under each theme relate to the overall objectives of the
particular neighbourhood regeneration project.
Below are examples of the indicators (success criteria) used:
Theme Criteria to measure results Criteria to measure process
Average income
Number of persons with an income
Partnerships between the municipality
Citizen grouping above a threshold
and the housing associations
Pct. of people: receiving social security ,
owning their own home, employed
Number of persons participating
Number of participants at citizen
meetings and other similar arrangements
Number of attempts to activate persons
Participation Pct. of the people participating in larger that once have been active, but now are
cultural events passive
Pct. of participants in work- and project-
groups that are from another ethnical
background than Danish
Specific objectives with respect to the
Number of cultural unions / thematic
The physical environment actual building of specific buildings
groups involved in the development
fulfilled
33
See appendix upon Denmark
29
CSTB – La Calade
Number of new squares, of parked cars

(shows the degree of increased activity)
in the central area
Average speed on selected streets
Number of sustainable elements in new
or renovation building projects (i.e.
additional insulation, solar heating, etc.)
Pct. of houses using district heating
Energy use, Water use, Waste
production, CO2 emissions
Pct. of citizens who experience it move
safe to move in the traffic on foot / on
bicycle
Pct. of visitors at cultural arrangement Number of citizen who have been

coming from outside the neighbourhood trained as bridge-builders
Culture and integration Number of arrangements for ethnical The existence of a formalised
older people cooperation between the municipality
and the housing associations to deal with
Number of senior dwellings establish traumatized fugitives
Number of arrangements where the
young people are responsible
The existence of a network of children
Children and young people Number of arrangements where young
and young
and elderly meet over a common activity
Criminality index
Pct. of employed people; Number of
new jobs in the neighbourhood, of shops
Jobs and employment in the shopping centre
Pct. growth in the turnover of the central
shopping centre
Pct. of citizen moving away from the
area; Level of “feeling safe” Pct. of the citizens who know about the
Image and local identity Number of positive exposures of the regeneration project
area in regional and national media
Number of newsletter issued
5. The City / community scale

A number of Danish counties, cities and municipalities are developing sets of indicators for a sustain-
able development as part of the engagement in Agenda 21. There are many examples of the use of
environmental indicators in Denmark. In 1996 the Danish Environment Agency published a
guideline: Environment indicators – a short cut to environment improvements in the municipalities32.
6. Green accounts
In many Danish cities green accounts are worked out as a standard procedure and have been for
several years. Green accounts generally encompass standard environment indicators regarding, water
and energy use, waste and waste water outlets and calculated emissions. The development in this area
is very rapid thanks mainly to the Agenda21 offices established in most cities and municipalities.
As an example the City of Odense has chosen to work with a few environmental indicators (to be
found on their web-page):
• quality of drinking water
32
Miljoindikatorer- genvej til miljoforbedringer i kommunerne. Miljonyt nr. 20, 1996
30
CSTB – La Calade
• water use
• waste water outlet
• electricity use
• district heating energy use
• CO2-emissions
• green procurement arrangements for the city
There are very few examples of the introduction and use of indicators for sustainability. One of
these is in the county of Frederiksborg. The county published in year 2000 a proposal for indicators for
the county that should give a clue as to whether or not the county is moving in a sustainable direction.
The county has selected a set of 17 indicators out of more than 100 possible indicators. They are:
• water consumption per capita
• waste per capita
• electricity use per capita
• number of clean water streams in the open land
• personal transport – km per capita
• employment - percentage
• education level
• culture
• criminality
• work environment (number of work injuries)
• safety in the traffic (number of killed and injured in the traffic)
• mean life length – life expectancy
• alcohol
• sickness (number of people with long lasting sicknesses)
• smoking
• physical activity
• felt well-being
The county of Frederiksborg sees these indicators as the first step, more indicators might be accepted
at a later stage.
In the larger cities in Denmark (e.g. Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, Odense) there is focus on what is
called “holistic urban renewal”. In this process the planning process is cross-cutting on social, physical
and environmental developments for the selected areas and indicators are under development to
support the process selected under each theme related to the overall objectives of the particular
neighbourhood regeneration project.
7. Copenhagen
Copenhagen wants to be a sustainable city. The City Council has, based on that ambition, established a
Council for Sustainable Development. The Council will advise and inspire the municipality, so that it
can move forward in a sustainable direction. According to the Councils terms of reference, it has to
submit suggestions to the Copenhagen Municipality regarding:
• Targets for sustainable development
• How to promote citizen participation
• How to promote cross-sectorial collaboration
• How to popularise the principles of Agenda 21 in private enterprises, organisations and civil
movements
31
CSTB – La Calade
The Council has chosen to articulate long-term targets and visions for the environmental field, as its
first main assignment. The Council has chosen to focus on environment from a physical point of view,
and not give prominence to targets for social- and economic sustainability. The Councils long-
term visions are the starting point, whenever the Council comments on specific plans and suggestions,
for instance on waste or ground water.
The Council for Sustainable Development has described visions and targets within the following
themes: Global climate, Traffic in the cities, Soil, Drinking water, Waters, Chemical substances
and products, Provisions, Waste and finally Green spaces. In accordions with the terms of
reference, the Council has furthermore described its vision for promoting cross-sectorial
collaboration and citizen participation. Some of the indicators used are:
Waste:
• amount of household waste per DKK earned by the residents
• amount of waste from different sectors
• amount of household waste distributed by types of waste
• energy produced from waste incineration
Green street areas:
• number of newly-planted trees & number of trees taken down
Traffic:
• car traffic km/day in total
• car traffic on main streets and smaller streets (distribution)
• number of trips with public transportation per day
• cycling through the center and across the city boundary
• distribution by means of transportation (feet, cycles, public, cars)
• development in the number of people owning their own car
8. Synthesis
It appears that at a country level work has been going on in the Danish Environmental Agency for
more than a decade to identify sustainable indicator sets. Recently two sets have been identified: key
indicators (headline indicators) and a detailed set. This work has also been the basis for a proposed
set of sustainable indicators for the Nordic countries33 .
At a city and municipal level the focus has so far been on the establishment of green accounts,
mainly covering: energy use, water use, waste and emissions. Work is now underway in several
counties, cities and municipal administrations – linked with Agenda 21 activities to identify and
implement the use of sustainable indicators.
At the neighbourhood level the Danish Urban Regeneration Experiment has defined success criteria
which conceptually are identical to indicators. Much emphasis has been selecting simple measurable
indicators.
At a building level considerable efforts have been used to map the environmental aspects of building
materials and components – the so-called “cradle to death” – lifecycle impact analysis, including
embodied energy. Recently a proposal for an environmental assessment of buildings has been put
forward by the Danish Building Research Institute covering several indicators for sustainability.
The focus of the HQE²R on neighbourhoods is very appropriate in the Danish context, as it is
quite clear that there is a significant potential for making sustainable neighbourhood regeneration more
concrete and manageable by applying the indicators and tools developed within the HQE²R project.
33
Baeredygtig udvikling - En ny kurs for Norden. Forslag til et nordisk Indikatorsaet. Opfolgningsgruppen for
stategien for baereddygtig udvikling i Norden. April 2002.
32
CSTB – La Calade
C. Italy
1. Introduction
Italian Indicators at the different levels
(built environment, neighbourhood, city) defined by different organisms (State, Regions and Cities)
National Regional Local (City)
for buildings: singular

indicators coming from
BUILDING/BUILT ELEMENTS sectorial Italian laws (energy NTR – Normativa tecnica BRICK (Building Innovation
savings, water quality, etc.) regionale (Regional Technical Regulation Captured on the
New development Keyboard) by Bologna City
for great works (roads, plants, Regulation) by Emilia
Existing stock airport, etc.): V.I.A. Romagna Region Council
(Environmental Impacts
Assessment)
VALSIA - by Bologna City
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Council
Legambiente
Censis Regione Toscana
Local Agenda 21 by different
CITY Anpa Regione Sicilia
cities
Enea Regione Emilia-Romagna
Local Agenda 21 Coord.
Actions for comparing and developing indicators at the national level are currently being undertaken
by ENEA and the co-ordinator of local Agenda 21, as well as by ANPA.
• Taking account of the international and Italian experience cited above, in the context of the
National Energy and Environment Conference in 1998 ENEA proposed launching a project of
national significance to propose indicators which would also be checked through a direct
comparison with Italian cities. The results have not yet been published.
• The Italian co-ordinator for local Agenda 21s, created in April 1999 on the initiative of about
50 local authorities, has set up a work group on indicators with the aim of exchanging local
experience and communicating directly with the national and European agencies that are
developing systems of indicators.
• Through ANPA (National Agency for Protection of the Environment - Agenzia Nazionale per
la Protezione dell’Ambiente) the Ministry of the Environment has established Strategic
Guidelines for Environmental Assessment for works financed with 2000-2006 structural
funds. The guidelines indicate a set of standard indicators for assessment
As shown in table 1 there are also some Regions working on the establishment of a set of
characteristic indicators, while others (e.g. Sicily and Tuscany) have already produced their own data
sets within their own reports on the State of the Environment. Others are developing appropriate data
sets for inclusion in local technical regulations. For example Emilia Romagna Region has reviewed its
Regional Technical Regulations (the regulation model for the municipality of the Region) and in
particular standard building regulations, inserting voluntary indicators of local sustainability.
Some cities, Provinces or Regions have developed their own selection of indicators, in part following
the international models and adjusting them to the specific local context.
The environmental association Legambiente has been publishing “Ecosistema Urbano” since 1994 in
collaboration with Ambiente Italia. This report appears annually and is based on 45 indicators
33
CSTB – La Calade
(referring to the status of the environment, the pressure exerted on it and the responses implemented)
for the 103 municipalities that are also Provincial capitals.
Local experience and that of “Ecosistema Urbano” provide important information for checks and
assessments regarding the availability of data and any difficulties there may be in applying systems of
indicators in local conditions in Italy.
The examples given below are considered those most representative of the debate in progress in Italy.
2. The building scale at Bologna: BRICK: a sustainable approach to building regulations36

The experience of ValSIA (see following paragraph) led to a proposal for building regulations with
specific content about sustainability, named BRICK which is a preliminary review of sustainable
planning solutions in order to introduce it into the municipal building code.
From the examination of the building regulation in force and from the documentation relating to
development plans and building renovation, it was chosen to review into three fundamental areas:
- Health
- Comfort
- Environmental impact
For each area the measures and solutions are articulated in order to establish the sustainable building
regulations for the City of Bologna.
A pilot phase of application of Brick requirements to urban rehabilitation has started interventions
(Interventi di recupero e riqualificazione urbana): 44 development plans for the renovation of city
areas are the result of agreements among private investors and the public administration. This
application has two main objectives:
• Experiment extensively on design elements in order to raise environmental quality and energy
efficiency for future integration in the city building code;
• Recommend the use of Brick to all building interventions in the city, by integrating it in the city
master plan.
The application of Brick requirements 37was limited in order to avoid excessive increases of building
costs which would put new building beyond the current market. A maximum extra cost of 10% on
overall cost was then fixed for experimental requirements.. Investors had thus the possibility to choose
the requirements to be applied in their projects in agreement with the technicians of the Environmental
Bureau and on the basis of a preliminary environmental compatibility study to be produced with the
project proposal.
Optional requirements (three of them had to be chosen) were:
1. Storage of rain-water for use in .
2. Green roofs.
3. Reduction of fossil fuel consumption (renewable energy).
4. Greenhouses and sun spaces.
36
Comune di Bologna - Unità Ambiente e SOFTECH Energia Tecnologia Ambiente, Progetto BRICK – Edilizia
sostenibile per il Comune di Bologna, 1998; http://www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/unamb/valsia/brick.htm
37
See appendix Italy-BRICK
34
CSTB – La Calade
5. Reduction of indoor electromagnetic fields

6. Natural illumination.
7. Forced ventilation of living spaces.
Some of the main and concrete results of Brick application are listed below:
1 Introduction of new architectural elements (greenhouses and sun spaces, solar shading devices
for summer periods, green roofs).
2 Introduction of new technologies (systemic introduction of centralised heating, systems with
condensing boilers or connections to the urban district heating system; heat pumps, mechanical
ventilation systems integrated with natural ventilation, return water storage tanks).
3 The use of new work instruments in the education of planners and experts of the Municipality
(shading systems, control instruments for passive solar systems performance in summer and
winter, control instruments for assessing the quality of natural illumination in planning phase.
4 New ideas for updating of the regulation in force (greenhouses not to be counted as usable space
by the planning system aims; criteria for rainwater reuse as waste water; building materials
certification) 38.
5 New themes for the site analysis compared to “traditional” themes of environmental impact
studies (electromagnetic fields, climate and microclimate, gas Radon emissions from the ground).
2. The neighbourhood scale at Bologna: ValSIA39 (environmental themes)
ValSIA is an acronym which stands for "Environmental Impact Studies Assessment of public and
private works and plans in the Municipality of Bologna”.
It is a voluntary procedure to apply EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) and it is determined
locally. ValSIA is required not only for large public and private development projects (according to
the national law), but also for public and private strategic and development planning at a
neighbourhood level.
The environmental impact studies are articulated in nine themes:

- air,
- water,
- soil and sub-soil,
- nature and ecosystems,
- landscape,
- social-economic context,
- noise,
- electromagnetic emissions,
- energy.
Since 1994, all the urban planning projects are subject to ValSIA procedure: 1.131.000 built square
meters of surface, 464.000 square meters of parking and 1.165.000 square meters of green.
38
At the present greenhouses are counted as usable space and Local Health Units prohibit reuse of rainwater.
39
Comune di Bologna - Unità Ambiente, Procedura di VALSIA ("VALutazione degli Studi di Impatto
Ambientale per i piani e le opere pubbliche e private"), Gennaio 1994;
http://www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/unamb/valsia/valsia-cont.htm
35
CSTB – La Calade
40
The procedure is described in a guideline that offers methodology grids and indicators oriented
towards a more sustainable urban growth.
The handbook provides a list of subjects that should be considered in the evaluation of possible
impacts, but does not indicate a rating system.
The use VALSIA is quite complex requiring a lot of basic information; the parameters requested for
each subject of the analysis are not clearly defined; except for some energy saving procedures derived
from national laws, there is a lack of reference standards.
4. The city/community scale
4.1 Legambiente – Urban Ecosystem 41

Ecosistema Urbano, first established in 1994, was the first attempt anywhere in the world to organise
environmental data for cities to provide an assessment and benchmarking for environmental
performance.
Provided one does not overemphasise the mere position in the classification, the Ecosistema Urbano
indicators make it possible to understand the way in which environmental management is changing in
Italy, where the load factors on the environment are, what are the points of crisis of the ecological
quality of the cities.
Ecosistema Urbano is based on an extensive collection of data on 45 environmental parameters,
through questionnaires and interviews with municipalities and from other public sources of statistics.
18 indicators 42 are selected and developed on the basis of the data collected.
The Ecosistema Urbano scale is constructed by standardising the absolute values of each indicator on
a scale of 0 – 100, based on maximum and minimum thresholds. The values thus standardised are then
weighted. The sum of the points obtained is divided by the maximum score theoretically assignable to
each municipality on the basis of the indicators available. Municipalities for which at least 67% of the
theoretical score for the indicators are taken into account are not assessed.
The indicators can be related to 3 macro classes:
- pressure indicators to evaluate the weight of human activities on environment
- state indicators measuring the quality of physical environment
- reply indicators to estimate the efficiency of environmental policies
Information and data are gathered both with questionnaires and direct interviews and with statistical
data on more than 40 parameters.
4.2 Tuscany region indicators43

The Fifth Report on the State of the Environment in Tuscany presented an initial set of environmental
analysis data and indicators that have been reprocessed to create a Regional Environmental
Knowledge Base. One of the objectives is to present a large volume of data in concise and usable
40
see appendix Italy-VALSIA
41
LEGAMBIENTE e Istituto di ricerche Ambiente italia, Ecosistema urbano 2001 di Legambiente– Ottavo
Rapporto sulla Qualità Ambientale dei Comuni Capoluogo, 2001;
http://www.legambientedoc.it/centro/documenti/2001/ecourb2001.htm
42
see appendix Italy-LEGAMBIENTE
43
Regione Toscana - Settore Ambiente, Aggiornamento dei dati e degli indicatori del V° Rapporto sullo Sato
dell’Ambiente in Toscana, 2001; http://www.rete.toscana.it/
36
CSTB – La Calade
form, since the Tuscany Region believes that knowledge of the territory and the environment is
derived not only from direct experience, but also from acquisition of a set of elements and evaluations
based on the data.
In the knowledge that environmental data and indicators are subject to continuous processing by
international, European and national bodies and that the complex objective of definition of
“sustainable development” passes through a stage of “environmental accounting” that develops
classifications, instruments for forecasting, monitoring and control through a generalised shared
methodology, Tuscany Region is making an initial attempt at systematising environmental information
at the Regional level on the basis of the data currently available.
They start from the concept that the knowledge base must permit preparation of data and indicators
that can be understood immediately and have a high information content, this being an essential
precondition for collective participation in the success of environmental policies.
The work of systemisation of environmental indicators44 – which can also be seen on the Internet at
the web address: www.rete.toscana.it/index.htm – therefore has more the aim of promoting an
approach and an analytical path or interpretation than of presenting the final result of application of a
methodology. This requires further work to verify its requirements and to integrate the information.
The data and indicators thus far examined have been divided by Topical Area and, on the basis of their
origin, refer to the DPSIR Subjects those which, often in quite independent ways, cause most of the
pressures on the environment;
"Pressure” exerted on the environment; "Status of" or "Impact on" a specific environmental
component; "Response" provided by environmental protection policies. Each piece of data has been
referred to a specific “domain” (competent organisation) which has and does update and interpret the
graphics and/or tables provided on its own page, indicating the source of the data utilised.
Furthermore, to encourage a reading of the indicators articulated by environmental topics, a territorial

reconstruction of the phenomena has been introduced - especially as regards pressure – following
profiles which are significant in relation to the topics. For example, the pressure exerted by the
“anthropic presence” in the territory is represented as follows.
For the Topic Urban Environment: density of human settlements; division of the population between
capital and non-capital municipalities; focusing on urbanisation phenomena;
For the Topic Land Deterioration: variation of the resident population by altitude.
In this way, measurements of the incidence of general pressure factors (population or buildings)
become more specific in the ambit of a specific problem, as well as becoming more easily connected
to measurements of status.
44
see appendix Italy-Tuscany
37
CSTB – La Calade
D. Germany
1. Introduction
Indicators or sets of indicators aiming to measure urban sustainable development have been developed
for all spatial levels. But the emphasis is lying in the city level and in the building level. Only very few
sets of sustainable indicators have been developed especially for the neighbourhood level. The
development of sustainable indicators at national level has also been brought forward in recent years.
Meanwhile exist first proposals of the National Sustainable Council concerning the topics: justice
between the generations, quality of life, social cohesion, international responsibility and management
rules for sustainability. The national ministry of the environment and also the Federal Environmental
Agency put forward sets of indicators referring to the ecological sector (“environmental barometer”
resp. “basis for a national system of indicators”). Additionally the Federal Environmental Agency is
working on the development of a system of indicators in order to measure the material flows at
national level originating from the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings.
The best documented systems of indicators have been developed by national or local authorities or
research institutions. The widely existing lack of systems of indicators designed exclusively for the
neighbourhood level is likely to result from the lack of self-government at the neighbourhood level.
The administration at district level existing in some large German cities do not have their own budget.
Therefore on the neighbourhood level there are no institutions having a specific interest in indicators
exclusively worked out for the neighbourhood level and also providing the financial and
organisational capacities.
The systems of indicators described below were selected by their relevance for the discussion of the
methodology of the process of sustainable development in Germany. The main criterion for the
decision to choose the following examples was the number of mentions in literature. Due to the fact
mentioned above that local initiatives usually do not have the possibilities to disseminate their results
on a large scale the examples chosen only reflect those processes initiated by establishes institutions.
2. Building / Built Elements

For the use of criteria for sustainability assessment of buildings in Germany to examples are
presented: The public “Guideline for sustainable Building” for new buildings (and building
maintenance) and the private “ImmoPass” as a scheme for existing buildings and building
rehabilitation)
2.1 New Development

“Guideline for Sustainable Building”
The “Guideline for Sustainable Building” (published by the German Ministry of Traffic, Building and
Housing; BMVBW) is intended to be a management tool for federal public (office-) buildings and
contains among others a planning-checklist and a “building passport”. “Building-passport” here
denotes a documentation scheme that encompasses important information and data about the building
as well as the underlying documents.
Scope of the guideline (and the checklist and passport) is a notion of sustainability, that has the
minimisation of energy- and resource-consumption in its core. Examined are all phases of the life-
cycle of buildings - from their planning and construction through their use, renovation and to their
eventual demolition. It also aims to minimise any possible damage to the natural environment.
Thereby the guideline emphasises, that the early implementation of sustainable planning measures can
considerably improve the overall economic efficiency of buildings (costs of construction, operation,
use, environment, health as well as non-monetary values).
38
CSTB – La Calade
Issues / criteria
General issues of the guideline are
- Lowering the energy demand and the consumption of operating materials
- Utilisation of reusable or recyclable building products and materials
- Extension of the lifetime of products and buildings
- Risk-free return of materials to the natural cycle
- Comprehensive protection of natural areas and use of all possibilities for land-saving construction
For the detailed list of criteria/indicators see appendix D1
2.2 Existing Buildings

ImmoPass Criteria/Indicators
The building-passport scheme "ImmoPass" was developed on initiative of the German
HypoVereinsbank (Munich), one of the largest German real estate financing institutions. “ImmoPass”
is a checklist, documentation-structure and building assessment tool edited and supplied by DEKRA
Umwelt GmbH (Stuttgart) for residential buildings. The development took place in co-operation with
the consultancy and planning agency Intep (Munich). DEKRA is a group of enterprises offering
technical inspection, assessment, consultancy, and certification in different fields of engineering
(“DEKRA Umwelt” is the environmental branch of DEKRA).
ImmoPass is provided for new building-projects and building rehabilitation projects. It follows the
guiding principle of sustainable development and in fact is one of the most interesting operating
building assessment tools in Germany. It strives for a holistic approach, taking into account quality of
planning and workmanship as well as environmental and health issues. All topics and criteria are
mandatory for certification. Certification comprehends planning-check, controlling of the
construction-process, inspection and acceptance procedures and testing for harmful substances. The
assessment follows a credit scheme with a required minimum of credits per topic of certification. The
results are (among other) displayed in a rose chart integrating the percentages of credits gained for all
fields of certification (related to the required minimum as 100%). The main topics of assessment and
certification are:
- Building
- Non-built space / surrounding environment
- Sound habitation
- Environment
- Domestic technique
- [Workmanship: monitoring of the construction process;
this topic is quality assurance, not certification]
For the criteria and indicators of the “building rehabilitation-scheme” – see appendix D2.
3. Neighbourhood
Indicators for a sustainable development in North Rhine-Westphalia (Indikatoren für eine
nachhaltige Entwicklung in NRW)
Ministry of urban development and housing, culture and sports and ministry of economics, energy and
traffic of the Federal State North Rhine-Westphalia (Ministerium für Städtebau und Wohnen, Kultur
und Sport und Ministerium für Wirtschaft und Mittelstand, Energie und Verkehr des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen), energy agency North Rhine-Westphalia (Energieagentur NRW)
A circle consisting of the concerned ministries, municipalities, county administrations and external
experts from diver institutions developed a set of basic indicators. The main intention of the indicators
elaborated is to promote communication and sensibility towards urban sustainable development.
39
CSTB – La Calade
The indicators concentrate on the topics construction and energy in order to minimise the input
necessary to elaborate the indicators. The intention is to provide the communities and municipalities in
North Rhine-Westphalia with a set of indicators allowing them to use these indicators as an instrument
to facilitate their local decisions and to complete the set of indicators by local needs. Important for the
compilation of the indicators was the comprehensibility and the reduction to the main topics.
The range of indicators concentrates on four main categories: energy, social city, urban development
and resources, material flow. They are divided in general indicators, municipal real estate and
supplementary indicators, all together 28 indicators.
For the indicators see appendix D3
Social oriented urban development - districts with special development needs (Sozialorientierte
Stadtentwicklung – Stadtteile mit besonderem Entwicklungsbedarf)
Department of urban development Berlin (Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Berlin)
In Berlin 15 neighbourhoods were selected in the context of the programme “social cities” financed by
the national housing department in order to stabilise and enhance the neighbourhoods concerned. The
aim of the programme is to initiate a sustainable development process in the neighbourhood by
establishing an integrated development of the neighbourhood on the local level as an instrument of
social urban development. The objective is to set free synergetic effects and additional resources in the
neighbourhoods selected by an efficient use of subsidies, programmes and projects. The emphasis of
the programme is laying mainly on social aspects. In each neighbourhood a special team is dealing
with the implementation of the programme.
The indicators used to select the 15 neighbourhoods are all quantitative indicators and do all focus on
social aspects. They belong to the following four categories:
• indicators for urban monitoring
• stability and dynamic of the resident population
• selective migration
• social data
The first interim report about the programme and the progress within the 15 neighbourhoods in Berlin
suggests four additional indicators:
• social structure of inhabitants
• people living there less than 5 years and exchange of population
• unemployment
• spending power
In contrast to the idea of sustainable development to combine economic, ecological and social aspects
the programme does only focus on the social aspects. The indicators are not meant to measure
sustainable development in all its aspects.
4. City / Community
Guideline - Indicators for sustainable development in the context of the Local Agenda 21 (Leitfaden
- Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren im Rahmen der lokalen Agenda 21)
Hessian ministry of the environment, agriculture and forests and corresponding ministries in Baden-
Wuerttemberg, Bavaria and Thuringia.
In the context of a joint project of the federal states of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Thuringia, Bavaria and
Hesse a set of indicators for the local and regional level was elaborated divided in the four categories
ecology, economy, society / social aspects and participation. On the basis of already existing national
and international indicators the set of indicators was worked out and discussed with representatives
from local and county authorities, interested other federal states and further experts. Finally 24 issues
were selected and underpinned by a core indicator and three additional indicators each. After half a
40
CSTB – La Calade
year of testing the core indicators in twelve communities and four counties a guideline was developed
to help the communities and counties with there efforts to promote the process of the Local Agenda
21. A part of the final set is applied for example within the Bremen LA 21 process.
Cities of the Future (Staedte der Zukunft)

Federal Agency for Construction and Regional Planning (Bundesamt für Bauwesen und
Raumordnung)
Since 1996 the research area “cities of the future” is part of the research programme “experimental
housing construction and urban development” (ExWoSt). It is supported by the Federal Ministry of
Transport, Building and Housing, looked after by the Federal Agency for Building and Regional
Planning.
The intention of the research area was to test the implementation of sustainable development and to
elaborate and to evaluate standards for the progress in the process of sustainable development. The
indicators developed first tried to measure the success in the two topics:
• socially responsible supply of housing
• business development to safeguard the locations of enterprises
Later on the scheme was extended by three additional topics:

• sustainable land use
• precautionary environmental protection
• city-compatible mobility management
The orientation values for the model cities represent quantitative objectives for the evaluation of
success. Within the programme "cities of the future" the 24 indicators selected serve as a checklist for
the evaluation of the achievement of objectives in the four model cities.
Sustainable community (zukunftsfähige Kommune)

German aid for the environment (Deutsche Umwelthilfe)
The German aid for the environment together with the Ecolog-Institut Hannover, the GP-research
group Munich and the Agenda-Transfer-Project Bonn started a competition and an accompanying
campaign “sustainable community”. Twenty communities of 400 answering the request were selected
for the pilot studies. A team consisting of the Federal Environmental Agency, the Federal Agency for
Construction and Regional Planning, several association of communities and diverse other institutions
accompanied the working process. While filtering a large range of indicators the difficulty was to
ensure the compatibility between large and small communities, the significance towards local issues,
their relevance for the process of sustainable development and the availability of data.
Finally all partners involved agreed on a set of 38 indicators divided in four main categories: well-
being, social equity, quality of environment / efficiency of resources, economic efficiency. This list of
indicators was supplemented by 14 optional indicators concerning local objectives. For these
indicators however hardly any data exist so far.
The qualitative criteria for the process of a local Agenda 21 as well elaborated during the yearlong
process represent a stimulus for municipalities, local organisations, associations and environmental
groups in order to get in contact again, to improve daily work and to create a common basis for
evaluating their activities. In fall 2001 started this process with conferences in several cities followed
by regional meetings aiming to discuss the questions of the municipalities and support them at their
work to collect the data.
41
CSTB – La Calade
5. Synthesis (German discussion)

In all the examples selected the system of indicators was worked out by expect approach. In literature
occur only few examples for processes setting up indicators for sustainable development originated by
small local groups. The objectives for the elaboration of indicators are on one hand the sensitisation of
both decision makers and members of local groups already active in the process of Agenda 21 towards
sustainability and on the other hand to provide municipalities with a tool to use in daily work
supporting them in decision processes toward sustainability. Some of the processes focus on
sensitisation of the persons and institutions involved other aim mainly to implement the set of
indicators selected as a clear guideline for decisions made by the municipalities.
The implementation of sustainable indicators is still at the stage of experimentation. The use in
practice is limited to approve them in pilot projects only. This may explain why time series or the view
at trends are not subject of the indicators selected.
The systems of indicators are addressed to policymakers, decision makers and members of local
groups and not directly to the inhabitants themselves. Due to the expert approach used in the processes
of developing the indicators the use the top-down methodology is just consequential. This proceeding
hardly provides possibilities for the participation of average inhabitants and is lacking of co-operation
with peoples not already involved or engaged in political processes.
The great majority of the indicators selected are state indicators. Some systems of indicators
additionally use a small number of response indicators - especially the set of indicators for a
sustainable development worked out in North Rhine-Westphalia. The only set of indicators equally
utilising pressure indicators (besides state indicators) was worked out in Berlin for the programme of
“social oriented urban development”. The intention in this programme was to select neighbourhoods in
a process of devaluation as a first step and not measuring the process of sustainable development
itself. This set of indicators is therefore not sufficient measuring the process of sustainable
development. But the method applied is suitable to discover negative social developments in
neighbourhoods. All the other systems of indicators are lacking of an orientation towards
precautionary elements.
Nearly exclusively simple indicators are used measuring the state of a simple topic. Very rarely
assembled indicators were selected. Systemic indicators do not occur at all.
Sectoral indicators for the social, economic and ecological sector are in common use since long time.
In contrast to these sectoral indicators the development and implementation of interlinking indicators
is still at the beginning. Whereas a range of indicators expresses the combination of economic aspects
with social or ecological aspects the compatibility of social and ecological aspects seems to be quite
difficult. The indicators mainly used concern social or ecological aspects. In some of the examples a
forth dimension is added e.g. called participation or well-being. Although the classification is often
non-specific economic matters obviously seem to be rarely measured. In the most sets of indicators the
three aspects of sustainable development are not equally represented. Especially the ecological
dimension is accentuated in comparison to the others.
Some sets of indicators consist of a very large range of indicators (up to 55 indicators) making
difficult the implementation of the whole set of indicators within an acceptable dimension of
expenditure of human labour. Although the indicators themselves are clear and comprehensible a large
set of indicators is not likely to be universally comprehensible and easily to communicate. The
composition of the sets of indicators is widely comprehensible. As the systems portrayed above only
consist in quantitative indicators the results are reproducible.
42
CSTB – La Calade
The different sets of indicators however can only partly be compared with each other due to
differences in structure (three or more main categories), size and differences between the indicators
selected. The use of quantitative indicators without local peculiarities allows the comparison between
spatial units of the same level category. The comparison between spatial units of different levels
categories is restricted by the availability of data at neighbourhood level resp. at city level.
Apart from one set of indicators none of the sets of indicators at neighbourhood or city level set
priorities within the range of indicators corresponding to their significance for sustainable
development. But it is common to set priorities according to the availability of data in order to
economise on the expenditure of human labour by selecting first of all indicators measuring data easily
available. Nevertheless the overview shows that a need for the work with indicators towards
sustainable development in Germany is widely recognized and the schemes under discussion provide a
wide foundation for the discussion of shared indicators within the European approach of HQE²R.
E. Catalonia / Spain
Usually the indicators concerning buildings (new ones and existing ones) are used or integrated in the
regional regulation laws (Decret 2002), in the municipal ordinances (Municipal Ordinance for
environmental aspects) or the technical conditions established for some public institutions for public
projects (Diputació de Barcelona, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ajuntament de Barcelona) In addition, we
can find some indicators integrated in some assessment tools, for example in the Maintenance Test
developed by the technical architects institution.
For urban aspects, we can find more elaborate systems, but maybe they do not already cover all the
factors of sustainability. The best known is the assessment method elaborated by Diputació de
Barcelona, which has become an important reference in the European ‘local’ world.
1. Building / built elements
1.1 New Development

A. HOUSING / CATALAN HOUSING PLAN / 2002
This new law, which will be approved this year, establishes in its article 24, called ‘ Specific programs
for sustainable construction’, some indicators which allow the technical evaluation of sustainable
aspects (in fact, only environmental aspects) in order to determine if the construction of a building can
receive or obtain public economic aid.
a. Situation / Orientation
- 80 % of housing units (dining-room) to receive one hour of direct sun between 10 and 14 hours in
the winter solstice.
- All the windows oriented west (+-30 degrees) will have solar protection.
b. Water Management
- The new building will have a specific network for the rain water.
- WC and other elements from bathroom (showers, baths,…) and kitchen of every housing unit will
use taps with saving mechanisms.
c. Energy consumption
- To have a hot water system production that uses partially renewable energy systems 47
- Inside housing it is necessary to provide spaces for the selective management of wastes.
47
In Barcelona the municipal environmental ordinance says that 60 % of the need in hot water must be supplied by reneweal
energy systems
43
CSTB – La Calade
At least the selection will be: organic wastes, packages and paper.
d. Thermal comfort
- To have a cross-ventilation system (natural or artificial).
- Reduction of Tr (thermical coefficient) of every housing unit of 20 % compared with the Tr
established in NRE- AT-87 (the present regulation about thermal isolation of buildings).
e. Comfort
- To have a domotic installation in the housing unit, formed by a tube of 20 mm of diameter of
section that covers the water system, the heating system, the electrical network and other aspects
concerning telecommunications.
f. Use of materials / Minimization of waste
- To design the construction elements incorporating demolition criteria (light-dry construction,
mechanical unions,…)
B. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND OTHER BUILT ELEMENTS / ENVIRONMENTAL LINES FOR THE
DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS/ GISA / CATALAN GOVERNMENT
GISA (Management of infrastructure) is a public enterprise, depending on the regional government,
that it is in charge of the management of new infrastructure. It manages the construction of new
buildings and other kind of public infrastructure (roads, bridges,…) from the initial public competition
to the construction of the selected projects.
In 2001 it has developed a basic framework of environmental points to be integrated in its projects.
They are not concrete indicators, but explain more or less the way of understanding the matter.
The main points are the following ones:
a. Flora and Fauna
This is an important point, focussed more on infrastructure than buildings (minimising the destruction
of green surfaces, preventing the pollution of subterranean waters, integration of fauna in the context
of new built elements, studying the increase in the presence of humans, use of self regenerating
species,…).
b. Water
(considering the impact on existing water flows and rivers, hydrologic changes, optimisation of the
use of water,…).
c. Soil
(Protection of soil against erosion, minimisation of occupation of coastal areas, minimisation of the
sealed areas,…)
d. Air and atmosphere
(cross-ventilation, prevention from of light contamination,…)
e. Materials
(use of construction solutions that favourise maintenance, assessment of the waste generated, use of
materials from the region, longevity of materials,…)
f. Energy
(use of efficient air conditioning equipment, optimisation of consumption, use of renewal energies, …)
g. Population
(accessibility, evaluation of natural risks, improvement of access for bicycles and pedestrians,…)
44
CSTB – La Calade
C. HOUSING / ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS / PATRONAT MUNICIPAL HABITATGE /

BARCELONA TOWN COUNCIL
The Patronat Municipal is a public institution of the Barcelona town Council which is in charge of
promoting public housing. It has developed some years ago a short list of environmental aspects to be
considered in its projects.
a. Waste
- Selective management of urban wastes.
- Integrated ‘containers’ (elements of waste collection) in the building.
b. Materials
- Use of materials that can be recycled in the future.
- Use of ecological paint.
c. Energy
- Use of bricks of low thermal conductivity for exterior walls.
- Double-glazed windows.
- Solar panels for heating and hot water.
- Hot water system for biothermal use.
- Lifts of low energy consumption.
- Occupancy detection for light control
d. Water
Management of water consumption.
Low consumption wc and other sanitary elements.
e. Air
Cross ventilation
In addition, it considers the development of a domotic installation for controlling the electrical system.
1.2 Existing stock

TEST MANTENIMENT
‘Test de Manteniment’ is a maintenance tool that deals with indicators for existing buildings
considering environmental aspects. This tool is commonly used by architects and engineers as an
assessment tool for existing residential buildings within construction, maintenance, structural and
environmental fields. The tool is developed by CAATB’s Environmental Service.
The assessment has a pre-diagnosis level and focuses on renovation needs, maintenance and
environmental improvements. Among other purposes, one can make use of the tool as an
environmental checklist.
Environmental related issues are divided in three different criteria.
a. User’s health
In this section are analysed and detected the potentially dangerous materials and ‘structural’ conditions
for the health of the users of the building.
- The locating of asbestos in its different forms.
- Presence of lead in plumbing or painting
- Presence of PCBs in electric transformers
- Use of treated wood
- Presence of formaldehyde
- Use of radioactive materials
- Existence of bacteria and mould.
- Respiratory discomfort due to incorrect ventilation
- Discomfort due to interior or exterior noise.
45
CSTB – La Calade
b. Energy efficiency
The energy behaviour of the building turns out to be fundamental for its environmental equilibrium.
- The suitability of the thermal insulation of the skin of the building
- (measured in agreement with the norms in force and with parameters of efficiency).
- The passive use of the sun and/or protection from solar radiation
- Natural lighting.
- The renewable use of energies including solar, photovoltaic or wind power.
c. Water consumption
Due to the growing importance of saving water:
- the utilisation of consumption-reduction systems in the sanitary elements
- use of rain water.
d. Efficiency of installations
The different types of energy used in the building and its consumption area very important factors in
analysing the efficiency of installations. In this same sense, the use of lamps and household appliances
of low consumption, the insulation of the pipes of the installations, the system of heating and cooling
utilised, the use of elevators of low consumption and noise and other aspects of installations which
give good knowledge about their performance and possibilities of improvement.
e. High environmental impact materials

Also one must keep in mind the presence of materials in the building with high environmental impact.
- contaminated soils
- material with chlorine components
- materials with CFCs and HCFCs
- presence of Halones, PBCs
- presence of asbestos and mercury
- other components that require some special consideration in the life of the building or when
these materials become waste.
The assessment has a pre-diagnosis level. The building is described in six different elements, each
with its own worksheet. Those elements are structure, façades, roof, building services, common
elements and private elements.
2. Neighbourhood
El Fòrum cívic de Barcelona sostenible (FCBS)51
• Objectives
The main objective of this initiative was to obtain a simple, comprehensible and integrative battery of
indicators which would move to action based on sustainable and global approaches to reflect in their
maximum width the movement of the city towards sustainability in environmental, economic and
social contexts.
• Description
This is an initiative of citizen participation established in May 1995 at the heart of the Association
Federation of Neighbours of Barcelona, when the social necessity of obtaining a sustainable city in
economic, social and environmental aspects was faced. For this reason, the selection and development
of a system of indicators was planned in order to reflect in its maximum width the movement towards
51
Web site : www.cic.vtt.fi/eco/crisp , http://www.globaldrome.org/FCBS/ and indicators in appendix about
Spain
46
CSTB – La Calade
sustainability of the city of Barcelona. The fundamental principles which constitute the basis for the
development of indicators are:
- Resources should be used in an efficient way, without restricting the rhythm of
renovation: 11 indicators were proposed.
- The functioning of the city must not put the health of people in danger, or overreach the
capacity of the environment: 7 indicators.
- Bio-diversity must be valued and protected: 3 indicators.
- The economy should be diversified and dependency on the exterior reduced: 2
indicators.
- Everyone should have access to basic comfort, housing, health, education and security
services: 16 indicators.
- The city should preserve the mixture of functions, supporting local neighbourhood life to
protect the environment: 13 indicators.
- The equality between the lifestyle of women and men should be increased: 3 indicators.
- Everyone should have access to paid jobs, with stable salary and employment: 2
indicators were proposed.
- Social work and leisure time should be distributed in an equal way between women and
men: 2 indicators.
- The establishment of at global alliance with other cities and towns, to preserve common
natural systems of Earth and to eliminate poverty: 6 indicators.
• Description of performance
The novelty of the experience and the character of political independence of the exercise attracted a
number of interested groups or people and the first battery of indicators was published in January
1997 (Barceloneta Civic Centre) when more than a hundred people attended.
To carry out the selection of indicators, ten working groups were formed for determining the choice
of indicators and the methodology for their measurement (sources, justification, measures, evolution,
etc.) starting from the fundamental principles agreed.
• Results obtained
In October 1997 the Forum was legalised as an Association with the purposes of continuing in
operation and of diffusing the system of indicators. As a preparatory event for the exhibition of the
Sustainable City at the Centre of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona, three debates were organised
about Sustainability, Participation and Regional Planning, financed by the Delegation of Barcelona.
At present, the aspiration of the Sustainable Civic Forum of Barcelona is to become a permanent body
observing of the sustainability of the city; it will generate approaches and actions together with other
initiatives and associations to ensure that the pattern of current development respect the environment,
people and future generations.
The activities carried out and the results obtained from this initiative have been:
- Development of a battery of 65 indicators to describe the sustainability of the city.
- Exhibition and dissemination of the indicators in different ways and at different times.
- Representation as a Forum in the Catalan Commission for Local Agenda 21 and in the
Environmental Cabinet of Sustainability of the City council of Barcelona.
- Signature of an agreement with the Delegation of Barcelona to generate the methodology for
the Net of Cities and Towns for the Sustainability of Catalonia.
The sustainability of the Forum, up to now, has been based on voluntary work, the good procedures of
its members and on modest economic and logistical contributions, from public administrations
(Delegation of Barcelona) and from non-governmental organisations (CAPS). At present, to carry out
the task of developing the indicators, it is hoped to create a small structure that will take care of the
work and house the organisation, including the realisation of services, courses, the search for sponsors,
publications, etc., and financed by means of public and private grants, partners' contributions, and
commercialisation of information generated and of the services carried out.
47
CSTB – La Calade
• Exchange of experience
What was most important in this experience, was the reality of combined work and of the way people
coming from diverse social and cultural backgrounds have integrated in a completely disinterested and
voluntary manner.
3. City/community
3.1 “Xarxa de Ciutats” (Catalan Network of Cities and Towns seeking Sustainability)49
The Network of cities and towns seeking sustainability has a current membership of 160 local bodies
and boroughs in Catalonia. The Association’s supreme representative body is its Assembly. At
its first meeting, the Technical Secretariat was commissioned to initiate a consultation process aimed
at defining a system of local sustainability indicators with a view to proposing it as a tool for
systematic application and calculation in Catalonia boroughs.
The project has been making steady progress over the last two years. Early in 2000, they showed a
system of indicators and its application and calculation in 11 representative boroughs in the province
of Barcelona (Pilot project) at the European Sustainable Cities Conference in Hanover.
An initial selection of 50 indicators matching their needs was discussed by 4 working groups and a
final selection of 30 of these indicators was adopted.
The project has benefited from the participation of a small multidisciplinary group of experts,
consisting of university professors, together with representatives of professional associations, local
government and non-governmental organisations also working in this area, and a specialist
consultancy.
This Network aims to create a municipal platform from which resources and efforts of the
municipalities can be brought together to obtain common objectives for sustainability and where the
city councils can find an adequate framework of debate and exchanges of experience.
• Objectives
− To improve the development of Local Agendas 21 in the municipalities which are
members
− To constitute an instrument of co-operation and exchange of experiences in the field of
sustainable development.
− To promote the participation of all the sectors and social agents of the municipalities in
the process of sustainable development.
− To reinforce combined action with the European Sustainable Cities & Towns Campaign
and to make contact with other networks that work in the field of sustainability.
− To define methodologies for the implantation of Local Agendas 21
− To share resources and experiences in the development of action plans which help solve
environmental problems
− To encourage a common and coherent environmental policy, in municipalities which are
members, with a vision of sustainable development.
− To increase the importance of small and medium cities and towns in the European area in
terms of sustainable development.
With respect to the general structure of the Network‘s panel of sustainability indicators, the network
members decided to implement a dual classification system: the PSR (Pressure, State, Response)
proposed by OECD and the system proposed by the European Environment Agency (Model, Flow,
Quality).
49
e-mail : xarxaost@diba.es , see also appendix Spain-Xarxa
48
CSTB – La Calade
Both approaches to municipal sustainability seem to suit the Network’s purposes well. They provide
tools for diagnosing and interpreting municipal phenomena both from the management and action
viewpoint and from a broader and more systematic outlook which includes the main elements
currently defining the relationship between activities carried out in the borough and the efficient use of
resources.
• Instruments of permanent communication
“Channels of communication” have been developed between members and other groups:
- Construction of a Web page (http://www.xaraxasosst.es) providing general
information on the Xarxa, its magazine, activities, etc. And a members-only section
providing internal information (announcements and minutes of working meetings,
etc.)
- The publication of the magazine Sostenible, designed as a forum for communication
amongst members of the Xarxa and as a means of spreading news about it. Contents
of the magazine include articles, opinions and news connected with sustainability.
Establishment of systematic relationships with EU50 services :

The Xarxa network also wishes to take on the role of intermediary between member towns and cities
and European and international bodies which have the same goals and which are also working to
achieve the sustainable development of cities.
Additionally, they believe it essential to co-operate on a permanent basis with other networks which
support sustainability, particularly with the European Sustainable Cities and Towns Campaign and its
support organisations.
F. France
1. The product level

We considered specifically the construction product level, which is somehow the basic one, and very
often the more visible one, but we make no assumption of the contribution of that level to the overall
environmental impact of the building works.
As the only scientific approach to deal with the environmental aspects of construction products is to
perform life cycle analysis (LCA), it is very important to solve the gap lying between LCA results (a
large number of environmental characteristics) and the “on line” decision process of the successive
actors making choices along the steps towards the achievement of a building project. Obviously the
solution is to elaborate indicators, but their development is actually in progress, and not enough
agreement has been reached yet for giving right now a list of such indicators at a national level of
acceptability.
At this stage of the reflection, one has to keep in mind that an indicator becomes valid and usable if it
is referred to a functional unit, including the life span, and if it is accompanied by the relevant
technical performance. Ideally, it must be also qualified regarding representativeness, variability, data
sources.
Finally, any indicator at the product level will be more usable if it can be easily introduced in design or
process tools at the building scale. At the moment several tools are available for assessing the
environmental quality of a building at the different steps of its design, construction and use (as
ESCALE developed by CSTB, but also PAPOOSE, EQUER, TEAM,..), and for identifying the
environmental consequences of the product choices during the downstream stages (like GRADE,
50
European Union.
49
CSTB – La Calade
which is in development also at CSTB). The work aiming to set up indicators at the product level must
consider their compatibility with such tools when developing them.
2. The building scale

Indicators are of course used in building environmental assessment tools. In France, we have 4 main
environmental assessment tools. A brief presentation of the 4 tools is given below.
Main features of the 4 French tools
Name Developer Type of tool

team led by Ecole des Mines - LCA-oriented tool
EQUER
de Paris - Energy and comfort analysis
- Quantitative and qualitative assessment on
various themes
ESCALE CSTB and the University of
- Adaptation to design phases
Savoie
- Performance scales
- Decision-aid tool
PAPOOSE - Different calculation levels
TRIBU
- Various themes
TEAM for - Sophisticated LCA-oriented tool
Ecobilan
Buildings - Modular use
EQUER, developed by a team led by Ecole des Mines de Paris, is an LCA-oriented tool. It contains
product data bases of Swiss and German origin. It is coupled with a energy analysis software, Comfie.
Equer calculates 12 environmental indicators. Outputs are presented by an eco-profile, with the
possibility to display the contribution of each phase of the building life cycle, and to compare variants.
ESCALE, developed by CSTB and the University of Savoie, is a method able to assess the
environmental quality of a building along its design phases. 11 main criteria have been defined,
representing for instance impacts on outdoor environment at different geographic scales, users'
comfort and health, environmental management. Two levels of model exist, simplified and detailed, in
order to square with the availability and accuracy of data. The final profile is expressed in terms of
performance scores, complemented by explanatory sub-profiles.
The different kinds of indicators used in ESCALE are the following:
- Quantitative indicator (e.g. water consumption in m³/year), or qualitative indicator (e.g. type of
heating terminal units).
- Indicator of results (e.g. Illuminance levels), or indicator of means (e.g. type of solar protection
installed to avoid sun glare).
- Extensive indicator, coming from the sum of the “additive” values such as flows (e.g. energy
consumption in kWh/year), or intensive indicator coming from a behavioural model (e.g. the
operative temperature of a room).
The results are expressed in terms of performance, that is the result of the positioning of the indicator
value on a scale delimited by reference and target values. So, the indicators are transformed into
performance scores (figure between -1 and +5). Expressing results through scores permits bringing
different kinds of indicator together in a single method. The score may be considered also as an
indicator, probably more meaningful for the decision makers. The output of ESCALE is a partially
aggregated profile of performances, supplemented by explanatory sub-profiles showing the indicator
values.
PAPOOSE, developed by TRIBU, is defined as a decision-aid tool, targeted to building owners. It
covers the various design stages, by different calculation levels. It deals with a dozen of environmental
themes, with a particular attention to energy and to the users, and includes cost aspects. Results are
presented in numerical and graphical form, given among other things performances expressed in
percentage.
50
CSTB – La Calade
TEAM for Buildings, developed by Ecobilan, is a variant of the TEAM LCA software, adapted to the
building sector. It includes the DEAM data base covering numerous industrial fields. It enables the
user to model graphically complex systems thanks to the nesting of systems and sub-systems. The user
has the choice between different methods to translate flow inventories into impact indicators.
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR BUILDINGS AT THE LOCAL STAGE
(C. Buhé, CERTU)
A 1997 Ph.D. dealt with the development of an environmental design method for buildings
considering the local environment. The site on which the building is supposed to be erected is divided
in 3 themes and sub-themes. The structure is presented below. Behind this, characteristics, indicators,
thresholds, expert rules and priorities enable the user to make an assessment of one or several sites, in
terms of constraints and opportunities, and to draw some design specifications for the future building.
Structure adopted by C.Buhé for the local environment of a building34
Theme Sub-theme Examples of characteristics / indicators

Water Water streaming
Nature Air Dust rate
Soil Soil pollution
Fauna - Flora Quality / Intensity
Sun Number or sun hours on Dec.22
Climate Rain Number of days with rain
Temperature Number of days with frost
Wind Number of days with wind > 4 m/s
Equipment Capacity of networks (water, energy, waste) and
utilisation rate
Human Noise Noise level during night
Landscape Quality of the views
Risks Level of risk
Regulation Constraining town-planning rules
3. The local or regional scale

Some actors or research centres in France such as the French University of Tours (CNRS) are
working at the local level, either the Region or the Department.
A territorial dynamic observation on the axis La Roche sur Yon – Les Sables d’Olonne was made by 6
CESA students (Superior study centre of Assessment).
The creation of this observation is justified by an « event » : between La Roche sur Yon and Les
Sables d’Olonne the two principle cities of the department, the simple national road number 160
became a double road.
This work was done from April to June 1999 with the town planning and development services of the
departmental direction of Vendée equipment (DDE).
The purpose of the DDE is to give to the local actors on their territory some argument for reacting
against the current evolution and a tool for estimating their policy.
This observation will constitute a tool to aid decisions at the local level.
34
Catherine BUE, CERTU, These indicators were used for the LITMUS Project
51
CSTB – La Calade
The analysis was done at different scales:

• Cities and towns
• The urban area
• The employment basin
• The life basin
• The housing basin
This choice of scales has allowed pertinent indicators to be defined and also comparisons to be made
between the cities at the basin and area scale.
The delimitation of the territory which need to be observed and the choice of the analysis scales were
one of the difficulties of the study.
The observation is composed in tow parts:

• The first part presents the territorial dynamic analysis which was made by key variables (in
other terms: it is a phenomenon observed on the territory which is served by the axe). In order
to ask strategic questions for the future, those explicative territory phenomenon were analysed
in term of space and time evolution. Some indicators (essentially state indicators) are defined
for quantifying those phenomenon and their implications.
• The second part is a technical guide which is made like a data collection (indicators tables, the
organisms diffusing the information) in order to take on time the observation.
For example, the following indicators have been used:

• The commercial influence of the cities and their equipment: Commercial surface and
number of hyper or super market which do not sell foodstuffs, influence area of the
hospitals.
• Co-operation: Number and nature of the co-operations between the municipalities.
• Pressure of the tourist activity on the littoral: Tourism frequentation per years, Housing
capacity, creation and localisation of the new tourist equipment…
4. The city and neighbourhood scale

The city scale indicators are mainly environmental ones (RESPECT is mainly used in France). There
are not any help from the French government nor from other public bodies and the cities had not any
specific sets or systems of indicators.
Very few actors are working at the neighbourhood scale for this global and transversal approach.
Most of the researchers working at the neighbourhood scale are working on a special topic such as
energy or environment and not on urban sustainable development as a whole.
In France CSTB and La Calade began their research in 1998 with 2 experiments supported by the
French Housing Ministry in Lyon 3ème and Nice and a third one upon a specific topic which can be
summarised as : demolish or renovate in a sustainable neighbourhood ? Developed for a local public
administration: the Regional Direction of Equipment des Pays de la Loire about a neighbourhood of
Angers.
But there is almost nothing at this scale.
52
CSTB – La Calade
G. The Netherlands
Sustainability on the level of a building has been interpreted traditionally in terms of materials, water
and energy use. Sustainability on an urban level takes much many aspects into account.
In the Netherlands the historical development of sustainability indicators started at the building level
first and developed towards an urban planning level later. Indicators at the urban level have therefore
not been explored in the Netherlands very intensively until now.
At the urban level, sustainability indicators are developed by TNO Building and Construction
Research and IVAM Environmental Research. This research is commissioned by the Ministry of
Housing and aims at developing a national toolbox for assessing the sustainability of restructuring
plans for post-war districts.
The Dutch Government introduced a new policy stimulating sustainable urban development on the 1st
of January 2000, consisting of policy-making and financial support for municipalities developing
plans in this field. Municipalities are allowed to develop plans to a large extend on their own, without
restrictions by the central government. Sustainable urban development is interpreted as concerning
physical, social and economic measures in the urban area.
In order to see the results of this new policy, the central government has developed a monitoring
scheme for evaluating results on a regular basis. This monitoring scheme consists of several indicators,
being divided in two parts: indicators concerning the actual aspects of sustainable urban development
and indicators concerning the process of decision making. Indicators concerning actual aspects of
sustainable urban development are divided in six themes53:
1 Economics
2 Supply of types of living area
3 Quality of the environment
4 Sustainability
5 Efficient use of space
6 Social involvement
3.4 Other local initiatives: Brussels Capital and IBGE

The “Development of a realistic set of composite urban environmental indicators” project co-ordinated
by the Brussels Capital Region Environment Office was financed by the Federal Office for Scientific,
Technical and Cultural Affairs” (OSTC).
• General context
On the basis of recent experience, it appears that the current indicators of the environment require to
be supplemented. Indeed, although the latter do appear relevant on a federal or European scale, they
are much less important at the local urban level. For too long the illusion was maintained that the same
tools could be used for such different levels of concern.
Accordingly, in order to support a multidisciplinary evaluation of sustainable development, it has
proved necessary to support the construction of composite indicators adapted to the local scale
(urban). In its work, the IBGE chose to use the DPSIR framework as set out by the European
Environment Agency (EEA)
• Description and objectives of the project
The project aims at working out a realistic set of composite urban indicators in the first instance from
an environmental point of view. To begin with, the project attempted to integrate the problems of
53
see appendix NL
53
CSTB – La Calade
"city" and "environment". On this urban environmental basis, it developed composite indicators by
emplying social and economic problems with an approach closer to the principles of sustainable
development.
This set was conceived as a tool intended to facilitate decision-making and progress evaluation
towards sustainable urban development at the local level. Describing positive and negative tendencies
in terms of stock management, the fight against harmful effects, the goal of quality in the urban
environment, these indicators aim to show the environmental, social, economic evolution of a city in
its context. They will thus help direct the policies of planning and management within the projects of
city (existing or to come). They will also allow the transfer of "-good practice-" between relatively
similar cities.
The project set up a network of Belgian cities, hoping to validate the indicators proposed, to establish
partnerships and to share experience.
• Results produced
145 indicators were set out and tested to constitute a final board of 40 indicators.
4. QUESTIONS RELATED TO INDICATORS:

MEASURES, TIME PERIODS, SUSTAINABILITY…
4.1 Problems and questions
Principal criticisms, suggestions, and questions formulated about indicators already developed for
sustainable development (SD) are:
• lack of specificity on the issue of "sustainable development":
This recurrent criticism outlines the non specific characteristic of proposed indicators in relation to the
Brundtland report definition of sustainable development. The first function of most of these indicators
is to measure the country’s level of development, in these sectors:
- social: sector development indicators (poverty, demography, education, health...)
- economy: principally classical monetary aggregate.
- environment: a few indicators only seem innovative.(integrated approaches to land
planning and management/ sustainable exploitation of uplands).
- institutions: these indicators need more consideration if they are to be more
representative and complete.
They are sectoral indicators and not SD indicators
• measurement and understanding of problems:
The use of an indicator has to be easy and clear both in its measurement and in its understanding.
Some of them are not easy to understand, particularly in the case of the aggregate economic indicators
(investments in GDP %, sum import +export in GDP %, part of the industry's added value in the GDP,
public help for development in GDP %,...). They do not allow isolation of the elements contributing to
sustainable development.
For example, a positive change in "environment protection spending in GDP % "can have two
meanings: the increase of efforts against pollution and the increase of the level of pollution to be
treated. An association with other indicators seems necessary in that case (physical and structural
data).
54
CSTB – La Calade
• the economic indicators :

A careful use of economic indicators seems essential. When coupling financial values with volumes,
the monetary dimension does not always reveal the physical dimension.
• the limit of aggregated indicators :
For example, a national rate of investment does not specify the different types of investment. Synthetic
data cannot be perfect since it summarises different components. The loss of information can be
important, so it must be evaluated at each step in completing the list of relevant indicators.
• the lack of dynamics (a time scale) :
Many indicators do not lead to any sustainability estimate for a situation or an action because of their
lack of objectives. It is obvious that proposed indicators have to include time-series, if they are to take
into account the long term which is fundamental for sustainable development.
• threshold and target values :
Using indicators can help to make decision or assess some situations or actions. But sometimes,
indicators need "threshold values" and "target values" as well as reference values. For example, an
indicator for health defines a particular limit of noise or air pollution which should not be passed
because of a health danger. Those threshold values or targets values which are not based on health or
safety needs or regulations must be discussed and be chosen according to a global consensus…
4.2 Are indicators universal?

• Common and universal indicators :
The relevance of a unique selection of indicators common to all the members of the United Nations is
not proven. For example, in the French situation, it has not been possible to establish a precise basis
for comparison between indicators selected by the UN and propositions for the French sustainable
development strategy (defined for the first time in 1996) at the national level. Due to the international
characteristic of the proposed list, some indicators (concerning the level of development or desert
conditions,...) have not been considered relevant for the French context. So, two cases are possible in
comparing French indicators and those developed by the UN:
- the indicator defined by the UN would also be calculated in France, but using a different definition,
calculation method or nomenclature.
- the indicator suggested by the UN is not calculated in France, but deals with a common problem. In
this case, a national indicator close to the UN's suggestion is sometimes identified, which is adapted to
national conditions and normally calculated in France.
Nevertheless, some efforts have been made to harmonise French programmes internationally scale:
principally within the European Union and OECD countries.
• Indicators as a comparison tool :

Some limits of international comparison have already been outlined:
- the national regulation are different ;
- the national contexts are often different : social housing concepts for example;
- technical obstacles : lack of data or of harmonised measurement methods
(endangered species, protected areas, forest protection, polluted sites, re-use and
recycling of waste...)
- detailed interpretation of targets – objectives. Values for the indicator which cannot
be the same (because they take into account the local context and the real possibilities)
: for example, the decrease of water consumption per inhabitant will not have the
same meaning in an industrialised country and in a developing country.
55
CSTB – La Calade
The system presented by OECD has become familiar for indicator users and easy to implement.
Nevertheless, this scope is not very strong on institutional aspects of sustainable development:
most of them are thematic response indicators.
An analysis of existing work also brings up the difficulty of establishing a balanced proposition
integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development and shows the limits of such an approach.
This is the reason why we tried to underline the main sustainable development objectives and targets
for our specific project as being those concerning sustainable renovation of buildings for sustainable
neighbourhoods…
4.3 Conclusion
The examples in this chapter show that the various different approaches to listing sustainable
development indicators have their own characteristics: Agenda 21 approaches, urban regeneration
monitoring indicators, citizen involvement…
However, initiatives for the creation of specific indicators at the neighbourhood scale are less wide-
spread.
The European HQE2R project aims to develop tools which can be used by local authorities to assess
their situation and the progress of their neighbourhood towards sustainability. The indisputable
indicators are an important part of this project and presented in the next part of this report.
56
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDICES
57
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDIX 1:
Executive summaries in national languages
FRENCH ABSTRACT
HQE²R est un projet européen de recherche et de démonstration qui a pour objet l’élaboration d’une
méthodologie à destination des collectivités locales afin d’améliorer le développement durable des
quartiers
Ce rapport constitue la première partie du Deliverable 9 du projet HQE²R relatif aux éléments clés et
aux indicateurs du développement durable. C’est un état de l’art sur les indicateurs environnementaux
et les indicateurs de développement durable à l’échelle de l’environnement bâti ou de la ville. Dans ce
contexte, les systèmes d'indicateurs de l'OCDE et de l'Agence Européenne pour l'Environnement sont
fondamentaux. Le système d’indicateurs de l’OCDE (le système Pression - Etat - Réponse) évalue les
pressions des activités humaines sur l’environnement, puis la façon dont ceux-ci modifient l’état de
l’environnement, et enfin les réponses proposées par la communauté vis-à-vis de ces changements.
Une typologie plus élaborée a été adoptée par l’Agence Européenne pour l’Environnement : le
système DPSIR qui rend les forces Directrices de changements socio-économiques plus explicites et
analyse plus clairement l’Impact des modifications résultantes de la société et de son écosystème.
L’Agenda 21, adopté par la Conférence des Nations Unies en 1992 à Rio de Janeiro, stipule qu’une
bonne qualité d’information doit être accessible aux niveaux national, régional et urbain, ce qui
aiderait au dialogue avec les entreprises et avec les habitants dans les processus de décision. La
Commission Européenne a proposé une méthodologie d’Audit urbain qui permet des comparaisons
entre des aires urbaines de l’Union Européenne. Au niveau des produits (tels ceux utilisés dans les
bâtiments), une norme ISO (14000) a été élaborée. Cette partie du rapport donne des exemples de
systèmes élaborés dans des états membres et démontre que les problèmes principaux concernent
l’utilisation des indicateurs dont la difficulté réside dans l’élaboration de méthodes de mesure
uniformes et aux divergences sur leur interprétation.
Les annexes de ce rapport présentent plus en détail les systèmes d’indicateurs de développement
durable utilisés actuellement tant par les organisations internationales que par les principaux Etats
membres de l’Union Européenne et les villes.
L'analyse de cet état de l'art a permis l'élaboration du système de questions clés ou incontournables et
de leurs indicateurs de développement durable (ISDIS). Cette seconde partie est en cours de révision
grâce au retour d'expérimentation sur les quartiers du projet, et devrait être publiée dans le courant du
printemps 2004.
58
CSTB – La Calade
GERMAN ABSTRACT
HQE2R ist ein Forschungs- und Erprobungsprojekt der Europäischen Union, das einen methodischen
Ansatz entwickelt, um Städte bei der Verbesserung der Nachhaltigkeit ihrer Stadtteile zu unterstützen.
Dies beinhaltet die Verbindung von Gebäudesanierung und der Etablierung sozioökonomischer und
ökologischer Maßnahmen, die darauf abzielen, die Lebensqualität zu verbessern.
Dieser Bericht umfasst den ersten Teil des „Deliverable 9“ zu HQE²R Schlüssel-Aspekten und
-Indikatoren nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Der Bericht stellt den aktuellen Stand der Diskussion und der
Praxis in den beteiligten Ländern und diskutiert die Herkunft und Nutzung von Umweltindikatoren
und die Aspekte, die bei der Weiterentwicklung dieser Indikatoren zu Indikatoren einer nachhaltigen
Entwicklung relevant sind. Wichtige Grundlagen sind hier zum Beispiel die Indikatorensysteme der
OECD und der Europäischen Umwelt Agentur. Die OECD Indikatoren (PSR) bewerten die
Belastungen der Umwelt durch menschliches Handeln („Pressure“), wie diese den Zustand der
Umwelt verändern („State“) und in welcher Weise die gesellschaftliche Akteure auf diese
Veränderungen reagieren („Response“). Eine weiterentwickelte Typologie wurde von der
Europäischen Umwelt Agentur entwickelt. Diese (das DPSIR System) stellt die sozioökonomischen
Triebkräfte („Driving Forces“) klarer heraus und analysiert die Wirkungen („Impacts“) der darauf
folgenden gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Änderungen deutlicher. Der Begriff nachhaltige
Entwicklung beschreibt „wirtschaftliches, soziales und ökologisches Handels welches nicht die
natürlichen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Systeme beeinträchtigt von denen es abhängt“. Die Agenda
21, die von der UN Konferenz 1992 in Rio de Janeiro verabschiedet wurde, forderte die Verfügbarkeit
von qualifizierten Informationen auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene, um den Dialog mit
Bewohnern und mit den Unternehmen in Entscheidungsprozessen zu unterstützen. Die Europäische
Kommission hat ein Audit für Städte entwickelt, das den Vergleich zwischen unterschiedlichen
Stadtregionen innerhalb der EU erlaubt. Auf der Ebene der Produkte (bsp. wie sie im Bauwesen
genutzt werden) wurde ein ISO Standard (14031) veröffentlicht. Dieser Teil des Berichts, der
Beispiele für Systeme wiedergibt, die in den Mitgliedsstaaten erarbeitet wurden, setzt sich mit dem
Hauptproblem bei der Nutzung von Indikatoren auseinander, das drin liegt, einheitliche Meßmethoden
zu entwickeln und zu einer konsensfähigen Interpretation ihrer Bedeutung zu kommen.
Der Bericht wird ergänzt durch einen Anhang, der die Systeme von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren
genauer erläutert, die derzeit sowohl von internationalen Organisationen als auch in den wichtigsten
Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union genutzt werden.
Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem aktuellen Stand der Diskussion und der Praxis bietet die Grundlage
für die Entwicklung der HQE²R Schlüssel-Aspekte und -Indikatoren nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Dieser
zweite Teil wird zur Zeit überarbeitet und wird zum Projektabschluss im Frühjahr 2004 veröffentlicht.
59
CSTB – La Calade
ITALIAN ABSTRACT
HQE2R è un progetto di ricerca e dimostrazione finanziato dall’Unione Europea che prevede lo

sviluppo di una metodologia di supporto per le comunità urbane al fine di poter raggiungere una
maggiore sostenibilità dei loro quartieri.
Il rapporto illustra lo stato dell’arte e descrive le origini e l’uso di indicatori ambientali e i temi che
hanno portato alla loro trasformazione in indicatori di sviluppo sostenibile. Il sistema di indicatori
(PSR) dell’OECD è teso a valutare la Pressione delle attività umane sull’ambiente, in che modo queste
modificano lo Stato dell’ambiente e quali Risposte sono fornite dalla comunità nei confronti di questi
cambiamenti. Una tipologia più elaborata è stata adottata dalla Agenzia europea per lo sviluppo.
Questo sistema, detto DPSIR, rende più esplicite le forze socioeconomiche che guidano il
cambiamento, ed analizza più chiaramente l’impatto derivante dalle trasformazioni della società e dei
suoi ecosistemi. Il termine Sviluppo Sostenibile descrive “le prestazioni economiche, sociali e
ambientali che sono tali da non compromettere i sistemi naturali, sociali e di proprietà da cui le stesse
dipendono”. L’Agenda 21, adottata nel 1992 dalla conferenza della Nazioni Unite a Rio de Janeiro,
stabiliva la necessità di rendere disponibili informazioni di buona qualità alle scale nazionale,
regionale e urbana, sulle quali basare un dialogo con le imprese e i cittadini locali al fine di orientare i
processi decisionali. La Commissione Europea ha messo a punto un Audit Urbano che consente di
confrontare tra loro le diverse aree urbane dell’Unione. Al livello dei prodotti (tipo quelli usati nelle
costruzioni) è stato pubblicato uno standard ISO (14031) di riferimento. Questa parte del rapporto,
che fornisce esempi di sistemi sviluppati nei diversi stati membri, dimostra che i principali problemi
connessi con l’uso di indicatori derivano dal fatto che risulta difficile creare un metodo uniforme di
valutazione e che è prevedibile che ci sia un disaccordo sull’interpretazione del loro significato.
Il rapporto è integrato da una serie di appendici che forniscono informazioni dettagliate sui sistemi di
indicatori di sostenibilità utilizzati correntemente dalle organizzazioni internazionali e tra i principali
stati membri dell’Unione Europea.
60
CSTB – La Calade
SPANISH ABSTRACT
HQE2R es un proyecto de investigación la Unión Europea que desarrolla una metodologia que
pretende ayudar a las comunidades locales con el fin de mejorar el desarrollo sostenible de los
barrios. ¨Considerando no sólo la renovación de edificios desde un punto de vista técnico, sino
reconociendo la escala de barrio con la consideración de aspectos socioeconómicos y
medioambientales con la finalidad de aumentar la calidad de vida.
El informe describe los Sistemas de Indicadores ambientales y de Desarrollo Sostenible existentes. El

sistema OECD de indicadores (Presión – Estado - Respuesta) valora las presión hacia el Medio
Ambiente como consecuencia de las actividades humanas, como estas modifican el Medio y que
responsabilidades toma la comunidad para afrontarlos. Otro sistema más elaborado que se comenta es
el adoptado por la Agencia Europea del Medio Ambiente (el sistema DPSIR), que hace más explícitos
los contenidos socioeconómicos y analiza el Impacto de las modificaciones sobre la Sociedad y su
ecosistema de manera más clara. La Agenda 21, adoptada por las Naciones Unidas en 1992 en la
conferencia de Rio de Janeiro, estipula que la información de calidad debería ser disponible a escales
nacionales, regionales y urbanas, dando paso a un diálogo entre las empresas y los habitantes en los
procesos de toma de decisiones. La Comisión europea ha propuesto una metodologia de Revisión
Urbana que permite comparar entre diferentes áreas urbanas de la Unión. A nivel de productos (como
por ejemplo todos aquellos usados para la edificación) una ISO estándar (14000) ha sido elaborada.
Esta parte del informe, que aporta ejemplos de sistemas producidos en los estados miembros, sostiene
que el principal problema relacionado con el uso de indicadores son las dificultades para crear
métodos uniformes de medida y que es probable estar en desacuerdo en su lectura y interpretación.
El informe se acompaña de un apéndice que pretende recoger como ejemplos diferentes sistemas de
indicadores de sostenibilidad utilitzados por diferentes organismos internacionales y en los principales
paises miembros de la Unión Europea.
61
CSTB – La Calade
CATALAN ABSTRACT
L’HQE2R és un projecte de la Unió Europea d’investigació i demostració que desenvolupa una

metodologia que ajudarà les comunitats locals a incrementar la sostenibilitat dels seus barris.
Aquest inclou la coordinació de la renovació dels edificis amb la introducció de mesures socio-
econòmiques i medi ambientals amb la finalitat de millorar la qualitat de vida.
L’informe fa un repàs dels diferents Sistemes d’Indicadors ambientals i de Desenvolupament

Sostenible existents. El sistema OECD d’indicadors (Pressió – Estat - Resposta) valora les pressions
del medi ambient a conseqüència de les activitats humanes, com aquestes modifiquen l’estat del medi
ambient, i quines responsabilitats pren la comunitat per aquests canvis. Un altres sistema més elaborat
és el de l’Agència Europea de Medi Ambient, el sistema DPSIR, que fa més explicits els aspectes
socio-econòmics, i analitza l’impacte de les modificacions en la Societat i el seu ecosistema.
L’Agenda 21, adoptada per les Nacions Unides el 1992 en la conferència de Rio de Janeiro, estipula
que la informació de qualitat hauria de ser accessible a escales nacionals, regionals i urbanes, fet que
suposaria l’enfortiment del diàleg entre les empreses i els habitants en els processos de presa de
decisions. La Comissió Europea proposa una Auditoria Urbana que permeti comparar entre àrees
urbanes de la Unió. A nivell de productes (com per exemple tots aquells utilitzats en edificis) una ISO
estàndard (14000) ha estat elaborada. Aquesta part de l’informe, que aporta exemples de sistemes
produïts en estats membres, explica que els principals problemes relacionats amb l’ús d’indicadors són
la dificultat de crear mètodes uniformes de mesura i el probable desacord en la lectura i interpretació
del seu significat.
L’informe s’acompanya per apèndix que aporten detalls dels sistemes d’indicadors de sostenibilitat
normalment utilitzats en ambdós per les organitzacions internacionals i dins dels principals Estats
membres de la Unió Europea.
62
CSTB – La Calade
DANISH ABSTRACT
HQE²R er et EU støttet forsknings- og demonstrationsprojekt, i hvilket man udvikler en metode til

brug for bæredygtig byudvikling. Metoden er et praktisk anvendeligt redskab til måling og
diagnosticering af lokale miljømæssige, økonomiske og sociale parametre (indikatorer) for et
bykvarters og dets bygningers tilstand, samt på grundlag heraf udformning af handlingsplaner rettet
mod bæredygtige bykvarterer.
Denne rapport er en beskrivelse af ”state of the art”, og diskuterer oprindelsen og brugen af
miljømæssige parametre, og de spørgsmål der dukker op ved tilpasningen af disse parametre til
indikatorer for en bæredygtig udvikling.
Agenda 21, som blev vedtaget af 180 lande på FN-konferencen om miljø og udvikling i Rio de Janeiro
i 1992, fastsatte at oplysninger af god kvalitet skal være til rådighed på nationalt, regionalt og lokalt
niveau, som støtte for en dialog mellem myndigheder, virksomheder og borgere i beslutningsproces-
serne. Indikatorer anskues i dette projekt som et redskab til denne dialog.
Følgende indikatorsystemer gennemgås:
a. OECD-indikatorsystemet (eller PSR systemet) omhandler størrelsen af direkte pres på miljøet fra
menneskeskabte aktiviteter, hvordan disse pres ændrer miljøets tilstand, samt hvordan samfundet
reagerer på disse ændringer.
b. Et mere detaljeret system (DPSIR-systemet) er blevet indført af det Europæiske Miljøagentur.
Dette system supplerer OECDs indikatorsystem med en analyse af de socioøkonomiske drivkrafter,
der er årsag til det direkte pres på miljøet, ligesom de konsekvenser ændringerne i miljøet har for
samfundet og økosystemerne som sådan analyseres mere dybdegående.
c. Den Europæiske Kommission har udgivet vejledningen “Urban Audit”, som muliggør
sammenligning mellem unionens bymæssige områder.
d. Med hensyn til materialer (f.eks. de materialer, der benyttes i byggeriet) er en ISO standard
(14031) blevet udgivet.
Denne del af rapporten, der også indeholder eksempler på systemer, der bruges i medlemslandene,
påpeger at hovedproblemet med brug af indikatorer er, at det er vanskeligt at udforme en ensartet
målemetode, og at der sandsynlivis vil være uenighed i fortolkningen af indikatorernes betydning.
63
CSTB – La Calade
DUTCH ABSTRACT
HQE²R er et EU støttet forsknings- og demonstrationsprojekt, i hvilket man udvikler en metode til

brug for bæredygtig byudvikling. Metoden er et praktisk anvendeligt redskab til måling og
diagnosticering af lokale miljømæssige, økonomiske og sociale parametre (indikatorer) for et
bykvarters og dets bygningers tilstand, samt på grundlag heraf udformning af handlingsplaner rettet
mod bæredygtige bykvarterer.
Denne rapport, som er første halvdel af projektets ”deliverable 9 – HQE²R Nøgleområder og
indikatorer for en bæredygtig udvikling”, er en beskrivelse af ”state of the art”, og diskuterer
oprindelsen og brugen af miljømæssige parametre, og de spørgsmål der dukker op ved tilpasningen af
disse parametre til indikatorer for en bæredygtig udvikling.
Agenda 21, som blev vedtaget af 180 lande på FN-konferencen om miljø og udvikling i Rio de Janeiro
i 1992, fastsatte at oplysninger af god kvalitet skal være til rådighed på nationalt, regionalt og lokalt
niveau, som støtte for en dialog mellem myndigheder, virksomheder og borgere i beslutningsproces-
serne. Indikatorer anskues i dette projekt som et redskab til denne dialog.
Følgende indikatorsystemer gennemgås:
a. OECD-indikatorsystemet (eller PSR systemet) omhandler størrelsen af direkte pres på miljøet fra
menneskeskabte aktiviteter, hvordan disse pres ændrer miljøets tilstand, samt hvordan samfundet
reagerer på disse ændringer.
b. Et mere detaljeret system (DPSIR-systemet) er blevet indført af det Europæiske Miljøagentur.
Dette system supplerer OECDs indikatorsystem med en analyse af de socioøkonomiske drivkrafter,
der er årsag til det direkte pres på miljøet, ligesom de konsekvenser ændringerne i miljøet har for
samfundet og økosystemerne som sådan analyseres mere dybdegående.
c. Den Europæiske Kommission har udgivet vejledningen “Urban Audit”, som muliggør
sammenligning mellem unionens bymæssige områder.
d. Med hensyn til materialer (f.eks. de materialer, der benyttes i byggeriet) er en ISO standard
(14031) blevet udgivet.
Denne del af rapporten, der også indeholder eksempler på systemer, der bruges i medlemslandene,
påpeger at hovedproblemet med brug af indikatorer er, at det er vanskeligt at udforme en ensartet
målemetode, og at der sandsynligvis vil være uenighed i fortolkningen af indikatorernes betydning.
I rapportens appendices præsenteres bæredygtighedsindikatorer-systemer, der er i brug i øjeblikket af
internationale organisationer og indenfor EU-medlemslandene
Denne state-of-the-art analyse har dannet grundlaget for udviklingen af HQE²R systemet af
bæredygtighedsnøgleområder og –indikatorer (ISDIS). Denne anden halvdel af dette arbejde er for
øjeblikket ved at blive evalueret i forbindelse med anvendelse i projektets “case studies” og vil blive
publiceret i foråret 2004.
64
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDIX 2:
The CRISP European network
CRISP
CONSTRUCTION AND CITY RELATED
SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
EC-funded Key Action

Thematic Network "City of Tomorrow
and Cultural Heritage"
Newsletter 1 December 2000
What is CRISP ?
CRISP is a Thematic Network whose main objective is to create a group dynamic in the field of
Construction and City Related Sustainability Indicators. The Network aims to co-ordinate current
research work defining and validating such indicators and implementing them to measure the
sustainability of construction projects (buildings and built environment) in cities. This includes the
activities of identifying and maintaining indicator sets together with implementing them to compare
sustainability at a number of levels: individual buildings, large groups of buildings at both the urban
and suburban levels as well as for whole urban areas. Implementation in construction activities at the
scale of a city, a region or a country is also to be explored.
Who is involved in CRISP ?

The CRISP Network covers 16 countries. CRISP is led by 2 main partners: CSTB (Centre Scientifique
et Technique du Bâtiment, France), the Network Co-ordinator, and VTT Building and Transport
(Finland).
22 other members are involved : W/E Consultants (NL), BSRIA (UK), AUTH (EL), TNO Bouw (NL),
Urbanproiect (RO), FhG/IBP (D), DIT (IRL), BYGGFORSK/NBI (NO), HiG (S), Florence University
DPMPE (I), BRE (UK), CHALMERS (S), TUW-IVV (A), AIAE (A), SBI (DK), USAL (UK),
CDB/CSC (B), EMI (HU), UPC (E), Energie-Cités (F), LA CALADE (F), WTCB/CSTC/BBRI (B).
Context : problems to be solved

The Sustainable Construction concept aims at the creation and responsible management of a healthy
built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles. It takes account of
environmental and life quality issues, social equity and cultural issues, and economic constraints.
65
CSTB – La Calade
Sustainability indicators constitute one of the bottlenecks in moving towards more sustainable
construction and cities. Indicators are needed to precisely define sustainability criteria and to measure
the performance of the construction industry and the built environment. Decision-makers and policy-
makers need indicators to evaluate economically viable and technically feasible strategies to improve
the quality of life, whilst at the same time increasing resource use efficiency. Numerous actors in the
construction and development process need tools and guidelines based on indicators to improve
current practices and the quality of construction.
Scientific objectives and approach
BETTER PRACTISES IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE
Common Methodology, Holistic Framework
? ? ? NEW INDICATORS STILL TO BE DEVELOPED

National Priorities, Constraints
OTHER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS TO BE APPLIED
End-Users, Practitioners
URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS TO BE ADOPTED
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL BUILDING INDICATORS
CRISP CONSTRUCTION AND CITY RELATED SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Category ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONAL
Process
URBAN PLANNING ?
PRODUCT DEVELOPM.
& DESIGN ?
MANUFACTURING
& CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION
& MAINTENANCE ?
DECONSTRUCTION
& DISPOSAL ?
International Agreements, Ongoing Development
LOCAL PILOTS NOVEL TOOLS
- CRISP framework in sustainable development process -

The main activities of the Network are:
- to define a framework and general methodology for construction and city related sustainability
indicators,
- to stimulate and co-ordinate the development of such indicators,
- to gather and organise indicators within a database including information on validation, testing,
criteria of use…
- and to widely disseminate the results of the research carried out.
.
66
CSTB – La Calade
CONSTRUCTION AND CITY RELATED SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
CATEGORIES
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONAL
PROCESS
URBAN PLANNING
URBAN BLOCK CLUSTER
STRATEGY
PROCESS/
CLUSTER
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
& DESIGN
MANUFACTURING & BUILDING CLUSTER
CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION &
MAINTENANCE
PRODUCT CLUSTER
DECONSTRUCTION &
DISPOSAL
- CRISP structure with focused expert clusters – Catherine CHARLOT – VALDIEU (CSTB) is the
leader of the Urban Block Cluster.
Expected impacts
CRISP aims to develop and validate harmonised criteria and relevant and efficient indicators to
measure the sustainability of construction projects particularly within the urban built environment.
Through the range of indicators which will be dealt with, the project will contribute to improve the
quality of life in urban communities and to promote sustainable development assessed in economic,
architecture, environmental, social and cultural terms. Challenges which will be considered through
the indicators are for instance linked to the preservation of natural resources, air quality, noise, health
and safety, waste, economic competitiveness, employment, deterioration of infrastructure, urban
sustainability, environmental loads of construction, socio-cultural aspects etc.
Other impacts include also better co-ordination of the development of sustainability indicators for
construction and cities, improved consensus on the indicators available and on the criteria of their use,
better understanding and application of these indicators by relevant end-users such as planners,
developers, designers, standardisation bodies, authorities, contractors and materials producers. These
end-users will benefit greatly from an authoritative, relevant and agreed source of information on
indicators. It will enable them to develop more appropriate performance targets, tools and standards in
order to improve the level of sustainability of the built environment.
Organisation
67
CSTB – La Calade
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE international
agreements
FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY
FOR INDICATORS ongoing
technical development
director
MANAGEMENT
STATE OF FRAME-
THE ART WORK national
constraints
Network Board
CONSTRUCTION AND CITY RELATED local

SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS priorities
exploitation
director end
SUSTAINABILITY
users
INDICATORS
administrative
building
secretariat
practises
COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION
communication decision
director CD-ROM WEBSITE makers
NET MEETINGS NEWSLETTERS
CLUSTER MEETINGS CONFERENCE
WORKSHOPS PUBLICATION
- CRISP networking process organisation -
CRISP is developing close links with 2 other major current EU projects dealing with sustainability,
PRESCO (practical recommendations for sustainable construction) (http://go.to/presco.net) and
SUREURO (sustainable refurbishment in Europe) (http://www.sureuro.com/), through informal
contacts, cross participation in different meetings, and more formally through their Advisory or
Steering Committees.
About CRISP
EC Proposal n°: EVK4-1999-00078 / EC contract n° EVK4-CT-1999-20002, started June 1st 2000,
duration 3 years.
Co-ordinator : Luc Bourdeau, CSTB (l.bourdeau@cstb.fr)
Web site : http://crisp.cstb.fr
68
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDIX 3:
The sustainable development indicators
presented in the state of the art
Appendix 3A:
List of the RESPECT environment indicators (mainly France)
Appendix 3B:
The Healthy Cities programme by WHO
Appendix 3C:
The Urban Audit list of indicators
Appendix 3D:
IFEN Sustainable Development Indicators: the nine modules and their sub-modules
Appendix 3E:
The Environmental-Economic Accounting Approach in Germany
Appendix 3F:
Sustainable development indicators by the United Nations (CSD)
69
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3A:
List of the RESPECT environment indicators (mainly France)
Topics Indicators
1- Assessment of the atmospheric emissions 6- Nitrogenous pollution
2- Potential impact of the emissions (local effect) 7- Dust pollution
AIR
3- Potential impact of acidification (regional impact) 8- Photochemical pollution
9 indicators
4- Potential greenhouse effect (global effect) 9- Extreme episodes of atmospheric pollution
5- Sulphur pollution
NOISE 10- Noisy road infrastructures 12- Complains related to noise
4 indicators 11- Inhabitants exposed to the noise of traffic jam 13- Community intern effort to reduce noise
Urban landscape : 6 indicators Natural patrimony : 7 indicators
14- City cleanness 24- Biological diversity
15- Evolution of the urbanisation 25- Vegetalisation
16- Mix of the urban functions 26- Protection of the natural patrimony
17- Zones to be improved 27- Agri-environmental measures in rural spaces
STANDARD OF LIVING 18- Urban aesthetics 28- Rational management of the urban green spaces
17 indicators 19- Commercial hoardings 29- Potential accessibility to proximity public places
Housing : 4 indicators 30- Networks of green walking
20- Housing conformity
21- Pollution of the public buildings by asbestos
22- Protection of the built patrimony
23- Housing improvement
31- Collected quantity of waste 34- Waste thermal treatment
WASTE 32- Waste treatment 35- Community intern effort on waste management
5 indicators 33- Performance of the recovery from materials
coming from household refuse
DISPLACEMENTS 36- Modal repartition of the displacements 38- Local bicycle use
4 indicators 37- Public transports frequenting 39- Example actions for less polluting displacements
40- Drinking water consumption 46- Supplying safety of the drinking water
41- Quality of the drinking water resource 47- Purification by the waste water collective system
WATER 42- Global quality of the surface soft and briny water 48- Efficiency of the drinking water supplying
11 indicators 43- Quality of the swimming water network
44- Quality of the water delivered 49- Water price
45- Resource availability 50- Community’s consumption of drinking water
51- Total energy consumption on the territory by use 54- Total community energy consumption on the
52- Total energy consumption on the territory by territory by field
ENERGY field 55- Local renewable energy production
7 indicators 53- Total community energy consumption on the 56- Share of the renewable energy consumed by the
territory by use community
57- Setting the example on energy economies
58- Events already lived by the community 61- Risk level on the community (population)
RISKS 59- Area of the hazards zones 62- Communication about the risks
6 indicators 60- Population concerned about the hazards 63- Preventive measures and risk taken into account
64- Soils waterproofing 67- Direct and no direct consumption of the

SOIL – SUB-SOIL 65- Follow-up of polluted soils on the community synthesis phytosanitary and fertilising products on
4 indicators 66- Follow-up of polluted soils improvement on the the community
community
COMMON 68- Public information and education 71- Help to local associative life
INVOLVEMENT FOR 69- Scholar education to environment 72- Complaints concerning environment
ENVIRONMENT 70- Community environmental actions 73- Public consultation
6 indicators
Source: www.respect.asso.fr
70
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3B:
The Healthy Cities programme by WHO
Background for the Healthy Cities Network

The World Health Organization (WHO) Healthy Cities Project is a long-term international
development initiative which aims to place health high on the agenda of decision-makers in Europe
and to promote comprehensive local strategies for health and sustainable development based on the
principles and objectives of the Health for all in the twenty-first century strategy and Local Agenda 21.
Ultimately, the Healthy Cities approach seeks to enhance the physical, mental, social and
environmental wellbeing of people who live and work in cities.
Two phases of implementation of the project have been completed, and the third phase is ongoing.
Phase I (1987-1992) involved 35 cities in the network of WHO project cities. The accent was on
creating new structures to act as change agents and to introduce new ways of working for health in
cities.
Phase II (1993-1997) had 39 cities in the network, including 13 that had not participated in such a
network in Phase I. This phase was more action-oriented with a strong emphasis on healthy public
policy and comprehensive city health planning. The Athens Conference in June 2000 marked the end
of Phase II and beginning of Phase III.
Phase III (1998-2002) already has nearly 50 cities in the network, with new cities still applying. The
overarching goals have been equity, sustainable development and social development, with a focus on
integrated planning for health development (see city health development plan). Cities are also required
to be systematic in their approaches to monitoring and evaluation.
Over the past fourteen years, Healthy Cities has established a large and substantial body of “know-
how”. With WHO, participating cities and national networks have developed and implemented a wide
range of programmes and products, based on intersectoral cooperation, community development
initiatives, and addressing the needs of vulnerable groups, lifestyles and environmental health.
HEALTH INDICATORS
• Mortality
• Cause of death
• Low birth weight
HEALTH SERVICE INDICATORS
• Existence within the city of inventory of self - help organisation
• Existence within the city of a support program for self - help organisation
• Existence of a city health education program
• Percentage of six years old children fully immunised
• Number of inhabitants per practising general practitioner
• Number of inhabitants per nurse
• Percentage of inhabitants covered by health insurance
• Percentage of population having access to emergency services, which is less than 30 minutes away by car
• Availability of primary health care services in foreign languages
• Health information communication
• Number of health questions examined by the city council every year
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
• Atmospheric pollution
• Microbiological quality of the water supply
• Chemical quality of the water supply
• Percentage of water pollutants removed from total sewage produced
• Household waste collection quality index
• Household waste treatment quality index
• Pollution level indicator as perceived by the population
71
CSTB – La Calade
• Quantity of drinking water used per inhabitant per day

• Relative surface area of green spaces in the city
• Public access to green spaces
• Derelict industrial sites
• Sport and leisure
• Pedestrian streets
• Cycling in city
• Public transport
• Public transport network cover
• Living space
• Comfort and hygiene
• Emergency services
SOCIO ECONOMIC INDICATORS
• Number of square metres of living space per inhabitant
• Percentage of population living in substandard dwellings
• Estimated number of homeless people
• Unemployment rate
• Work absenteeism rate
• Percentage of families below the national poverty level
• Percentage of total employment provided by use ten most important economic activities
• Percentage of one person households
• Percentage of single parent families
• Percentage of children leaving school after compulsory education
• Illiteracy rate
• Percentage of city's budget allocated to health and social actions
• Crime rate
• Percentage of dwellings for elderly people that have emergency call facilities
• Main causes for emergency calls
• Percentage of young children on waiting lists for child care facilities
• Median age of women giving birth for the first time
• Abortion rate in relation to total number of births
• Percentage of people under 18 "under police surveillance"
• Percentage of disabled people in employment compared to total number of disabled people of working age (18-
65)
Source: CRISP Greek state of the art www.crisp.cstb.fr
Internet: http://www.who.dk/healthy-cities/Welcome.htm
72
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3C:
The Urban Audit list of indicators
SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Population
Total population with distribution by sex and age (13 age groups)
Total population change (by sex and age)
Percentage of the population aged below 16 and above the national retirement age – Demographic Dependency Index
Nationality
Nationals as a proportion of total population
EU nationals as a proportion of total population
Non-EU nationals as a proportion of total population
Household structure
Total number of households
Average size of households
Percentage of one person households
Percentage of lone parent households
Percentage of lone pensioner households
Labour market and unemployment
Number of unemployed persons
Unemployment rate (by sex)
Percentage of male/female unemployed
Percentage of long period unemployment (continuously more than one year)
Percentage of unemployed people under 25
Employment/Population Ratios(Male-Female-Total)
Activity Rate(Male-Female-Total)
Income, disparities and poverty
Household income, median and average income for each quintile
Male/Female earnings, Full-time/Part-time earnings, medium and averages earnings for each quintile
Ratio of first to fifth quintile earnings
Percentage of households receiving less than half the national average household income
Percentage of households without cars
Number of households reliant upon social aids – national definition
Housing
Number of homeless people
Number of homeless people as a percentage of total resident population
Average house prices to average annual household income ratio
Average weekly social housing rents as a percentage of average weekly household income
Percentage of dwellings lacking basic amenities
Available living area per person (m2)
Percentage of households buying or owning their own dwellings
Percentage of households that are social housing tenants
Percentage of households that are private rented property tenants
Number of conventional dwellings
Percentage of households living in houses
Percentage of households living in apartments
Percentage of households living in ”other” dwellings
Health
Life expectancy at birth for males and females
Infant mortality rate : 0-1 year per 1000 births
Low birth weight: number of children born weighting less than 2,5 kg (or national definition of low birth weight) per 1000 births
Mortality rate of heart diseases and respiratory illness for individuals under 65
Crime
Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 population per year
Recorded crimes against people per 1000 population per year
Recorded crimes against commercial and residential properties per 1000 population per year
Recorded crimes against cars (including thefts of and from vehicles) per 1000 population
Employment
Employment by sector – male/female, part time/full time, by sector (NACE Rev.1)
Percentage of change of employment
73
CSTB – La Calade
Economic activity
GDP per capita at city level (if available) or at regional level
Number of companies with headquarters in the city quoted on the national stock market
Net level of business registrations ( new registrations minus deregistrations per year)
Proportion of net office space that is vacant
Number of tourist overnight stays in registred accomodation per year
Number of air passengers
CIVIC INVOLVMENT
Civic involvement
Percentage of registred electorate voting in European, national and city elections. For each of the last three European Parliament Elections;
and for each of the last three national elections; for each of the city elections (nearest dates to the last three national elections)
Percentage of the resident population of voting age and eligible to vote
Percentage of the eligible electorate registered to vote
Percentage of young (aged less than 25) eligible electorate voting in city elections
Percentage of elderly (above retirement age) eligible electorate voting in city elections
Percentage of elected city representatives being women
Annual expenditure of the Municipal Authority per resident
Annual expenditure of the Municipal Authority per resident as a proportion of GDP per capita
Proportion of Municipal Authority income derived from: local taxation; transfers from national governments; charges for services...
LEVELS OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Levels of education and training (Provision)
Number of crèches places (public and private provision) per 1000 population
Percentage of students not completing their compulsory education
Percentage of students completing compulsory education and achieving the national minimum standard
Percentage of students completing compulsory education but not achieving the national minimum standard
Percentage of the age cohort (i.e. total number of students registered for the last year of compulsory education in the reference year) that
continues education and training after leaving compulsory education
Number of places at universities and further education establishments located within the above specified boundary per 1000 resident
population
Level of education and training (stock)
Percentage of the resident population –Male/Female- who have completed lower secondary education (ISCED level 2) (International
Standard Classification for Education)
Percentage of the resident population –Male/Female- who have completed upper secondary education (ISCED level 3)
Percentage of the resident population –Male/Female- who have completed tertiary education (first stage) not leading to first university
degree (ISCED level 5)
Percentage of the resident population –Male/Female- who have completed tertiary education(first stage) leading to first university degree
or equivalent (ISCED level 6)
Percentage of the resident population –Male/Female- who have completed tertiary education (second stage) leading to a post-graduate
university degree or equivalent (ISCED level 7)
ENVIRONMENT
Air quality and noise
Winter smog : number of days SO2 exceeds 125µg/m3 (24 hr averaging time)
Summer smog: number of days Ozone O3 exceeds 120µg/m3 (8 hr averaging time)
Number of days per year that NO2 concentrations exceed 200 mg/m3 (1 hr averaging time)
Proportion of the population exposed to an outdoor noise level of above 65 dB (24 hr averaging time)
Water
Number of determinations (total number of annual tests on all parameters on drinking water quality) Which exceed the prescribed values,
as specified in the Directive 80/778/EEC – Directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption
Consumption of water (cubic metres per year) per inhabitant
Percentage of dwellings connected to drinking water supply infrastructure
Percentage of dwellings connected to sewerage treatment systems
Waste management
Amount of solid waste collected within the boundary (domestic and commercial) in tonnes per capita per year
Proportion of solid waste (domestic and commercial) arising within the boundary processed by landfill, incinerator, recycled
Land use
Green spaces accessible to public (sq metres per capita)
Percentage of population within 15 minutes walking distance of urban green areas
Percentage of urban area unused and in main land uses
Percentage of urban area subject to special physical planning/conservation measures
Population density – total resident population per square km
Travel patterns
Mode of journey to work: rail/metro, bus, tram, car, cycle, walking
Characteristics of all travel by residents (purpose, distance and mode of travel)
Number of cars registered within the specified boundary per 1000 population
Road accidents resulting in death or serious injury per 1000 population
Average number of occupants of motor cars
74
CSTB – La Calade
Energy use
Total energy use by fuel type (coal, petrol, electricity, natural gas, fuel oil) and by sector (transport, industry, domestic, commercial)
Percentage of final energy consumption by different sectors (transport, industry, domestic, commercial)
Electricity consumption per capita
Gas consumption per capita
CO2 emissions per capita
Climate/ geography
Number of days of rain per month (average over a year)
Average number of hours of sunshine per day (averaged over a year)
CULTURE AND RECREATION
Culture and recreation
Number of cinemas showings and annual attendance per resident
Number of cinemas seats
Number of concerts and annual attendance per resident
The number of theatres and annual attendance per resident
Annual number of visits per resident
Annual number of uses per resident.
Number of public libraries and total book loans per resident
Source: http://www.ereco.com/audit/
75
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3D:
IFEN Sustainable Development Indicators -
The nine modules and their sub-modules
The result of the work realised by the IFEN on indicators of sustainable development is a realistic set
of 307 indicators organised in 9 modules presented in the following table:
1 INPUT/OUTPUT ECONOMICAL EFFICIENCY
1.1 Input use intensity and efficiency (coupling/decoupling)
1.2 Structure of the production system
1.3 The products and their impacts (coupling/decoupling, consumption, damages to environment)
2 CRITICAL POLLUTIONS AND SAMPLES
2.1 Samples of critical resources
2.2 Critical pollution and release of persistent pollutants
3 HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
3.1 Critical natural patrimony (species, spaces, resources)
3.2 Human patrimony (health, education, opening to others cultures)
3.3 Built patrimony, infrastructures and cultural patrimony
3.4 Administrative, institutional and juridical patrimony
4 SPATIAL INEQUALITY AND DISTRIBUTION
4.1 Charge capacity and density question (sub/ over density)
4.2 Polarisation and spatial inequalities
4.3 Services access, networks and mobility, spatial inequalities reduction policies
4.4 Sensitive spaces consumption
5 GLOBALISATION AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 Pressures on the rest of the world's resources and environment
5.2 Economic relations with the rest of the world
5.3 Social and institutional relations with the rest of the world
6 INCOMES,SERVICES, HERITAGE ACCESS, INEQUALITIES AND EXCLUSIONS
6.1 Ecological inequalities and risk exposure
6.2 Goods and services access inequalities
6.3 Income inequalities and exclusion
7 SATISFACTION, PREFERENCES, INVOLVMENT, POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE
7.1 Pronounced preferences and dissatisfaction
7.2 Behaviours expressing opposition and loss of affection
7.3 Involvement and participation of the civil society
7.4 Governance, institutions and public participation
8 PRECAUTION AND RESPONSABILITY SERVICES
Institutions and sustainable development integration (importance given to future generations, long term
8.1
investments)
8.2 Negative dons to future generations
8.3 Prevention, precaution and integration of sustainable development
9 RESILIENCE, ADAPTABILITY, FLEXIBILITY, REACTIVENESS DEVELOPMENT
9.1 Environmental dependency and vulnerability
9.2 Technical and socio-economical adaptability and flexibility
9.3 Risk crises management
source: "Propositions d'indicateurs de développement durable pour la France", Collection Etudes
et travaux n° 35, IFEN, November 2001. (It contains the 307 precise indicators)
website: http://www.ifen.fr/pages/et.35.pdf
76
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3E:
The Environmental-Economic Accounting Approach in Germany
The UGR report of 2000 provides data and time series (with reference to Germany / calendar years)
for the following fields of interest:
• population and economy
• using environmental resources for economic purposes
• material flows and energy flows
• occurrence and utilisation of primary energy with domestic and foreign advance concessions
• energy consumption according to economic sectors
• gross profits according to economic sectors
• emission- relevant energy consumption according to economic sectors
• CO2-emissions according to economic sectors
• material depletion according to environmental impact categories
• expenses for environmental protection
• expenses for environmental protection according to environmental protection areas 1997
• gross investment for environmental protection according to environmental protection areas
• revenues from environmental-related taxes and total tax revenues
• taxed mineral oil
• traffic indices
• traffic emissions
source: Dr. Karl Schoer et al.: Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnungen 2000, Frankfurt am Main,
Oktober 2000.
See also: the German state of the art on http://crisp.cstb.fr
77
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 3F:
Sustainable development indicators by the United Nations (CSD)
This should be seen as a flexible list from which countries can choose indicators according to national
priorities, problems and targets The indicators are presented in a Driving Force - State - Response
framework. "Driving Force" indicators indicate human activities, processes and patterns that impact
on sustainable development. "State" indicators indicate the "state" of sustainable development and
"Response" indicators indicate policy options and other responses to changes in the "state" of
sustainable development. The social, economic, environmental and institutional aspects of sustainable
development are covered by this list of indicators following the chapters of Agenda 21.
Working List of Indicators of Sustainable Development
CHAPTERS OF AGENDA DRIVING FORCE STATE INDICATORS RESPONSE INDICATORS

21 INDICATORS
CATEGORY: SOCIAL
Chapter 3: -Unemployment rate -Head count index of poverty
Combating poverty -Poverty gap index
-Squared poverty gap index
-Gini index of income inequality
-Ratio of average female wage to
male wage
Chapter 5: -Population growth rate -Population density
Demographic dynamics and -Net migration rate
sustainability -Total fertility rate
Chapter 36: -Rate of change of school-age -Children reaching grade 5 of -GDP spent on education
Promoting education, public population primary education
awareness and training -Primary school enrolment ratio -School life expectancy
(gross and net) -Difference between male and
-Secondary school enrolment female school enrolment ratios
ratio (gross & net) -Women per hundred men in the
-Adult literacy rate labour force
Chapter 6: -Basic sanitation: Percent of -Immunization against
Protecting and promoting population with adequate excreta infectious childhood diseases
human health disposal facilities -Contraceptive prevalence
-Access to safe drinking water -Proportion of potentially
-Life expectancy at birth hazardous chemicals monitored
-Adequate birth weight in food
-Infant mortality rate -National health expenditure
-Maternal mortality rate devoted to local health care
-Nutritional status of children -Total national health
expenditure related to GNP
Chapter 7: -Rate of growth of urban -Percent of population in urban -Infrastructure expenditure per
Promoting sustainable human population areas capita
settlement development -Per capita consumption of fossil -Area and population of urban
fuel by motor vehicle transport formal and informal settlements
-Human and economic loss due -Floor area per person
to natural disasters -House price to income ratio
CATEGORY: ECONOMIC
Chapter 2: -GDP per capita - Environmentally adjusted Net
International cooperation to -Net investment share in GDP Domestic Product
accelerate sustainable -Sum of exports and imports as a - Share of manufactured goods in
development in countries and percent of GDP total merchandise exports
related domestic policies
Chapter 4: - Annual energy consumption - Proven mineral reserves
Changing consumption - Share of natural-resource - Proven fossil fuel energy reserves
patterns intensive industries in - Lifetime of proven energy
manufacturing value-added reserves
- Intensity of material use
78
CSTB – La Calade
- Share of manufacturing value-

added in GDP
- Share of consumption of
renewable energy resources
Chapter 33: - Net resources transfer / GNP -Debt / GNP - Environmental protection
Financial resources and - Total ODA given or received as -Debt service / export expenditures as a percent of
mechanisms a percentage of GNP GDP
- Amount of new or additional
funding for sustainable
development
Chapter 34: Transfer of -Capital goods imports - Share of environmentally sound -Technical cooperation grants
environmentally sound -Foreign direct investments capital goods imports
technology, cooperation and
capacity-building
CATEGORY: ENVIRONMENTAL
Chapter 18: -Annual withdrawals of ground -Groundwater reserves -Waste-water treatment coverage
Protection of the quality and and surface water -Concentration of faecal coliform -Density of hydrological
supply of freshwater resources -Domestic consumption of water in freshwater networks
per capita -Biochemical oxygen demand in
water bodies
Chapter 17: -Population growth in coastal -Maximum sustained yield for

Protection of the oceans, all areas fisheries
kinds of seas and coastal areas -Discharges of oil into coastal -Algae index
waters
-Releases of nitrogen and
phosphorus to coastal waters
Chapter 10: -Land use change -Changes in land condition -Decentralized local-level natural
Integrated approach to the resource management
planning and management of
land resources
Chapter 12: -Population living below poverty - National monthly rainfall index
Managing fragile ecosystems: line in dry land areas - Satellite derived vegetation index
combating desertification and - Land affected by desertification
drought
Chapter 13: -Population change in mountain - Sustainable use of natural
Managing fragile ecosystems: areas resources in mountain areas
sustainable mountain -Welfare of mountain populations
development
Chapter 14: - Use of agricultural pesticides - Arable land per capita - Agricultural education
Promoting sustainable - Use of fertilizers - Area affected by salinisation and
agriculture and rural - Irrigation percent of arable land water logging
development - Energy use in agriculture
Chapter 11: - Wood harvesting intensity - Forest area change - Managed forest area ratio
Combating deforestation - Protected forest area as a
percent of total forest area
Chapter 15: - Threatened species as a percent - Protected area as a percent of

Conservation of biological of total native species total area
diversity
Chapter 16: - R & D expenditure for
Environmentally sound biotechnology
management of biotechnology - Existence of national bio safety
regulations or guidelines
Chapter 9: - Emissions of greenhouse gasses - Ambient concentrations of - Expenditure on air pollution

Protection of the atmosphere - Emissions of sulphur oxides pollutants in urban areas abatement
- Emissions on nitrogen oxides
- Consumption of ozone
depleting substances
Chapter 21: -Generation of industrial and -Expenditure on waste
Environmentally sound municipal solid waste management
management of solid wastes -Household waste disposed per -Waste recycling and reuse
79
CSTB – La Calade
and sewage-related issues capita -Municipal waste disposal
Chapter 19: -Chemically induced acute -Number of chemicals banned or

Environmentally sound poisonings severely restricted
management of toxic
chemicals
Chapter 20: -Generation of hazardous wastes -Area of land contaminated by -Expenditure on hazardous waste
Environmentally sound -Imports and exports of hazardous wastes treatment
management of hazardous hazardous wastes
wastes
Chapter 22: - Generation of radioactive
Safe and environmentally wastes
sound management of
radioactive wastes
CATEGORY: INSTITUTIONAL
Chapter 8: -Sustainable development
Integrating environment and strategies
development in decision- -Programme of integrated
making environmental and economic
accounting
-Mandated Environmental
Impact Assessment
-National councils for
sustainable development
Chapter 35: -Potential scientists and engineers -Scientists and engineers

Science for sustainable per million population engaged in R & D per million
development population
-Expenditure on R & D as a
percent of GDP
Chapter 37:
National mechanisms and
international cooperation for
capacity-building in
developing countries
Chapter 38:
International institutional
arrangements
Chapter 39: - Ratification of global
International legal instruments agreements
and mechanisms - Implementation of ratified
global agreements
Chapter 40: - Main telephone lines per 100 - Programmes for national
Information for decision- inhabitants environmental statistics
making - Access to information
Chapter 23-32: -Representation of major groups

Strengthening the role of major in national councils for
groups sustainable development
-Representatives of ethnic
minorities and indigenous people
in national councils for
-Contribution of NGO's to
CSD Working List of Indicators of Sustainable Development -September 1996-

source: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/worklist.htm
80
CSTB – La Calade
APPENDIX 4:
National appendixes
Appendix 4-UK: United Kingdom

4-UK1: The 15 headlines indicators of the United Kingdom
4-UK2: The 29 local indicators in UK
4-UK3: Southwark, the LITMUS project indicators
Appendix 4-DK: Denmark

4-DK1: The 15 key indicators for sustainable development in Denmark.
4-DK2: The Danish urban regeneration experiment.
Appendix 4-IT: Italy

4-IT1: The requirement of the sustainable building regulations BRICK (Bologna)
4-IT2: The VALSIA indicators (Comune di Bologna)
4-IT3: The LEGAMBIENTE-URBAN ECOSYSTEM indicators
4-IT4: The Tuscany Region indicators
Appendix 4-D: Germany

4-D1: Guideline for sustainable building (Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen)
4-D2: ImmoPass "Rehabilitation of buildings" issues and indicators
4-D3: Indicators for a sustainable development in North Rhine-Westphalia (Indikatoren für eine
nachhaltige Entwicklung in NRW)
4-D4: Guideline-Indicators for sustainable development in the context of the Local Agenda 21
(Leitfaden-Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren in Rahmen der lokalen Agenda 21)
4-D5: Cities of the future (Staedte der Zukunft)
4-D6: Sustainable community (zukunftsfähige Kommune)
Appendix 4-E: Spain
Appendix 4-NL: The Netherlands
Appendix 4-Brussels and IBGE
81
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4UK: United-Kingdom
4-UK1: The 15 headlines indicators of the United-Kingdom
The UK Government has introduced a hierarchy of sustainable development indicators for measuring
progress at the national and local levels. These indicators are designed to monitor and evaluate
progress towards more sustainable development as set out in the ‘A better quality of life: a strategy for
sustainable development in the UK’ (DETR 1999).
A set of 15 ‘headline’ indicators35 has been established to raise public awareness and give a broad
picture of the direction in which the country is moving. A report on the headline indicators is
published annually. A more comprehensive picture is given through the set of 147 national
sustainability indicators36. It is the responsibility of the national government to report on these
indicators. An incomplete baseline report of the national indicators, ‘Quality of Life Counts’ (DETR
1999) was produced in 1999. Methods for measuring some of the indicators are still under
development.
The national government also publishes guidance for local authorities to produce local indicators37. A
set of 29 indicators has been developed, which local authorities may use or adapt as fits their local
situation. Guidance on the methodology for using these local indicators is also given.
Use of the indicators in this report

In sections 1.1 to 1.3, indicators from these sets are listed as appropriate. In each case, the source of
the indicator (i.e. which set of UK government indicators it belongs to) is noted. Headline indicators
have the reference numbers H1-H15. The National indicators are divided into 19 ‘families’. Each
family of indicators is referred to by a letter of the alphabet, and each indicator within that family has a
reference number, i.e. A1, B1 etc. As the family to which an indictor belongs is often important in
interpreting its meaning, a list of all the families is given below:
35
http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/headline/index.htm
The 15 headline indicators make up a ‘quality of life barometer’, which will be used to measure overall progress. They cover
the three pillars of sustainable development, namely social progress, economic growth and environmental protection.
36
http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/national/index.htm
These 147 indicators give a broad overview of whether we are achieving a ‘better quality of life for everyone, now and for
future generations to come’. They cover the three pillars of sustainable development, namely social progress, economic
growth and environmental protection, including people’s everyday concerns - like health, jobs, crime, air quality, traffic,
housing, educational achievement, wildlife and economic prosperity.
37
http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/local/index.htm
The 29 indicators are based on local versions of some of the national indicators of sustainable development, including some
of the 15 ‘headline’ indicators, and also on a number of other indicators developed by local authorities and Local Agenda 21
groups. A handbook, ‘Local Quality of Life Counts’, has been produced to give guidance to local authorities.
82
CSTB – La Calade
UK national sustainable development indicator ‘families’

A sustainable economy
A Doing more with less: improving resource efficiency
B Economic stability and competitiveness
C Developing skills and rewarding work
D Sustainable production and consumption
Building sustainable communities
E Promoting economic vitality and employment
F Better health for all
G Travel
J Access
K Shaping our surroundings
L Involvement and stronger institutions
Managing the environment and resources
M An integrated approach
N Climate change and energy supply
P Air and atmosphere
Q Freshwater
R Seas, oceans and coasts
S Landscape and wildlife
Sending the right signals
T Sending the right signals
International co-operation and development
U International co-operation and development
The nature of sustainable development issues, in which there is an infinite number of cross-
connections and relationships, presents problems for selecting indicators for inclusion in this report. In
order to limit the number of indicators listed here to those most directly relevant to urban residential
neighbourhoods, some broad principles have been followed. The following broad types of indicator
have not been listed:
• Indicators that can be interpreted only at the national or global level
• Indicators relating to industries that would not generally be located in residential neighbourhoods
• Indicators relating to large-scale commercial or corporate practices that would not normally be
addressed at the neighbourhood level
• Indicators relating to public-sector services and practices that would not normally be addressed at
the local level
• Indicators relating to rural areas and agricultural practices
Limiting the indicators to only one of the headings in sections 1.1-1.3 of this report has been difficult,
and several indicators are therefore listed more than once. It is hoped that the use of reference numbers
will ease the identification of duplicated indicators. Difficulty was encountered in separating the
indicators relevant to ‘Neighbourhood’ (section 1.2) from those relevant to ‘City/Community’ (section
1.3). It was felt that the majority of indicators had relevance to both scales. Many of the national
indicators are designed to be analysed at the national level, but might also be adapted to the city or
neighbourhood scale. Only two indicators were placed under the City/Community heading, one
relating to town centres and one to the action of local authorities.
Indicators for the Construction Industry
Two of the national headline indicators relate to the construction sector; ‘homes built on previously
used land’ and ‘waste arisings and management’. The UK government has developed a set of Key
Performance Indicators for the construction industry, which are principally concerned with issues of
time/cost performance and are therefore not directly relevant to the HQE2R goals. A
government/industry working group is currently developing a set of Environmental Performance
Indicators for this sector.
83
CSTB – La Calade
Building / built elements

2 New Development
Objective/ Issue Indicator
Headline Indicators
H9 Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases Emissions of greenhouse gases
now, and plan for greater reductions in the longer term
H11 Improve choice in transport; improve access to Road traffic
education, jobs leisure and services; and reduce the need to
travel
H14 Re-using previously developed land, in order to protect New homes built on previously developed land
the countryside and encourage urban regeneration
H15 Move away from disposal of waste towards Waste arisings and management
minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery
National Indicators
A3 Energy efficiency of the economy Energy use per household
A4 Move away from disposal of waste towards waste Waste by sector
reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery
C10 Maintain a safe and healthy environment for workers Work fatalities and injury rates: working days lost through
illness
D3 Take-up of best practice in key sectors Energy and water consumption by sector/ waste and
hazardous emissions by sector
D7 Need housing which is more energy-efficient, uses fewer Household water use and peak demand
resources and creates less waste
D8 Need housing which is more energy-efficient, uses fewer Thermal efficiency of housing stock
D9 Greater use of sustainable construction materials Primary aggregates per unit of construction value
D10 Greater use of sustainable construction materials Construction and demolition waste going to landfill
J5 Ensure that everyone has the opportunity of a decent home Temporary accommodation/ rough sleepers
J6 Improving significantly the energy efficiency of all Fuel poverty
residential accommodation
K5 Ensure that development takes account of history and look Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay
for opportunities to conserve local heritage
K6 Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of noise and Quality of surroundings
pollution, green spaces, and community safety
N4 In the longer term more energy will have to come from Electricity from renewable sources
new and renewable sources
S14 Aim to maximise efficient use of materials and greater Amount of secondary/ recycled aggregates used compared
use of recycled and waste materials with virgin aggregates
Local Indicators
1 Use energy, water and other natural resources efficiently Energy use (gas and electricity)
and with care
2 Use energy, water and other natural resources efficiently Domestic water use
and with care
18 Creates or enhance places, spaces and buildings that work New homes built on previously developed land
well, wear well and look well
84
CSTB – La Calade
Existing Stock
Headline Indicators
H7 Reduce the proportion of unfit (housing) stock Non-decent housing
H9 Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases Emissions of greenhouse gases
now, and plan for greater reductions in the longer term
education, jobs leisure and services; and reduce the need to
travel
H15 Move away from disposal of waste towards Waste arising and management
National Indicators
A3 Energy efficiency of the economy Energy use per household
A5 Move away from disposal of waste towards waste Household waste and recycling
reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery
C10 Maintain a safe and healthy environment for workers Work fatalities and injury rates: working days lost through
illness
D3 Take-up of best practice in key sectors Energy and water consumption by sector/ waste and
hazardous emissions by sector
D7 Need housing which is more energy-efficient, uses fewer Household water use and peak demand
D8 Need housing which is more energy-efficient, uses fewer Thermal efficiency of housing stock
J5 Ensure that everyone has the opportunity of a decent home Temporary accommodation/ rough sleepers
J6 Improving significantly the energy efficiency of all Fuel poverty
residential accommodation
K1 Bring empty homes back into use and convert buildings to Vacant land and properties and derelict land
new uses
K6 Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of noise and Quality of surroundings
pollution, green spaces, and community safety
N4 In the longer term more energy will have to come from Electricity from renewable sources
new and renewable sources
S1 Minimise the loss of soils to new development Net loss of soils to development
S5 Protection for individual landscape features such as Landscape features – hedges, stone walls and ponds
hedges, dry stone walls and ponds
Local Indicators
3 Minimise waste, then re-use and recover it through Household waste arising
recycling, composting or energy recovery and finally dispose
of what is left
4 Minimise waste, then re-use and recover it through Recycling of household waste
recycling, composting or energy recovery and finally dispose
of what is left
12 Ensure access to good housing at a reasonable cost Homes judged unfit to live in
85
CSTB – La Calade
3 Neighbourhood

Headline Indicators
H3 Maintain high and stable levels of employment so Percentage of people of working age who are in work
everyone can share greater job opportunities
H4 Tackling poverty and social exclusion Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social
exclusion (children in low income households, adults
without qualifications and in workless households,
elderly in fuel poverty)
H5 Equip people with the skills to fulfil their potential Qualifications at age 19
H6 Improve health of the population overall Expected years of healthy life
H8 Reduce both crime and peoples fear of crime Level of crime
H10 Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality Days when air pollution is moderate or higher
continues to improve through the longer term
education, jobs and leisure and services; and reduce the
need to travel
H12 Improving river quality Rivers of good or fair quality
H13 Reverse the long-term decline in populations of Populations of wild birds
farmland and woodland birds
National Indicators
C1 Raise educational standards at all levels and close 16 year-olds with no qualifications
the widening gap between high and low achievers
C2 Raise educational standards at all levels and close Adult literacy/numeracy
the widening gap between high and low achievers
C3 To become a learning society - in a rapidly Learning participation
changing world people need the skills to adapt, and
opportunities to update them throughout their lives
C4 Boost workplace learning Businesses recognized as Investors in People
C5 Maintain high and stable levels of employment so Proportion of people of working age in workless
everyone can share greater job opportunities households
C6 Maintain high and stable levels of employment so Proportion of people of working age out of work for
everyone can share greater job opportunities more than two years
C7 Maintain high and stable levels of employment so Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and disabled
everyone can share greater job opportunities people who are economically active
C8 Fairness at work People in employment working long hours
C9 Fairness at work Low pay
C11 Raise quality of life of workers in global supply UK companies implementing ethical trading codes of
chains of companies importing into the UK conduct
D1 Give consumers better information and encourage Consumer information
purchasing initiatives which help to move the market
D4 Encourage businesses to assess environmental Adoption of environmental management systems (ISO
impacts and set targets, and produce environmental 14001) and the EU Eco-Management and Audit
reports Scheme (EMAS)
E2 Closing the gap between the poorest and Index of local deprivation
communities and the rest
86
CSTB – La Calade
communities and the rest

E3 Tackling poverty and social exclusion Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage
pregnancies
E4 Promoting local business diversity New business start-ups net of closures
E5 Reducing disproportionate unemployment among Ethnic minority employment and unemployment
ethnic minorities
F1 Deliver key health targets Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,
accidents and suicides
F2 Environmental factors affecting health Respiratory illness
F3 Address major factors leading to health inequalities Health inequalities
F4 Provide people with access to effective healthcare, NHS hospital waiting lists
based on patients’ needs, and not on where they live of
their ability to pay
G1 Improve choice in transport; improve access to Passenger travel by mode
education, jobs, leisure and services; and reduce the
need to travel
G2 Improve choice in transport; improve access to How children get to school
education, jobs, leisure and services; and reduce the
need to travel
G4 The cost of traffic congestion Traffic congestion
G5 The link between rising prosperity and increased Distance travelled relative to income
travel must be broken
J1 Need better access to services People finding access difficult
J3 Ensure that disabled people have access to a wider Access for disabled people
range of goods, services and facilities
J4 Arts and sport should be accessible to everyone Participation in sport and cultural activities
K7 Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of Access to local green space
traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces, and
community safety
K8 Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of Noise levels
traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces, and
community safety
K9 Reduce both crime and fear of crime Fear of crime
L2 Voluntary and community activity can promote Voluntary activity
social inclusion and cohesion
L3 Help build a sense of community by encouraging Community spirit
and supporting all forms of community involvement
P1 Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality Concentrations of selected air pollutants
P2 Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality Emissions of selected air pollutants
P3 Ensure that polluting emissions do not cause harm Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions
to human health or the environment
Q2 Safeguarding resources and ensuring affordable Water demand and availability
supplies
Q3 Safeguarding resources and ensuring affordable Water affordability
supplies
87
CSTB – La Calade
supplies
Q6 Ensure that abstraction controls play a full part in Sites affected by water abstraction
protecting the best wildlife and amenity sites
S3 Reverse the long-term decline in populations of Trends in plant diversity
farmland and woodland birds
S8 Promoting public access and enjoyment of the Access to the countryside
landscape
S11 Protecting and expanding ancient and semi-natural Area of ancient semi-natural woodland in GB
woodlands
S12 Better management of existing woodlands Sustainable management of woodland
T7 Improve awareness of sustainable development Public understanding and awareness
T8 Improve awareness of sustainable development Awareness in schools
T9 Encourage individuals to do their bit Individual action for sustainable development
Local Indicators
Emphasise health service prevention action as well Mortality by cause
as cure
Maximise everyone’s access to the skills and • Qualifications of young people
knowledge needed to play a full part in society • Adult education
• Encourage necessary access to facilities, services, goods • Overall traffic volumes
and other people in ways which make less use of the car • Access to key services
and minimise impacts on the environment • Travel to work
• How do school children travel to school?
• Make opportunities for culture, leisure and recreation
readily available to all
• Meet local needs locally wherever possible
Empower all sections of the community to participate in • Social participation
decision making and consider the social and community • Community well being
impacts of decisions • Tenant participation/satisfaction
• Create a vibrant local economy that gives access to • Employment/unemployment

satisfying and rewarding work without damaging the
local, national or global environment • Business start-ups and closures
• Value unpaid work • Companies with environment management systems

• Social and community enterprises
4 City / community
Headline Indicators
K2 Shopping, leisure and entertainment, offices and other key New retail floor space in town centres and out of town
town centre uses should, wherever possible, be located within
existing centres
L1 All local communities to have sustainable development Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies
strategies in place by 2000
Important International Examples for the Use of Urban SD Indicators

As a good example of the use of urban sustainable development indicators in the UK, we refer to the
case study of the ‘LITMUS’ project in Southwark, London. This was included as part of the HQE2R
Deliverable 3 (which is on the public web site).
88
CSTB – La Calade
The report about national strategy concerning global indicators presents 15 Headline indicators. They
are intended to make up a 'quality of life barometer', which will be used to measure overall progress
towards sustainable development
The headline indicators in the UK sustainable development strategy
Indicator
Themes, issues and objectives (Strategy reference) Headline Indicators
number
Maintaining high and stable levels of economic growth and employment
our economy must continue to grow 1 total output of the economy (GDP and GDP per head)
investment (in modern plant and machinery as well as

research and development) is vital to our future total and social investment as a percentage of GDP
2
prosperity
maintain high and stable levels of employment so proportion of people of working age who are in work
everyone can share greater job opportunities 3
Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone
indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion

(children in low income households, adults without
tackling poverty and social exclusion qualifications and in workless households, elderly in fuel
4 poverty)
equip people with the skills to fulfil their potential 5 qualifications at age 19
improve health of the population overall 6 expected years of healthy life
reduce the proportion of unfit (housing) stock 7 homes judged unfit to live in
reduce both crime and people's fear of crime 8 level of crime
Effective protection of the environment
continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases emissions of greenhouse gases

now, and plan for greater reductions in longer term 9
reduce air pollution and ensure air quality continues to days when air pollution is moderate or higher
improve through the longer term 10
improve choice in transport; improve access to

education, jobs leisure and services; and reduce the road traffic
11
need to travel
improving river quality 12 rivers of good or fair quality
reverse the long-term decline in populations of populations of wild birds

farmland and woodland birds 13
re-using previously developed land, in order to protect new homes built on previously developed land
the countryside and encourage urban regeneration 14
Prudent use of natural resources
move away from disposal of waste towards waste 15 waste arising and management
Source: http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk
89
CSTB – La Calade
4-UK2: The 29 local indicators in UK

Characteristics of a sustainable society Local quality of life indicators in the menu
Protect and enhance environment ENVIRONMENT
• Use energy, water and other natural resources Prudent use of resources
efficiently and with care
• Energy use (gas and electricity) (1)
• Minimise waste, then re-use or recover it through • Domestic water use (2)
recycling, composting or energy recovery and finally
• Household waste arisings (3)
dispose of what is left
• Recycling of household waste (4)
• Limit pollution to levels which do not damage natural Protection of the environment
systems
• Number of days of air pollution (5)
• Value and protect the diversity of nature • Rivers of good or fair quality (6)
• Net change in natural/semi-natural habitats (7)
• Changes in population of selected characteristic species
(8)
Meet social needs SOCIAL
• Protect human health and amenity through safe, clean, Better health and education for all
pleasant environments
• Mortality by cause (9)
• Emphasis health service prevention action as well as • Qualifications of young people (10)
care
• Adult education (11)
• Maximise everyone's access to the skills and knowledge
needed to play a full part in society
• Ensure access to good food, water, housing and fuel at a Access to local services and travel
reasonable cost
• Homes judged unfit to live in (12)
• Encourage necessary access to facilities, services, goods • Homelessness (13)
and other people in ways which make less use of the car
• Access to key services (14)
and minimise impacts on the environment
• Travel to work (15)
• Make opportunities for culture, leisure and recreation • How do school children travel to school? (16)
readily available to all
• Overall traffic volumes (17)
• Meet local needs locally wherever possible
• Create or enhance places, spaces and buildings that work Shaping our surroundings
well, wear well and look well
• New homes built on previously developed land (18)
• Make settlements 'human' in scale and form • Public concern over noise (19)
• Value and protect diversity and local distinctiveness and • Recorded crime per 1,000 population (20)
strengthen local community and cultural identity • Fear of crime (21)
• Empower all sections of the community to participate in Empowerment and participation
decision making and consider the social and community
• Social participation (22)
impacts of decisions
• Community well being (23)
• Tenant satisfaction/participation (24)
Promote economic success ECONOMIC
• Create a vibrant local economy that gives access to Sustainable local economy
satisfying and rewarding work without damaging the
• Employment/unemployment (25)
local, national or global environment
• Benefit recipients (26)
• Value unpaid work
• Business start-ups and closures (27)
• Companies with environment management systems (28)
• Social and community enterprises (29)
Source:www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/index.htm
90
CSTB – La Calade
4-UK3: Southwark, the LITMUS project indicators
LITMUS looks at how indicators can be made more resonant with local people, to reflect their
concerns and local issues.
Following the long process of awareness raising and consultation, the following indicators were
selected by two clusters representing the two areas involved in the project: Peckham and Aylesbury.
List of LITMUS indicators, by area and working group
Clusters Issue Indicator
Peckham
No. Of multi-cultural events and no. Of people

Cultural identity
attending them
Community
Empowerment Disabled access No. Of buildings with disabled access
Community Support Funding allocated to community resources
Community Involvement No. Of people attending meetings
Community gardens No. Of people actively involved
No. Of sites
Derelict Open Space
Open Space & total area of sites
Clean Environment No. of bins
Rubbish/Litter
Litter Survey
Rats and Vermin No of rat/mouse sightings/rat complains
Obesity rate
Diet
Range of locally available food
Health
Exercise No of people using local leisure centre
Easy to be healthy Range of people who think it's too expensive
Aylesbury
School transport No of pupils walking or cycling to school
Transport Access to information amount of information about transport links
Access for disabled people transport modes accessible to all
Complains about noise No per quarter
Buildings
Accessible public buildings No with ramps, lifts, accessible toilets & doors
& streets
Safety designed estate elderly people who feel safe outside after dark
Noise levels at Old Kent Road
Pollution
Open Space & No and level of pollutants at Old Kent Road
clean environment Amount of green space per person
Gardens & Allotments
No of private gardens / windows boxes per person
Burgess Park Rubbish/Litter No of bins overflowing in the Park
(Peckham & Biodiversity No of bird species
Aylesbury) Use to the park No of users and uses
Source: Summary of the final report of the LITMUS Project-Local indicators to Monitor Urban
Sustainability-carried out by the London Borough of Southwark between October 1997 and March
2000- Southwark Council, March 2001)
91
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-DK: Denmark
4-DK1: The 15 key indicators for sustainable development in Denmark.

N1: GNP per. capita
N2: Environment impact from 4 factors (CO2-eq., N- and P- emissions to the sea and acidity) in
relation to GNP
N3: Real savings
N4: Employment distributed by age
N5: Mean living age (distributed on women and men)
N6: CO2-eq. emissions from different sectors
N7: Use of dangerous chemicals
N8: Size of nature areas
N9: Energy use, water use and waste in relation to GNP
N10: Economical value of international development support
N11, N12: Indicators selected for each year for specific sectors
N13: Number of products that have an environmental specification (e.g. Swan mark)
N14: Number of governmental institutions that have a green buying policy
N15: Number of companies with an environmental certification.
4-DK2: The Danish urban regeneration experiment

The following indicators (success criteria) are some examples of indicators used in this program:

Average income
Number of persons with an income above a threshold
Partnerships between the municipality and
Citizen grouping % of employed
the housing associations
% of people receiving social security
% of people owning their own home
Number of persons participating
Number of participants at citizen meetings and other similar ar-
Number of attempts to activate persons
rangements
Participation that once have been active, but now are
% of the people participating in larger cultural events
passive
% of participants in work- and project-groups that are from another
ethnical background than Danish
Specific objectives with respect to the actual building of specific
buildings fulfilled
Number of new squares ; Number of parked cars (shows the degree of
increased activity) in the central area
Average speed on selected streets ;
The physical Number of sustainable elements in new or renovation building Number of cultural unions / thematic
environment projects (i.e. additional insulation, solar heating, etc.) : groups involved in the development
% of houses using district heating ;
Energy use ; Water use ; Waste production ; CO2 emissions ; %of
citizens who experience it move safe to move in the traffic on foot /
on bicycle
92
CSTB – La Calade

Number of citizen who have been trained
% of visitors at cultural arrangement coming from outside the as bridge-builders.
Culture and neighbourhood Existence of a formalised cooperation
integration Number of arrangements for ethnical older people between the municipality and the housing
Number of senior dwellings establish associations to deal with traumatized
fugitives
Number of arrangements where the young people are responsible
Children and young Number of arrangements where young and elderly meet over a The existence of a network of children and
people common activity young
Criminality index
% of employed people
Jobs and Number of new jobs in the neighbourhood
employment % growth in the turnover of the central shopping centre
Number of shops in the shopping centre
% of citizen moving away from the area
Level of “feeling safe” Pct. of the citizens who know about the
Image and local
Number of positive exposures of the area in regional and national regeneration project
identity
media
Number of newsletter issued
Source: Ove Morck working at Cenergia for HQE²R project.
See also http://hqe2r.cstb.fr
93
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-IT: Italy
4-IT1: The requirement of the sustainable building regulations BRICK

(Bologna)
LIST OF REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN BRICK
Requirements concerning the development planning scale.
• Shading of private parking.
• Green roofs on flat roofs and underground parking
Requirements concerning the building scale: health and comfort

• Protection from Radon.
• Regulation of natural light level.
• Control of sound pressure.
• Natural lighting of internal spaces.
• Use of materials not emitting injurious substances or dust.
• Reduction of indoor electromagnetic fields.
• Fuel gas draining.
• Control of smokes temperature.
• Internal air temperature.
• Superficial temperature.
• Relative humidity.
• Velocity and temperature of internal air.
• Regulation and control of air-conditioning devices.
• Forced ventilation of living spaces.
Requirements concerning the building scale: environmental impact

• Green roofs.
• Control of solar radiation glazed surfaces during summer period.
• Possibility of waste separation.
Requirements concerning the building scale: environmental impact – energy

• Accounting of energy consumption (heating, hot water, summer cooling)
• Thermostatic regulation devices on heating elements.
• Reduction of fossil fuel consumption.
• Greenhouses and sun spaces.
94
CSTB – La Calade
Requirements concerning the building scale: environmental impact – water

• Storage of rain-water for private gardens watering
• Accounting of water consumption
• Installation of water flux regulation devices in WC
• Supply of wastewater boxes
4-IT2: The VALSIA indicators (Comune di Bologna)

The VALSIA (“Environmental Impact Studies Assessment of public and private works and plans in
the Municipality of Bologna”) indicators are:
• Air Quality
Presence of polluting emissions: sulphur and nitrogen oxides, micro powders, heavy metals,
hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, chloric pollutants.
Climate and meteorology parameters: temperature and precipitations; humidity, fog, prevalent winds.
The planning operator is asked to evaluate the possible impacts on air quality of the planned urban
area.
• Superficial and underground water
It is requested a plan for water consumption, considering demand for drinkable water, heating and
cooling water needs, water for recreational use and waste water flows: volume and chemical and
physical parameters.
Protection of water natural cycle is evaluated through:
- ground permeabilty and impermeability ratio;
- water recycling systems.
• Soil and subsoil

Pedological, lithological, hydrogeological, geomorphologyical characteristics and stratigraphic
surveys; presence of polluted soil.
Soil vulnerability estimation is requested.
• Natural environment and ecosystem

Site analysis elements:
- ecosystemic and paesistic emergencies
- climatic factors
- green and architectonical pre-existing elements
- superficial and underground water resources
- existing infrastructures
- possible polluting factors
- present green species and equipment
• Landscape
Principal elements for town description, according to K. Lynch: paths, edges, landmarks, nodes,
districts.
Landscape quality evaluation:
95
CSTB – La Calade
- natural components
- agricoltural, residential, industrial, touristical, recreational activities
- natural and human conditions generating landscape transformation
- visual and cultural relation between subject and environment
- archeological, historical and artistic restraints
Aspects to be considered.
- physical: morphology, topography, water
- visual: image and visibiliy of particular elements
- historical and cultural: presence of artificial elements
• Social and economical assessment

Territorial assessment: physical and functional elements of the settlement
Psychological, physical and social comfort of the inhabitants:
- population dynamics
- human health
- built environment
- quality and availability of services
- alteration of current prices
• Noise
New sound emissions from linear, punctual, and zoned sources.
Existing emission sources.
Existing acoustic climate
Noise control indicators:
- source emission spectrum
- L min
- L max
- Leq in dB (A)
• Energy
Annual energy consumption of the settlement calculated for each energetic resource: electricity,
natural gas, gas oil for heating, air conditioning, house and office equipments, sanitary warm water
calculated to define the energetic demand of the settlement in kW/m2/a.
The procedure requires calculation for each building and for non built areas, considering energy
consumption for:
- internal lighting
- parking resorts lighting
- internal heating and cooling
- internal and parking ventilation
- ventilation for exhaust gases
- sanitary water heating
- elevators
- electric equipments
The use VALSIA is quite complex requiring a lot of basic information; the parameters requested for
each subject of the analysis are not clearly defined; except for some energy saving procedures derived
from national laws, there is a lack of reference standards.
96
CSTB – La Calade
4-IT3: The LEGAMBIENTE–URBAN ECOSYSTEM indicators

The indicators can be related to 3 macro classes:
- pressure indicators to evaluate the weight of human activities on environment
- state indicators measuring the quality of physical environment
- reply indicators to estimate the efficiency of environmental policies
Information and data are gathered both with questionnaires and direct interviews and with statistic data
on more than 40 parameters.
Municipality questionnaire data
• Air monitoring
- number of fixed and mobile monitoring stations
- number of functioning stations
- kind of monitoring stations according to specific laws
- type of surveyed pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, PTS, PM10, ozone, benzene, benzpyrene)
• Air quality
- NO2 – 98° concentration rate
- annual average of NO2 concentrations
- amounts of data exceeding the limit of 30 milligrams of CO
- amounts of data exceeding the limit of 10 milligrams of CO
- amounts of data exceeding the limit of 200 micrograms of Ozone
- amounts of data exceeding the limit of 110 micrograms of Ozone
- average benzene concentration
• Water quality
- average concentration of nitrates in drinkable water
- number of recurring presence of nitrates
• Water consumption
- quantity of water brought to the water supply system
- quantity of distributed water
- days with lack of water
• Depuration systems
- inhabitants connected with the city sewer system
- inhabitants connected with sewer depuration system
- functioning days of depuration system
- COD flowing to the depuration equipment
- COD coming from the depuration equipment
- depuration equipment capacity (inhabitants equivalent)
• Waste
- total urban waste production
- separate waste collecting facilities for types of materials
- waste treatment for type of plant
• Green
- usable urban green resorts (parks and gardens)
- complementary green features (cemetery green, sport resorts)
- parks and natural preserves
- agricultural areas
- green resorts provided by town planning
• Land use
- pedestrian permanent areas
- controlled traffic areas
- number and extension of cycling routes
• Public transportation
- extension of public transportation net
- extension of protected transportation net
- passengers transported per year
- state of procedure of the urban traffic plan
• Green Purchasing
- quality and standard of ecological local policy
97
CSTB – La Calade
Statistical data
- number of circulating cars
- electricity domestic consumption
- fuel consumption for private and public transportation
- firms with ISO 14001 certification
- number of building abuses every 1000 families
4-IT4: The Tuscany Region indicators

The table of indicators determined by the Tuscany Region is presented below
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION

Surface and subterranean waters Surface and subterranean waters
Pollution load Pollution load
Map of lakes and water courses for ATO Map of lakes and water courses for ATO
Water discharges Water discharges
Status of surface water resources Status of surface water resources
Electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic fields
Electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic fields
Accidents and significant risks Accidents and significant risks
Number of hazardous industries in Tuscany Number of hazardous industries in Tuscany
Air quality Air quality
Urban environment Urban environment
Benzene - C6H6 Benzene - C6H6
Nitric oxide - NO2 Nitric oxide - NO2
Gases that contribute to acidification and eutrophisation Gases that contribute to acidification and eutrophisation
Gases that contribute to the formation of troposphere ozone Gases that contribute to the formation of troposphere ozone
Greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change Greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change
Carbon monoxide - CO Carbon monoxide - CO
Ozone - O3 Ozone - O3
Particulates - PM10 Particulates - PM10
Refuse system Refuse system
Production of refuse and wastes Production of refuse and wastes
Production of special wastes Production of special wastes
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

Productive activities Productive activities
Inhabitant equivalents in industry Inhabitant equivalents in industry
Persons employed by sector Persons employed by sector
Consumption of electricity in the main sectors Consumption of electricity in the main sectors
Consumption of electricity by Province Consumption of electricity by Province
Consumption of electricity Consumption of electricity
Consumption of natural gas Consumption of natural gas
Consumption of petroleum products Consumption of petroleum products
Distribution of leading industries Distribution of leading industries
Residential and non residential buildings Residential and non residential buildings
by Province by Province
GDP per capita and employment GDP per capita and employment
Population active in environmental sectors Population active in environmental sectors
Trend of electricity consumption Trend of electricity consumption
TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY
Crowding of urban centres Crowding of urban centres
Vehicles by year of first licensing Vehicles by year of first licensing
Population and urban environment Population and urban environment
Building activity by type of municipality Building activity by type of municipality
Map of municipal densities and settlements Map of municipal densities and settlements
Population density by Province Population density by Province
Population density by type of municipality Population density by type of municipality
98
CSTB – La Calade
Demographic indexes by Province Demographic indexes by Province

Housing stock and dwellings occupied Housing stock and dwellings occupied
Population and population density Population and population density
Population, natural balance and migration Population, natural balance and migration
Tourism and services Tourism and services

Tourist presence days Tourist presence days
Agri-tourism presence by APT (Province) Agri-tourism presence by APT (Province)
Tourist presence per inhabitant and per land area Tourist presence per inhabitant and per land area
Tourist presence by type Tourist presence by type
Trend in tourist arrivals and presences Trend in tourist arrivals and presences
GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Protected areas and protection of biodiversity Protected areas and protection of biodiversity
Protected areas Protected areas
Natural and semi-natural habitats Natural and semi-natural habitats
“Green” finance “Green” finance

Regional “environmental” revenues Regional “environmental” revenues
Community agro-environmental measurements – Region Community agro-environmental measurements – Region
Environmental measurements Community Docup Environmental measurements Community Docup
Urban sanitation services: financial data Urban sanitation services: financial data
Water services: financial data Water services: financial data
Municipal expenditure: territory and environment Municipal expenditure: territory and environment
Regional environmental expenditure Regional environmental expenditure
Waste management and reclamation Waste management and reclamation
Management of municipal refuse Management of municipal refuse
Separate collection Separate collection
Information, Training, Dissemination Information, Training, Dissemination

Information, Training, Dissemination Information, Training, Dissemination
Sustainable development and qualification Sustainable development and qualification

Sustainable development initiatives Sustainable development initiatives
Systems of environmental certification Systems of environmental certification
Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment
99
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-D: Germany

(For description see the respective paragraphs in the main document)
4-D1: Guideline for sustainable building (Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen)

Criteria / Indicators (often qualitative/descriptive or binary: existing / not existing):
A) ENVIRONMENTAL
1. Realisation of building requirement (analysis of building requirement)

- Building requirement
- Continuing use of existing buildings
2. Protective use of building land and natural resources

- Use/conversion of derelict industrial land/military facilities/gaps between existing buildings
- Surface sealing
- Area required for transport infrastructure
- Use of excavated soil within the landholding (mass balance)
- Integration into the urban environment or into the landscape
- Use/protection of groundwater
- Use of rainwater within the landholding
- Preservation of areas of unspoiled nature and of ecological structures, improvement of the
biodiversity of undeveloped ground (compensation)
- Remediation of contaminated soil
- Constraints for protection against emissions:
- green house gas
- air pollutants
- noise
3. High level of durability and multipurpose-functionality of the building, problem-free

demolition
- Durability of the building
- Usability of the building
- Demolition possibilities of the building
- Reuse of building components / materials
- load-bearing structure
- exterior walls
- ceilings
- interior walls
- roof construction
- building services
- Recycling of building components and materials
- Modular construction / use of prefabricated components
4. Use of health- and environment-friendly construction and fitting out materials

- Use of low-emission products
- Special requirements
5. Costs during use of the building
• Rational use of energy
- Energy-friendly construction method
- compact construction method
- involve the building substance as a reservoir of heat / cold
100
CSTB – La Calade
- proportion of rooms located in the interior

- location of rooms with RLT to noisy streets
- pipe network for utilities services to lavatories and sanitary facilities, kitchens etc.
- Low energy housing standard / achievement of a high level of structural heat insulation
- Ventilation of residential areas/natural ventilation of the buildings
- Passive use of solar energy
- Use of daylight
- Natural insulation against summertime heat/avoidance of mechanical cooling
- Conditions for the active use of environment-friendly sources of energy
- Integrated energy supply concept
- Connection to the local public transport system
• Minimisation of other costs during the utilisation phase

- Cleaning costs
- Water consumption
- Maintenance/inspection
- Sewage and waste
6. Building-specific issues (no indicators defined but to be described)
B) ECONOMY
- net usable floor space in m²
- gross floor space in m²
• Building Project Costs based on DIN 276 in €
- Property
- Preparation and development
- Building-construction
- Building-technical installations
- Outdoor facilities
- Furnishings and artworks
- Ancillary building expenses
• Expenditures - Utilisation Phase in € /(m2 HNF · a)
- Cleaning of the building
- Water/sewage
- Heating
- Cooling
- Electricity
- Service, maintenance, inspection
- Miscellaneous
- Building maintenance
C) SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS
Special requirements which go beyond the normal standard for integration into the surroundings, form
(external impact) and the relationship between interior areas and people (interior impact) etc. These
aspects also include freedom from barriers and the protection of historic monuments etc.
101
CSTB – La Calade
4-D2: ImmoPass “Rehabilitation of buildings” issues and indicators

Topic Sector Issue Indicator
• ratio of distance between the buildings to altitude of the
buildings >2
shape of the • ratio of the surface of the shell to the volume of the
building building < 0,5 (multi-dwelling units)
• ratio of the surface of the shell to the volume of the
construction building < 0,7 (one family homes)
geometry of the • orientation of the living rooms according to the sun
building • depths of the living rooms less than 5 m
• flexibility given
plan view • storage facilities 2 square meter per person
• protection against visibility between the apartments
• attractive appearance
external opening
Building • entrance handicapped accessible
up
opening up • clear access to the parking site
• traffic area / effective area < 20%
internal opening up
• traffic areas available for use
quality of the • thoroughly handled planning
planning • planning oriented towards life-span
quality of the construction • simple construction structure
appearance structure • optimal spans
• concept of materials generated
materials / colours
• colour concept available
fire protection • fire precaution plan
fire protection and
lightning protection lightning
• lightning protection arrangements provided
protection
• common rooms available
common use
• spaces for leisure activities / playgrounds projected
• side-rooms available
use general facilities • location for collecting recoverable materials projected
• installation for organic waste provided
• minimal soil sealing
surface drainage
• roof gardening projected
• concept for the non-built-up space provided
spaces by plants • existing protection against visibility by plants
• front gardening projected
• provision for minimal maintenance
green spaces configuration of
Non-built • safety by illumination concept
the paths
space • thoroughly designed paths
greening of the • open soil covering
parking site • greening of the parking site projected
plants appropriate • preservation of plants appropriate to location

to location • continuous greening projected
• preservation of tall trees
quality of appearance
• visual aspects within the concept for the non-built-up
orientation in the
space
non-built-up space
• works of art in the non-built-up space projected
Sound • correct dimensioning of construction elements

thermal snugness
habitation • wind tight construction
snugness • concept for aeration and de-aeration
indoor air humidity
• civil engineering structure free from condensation
protection against
• protection against sunlight / visibility available
sunlight / visibility
noise insulation
against noise • plan view against noise pollution
noise insulation
coming from • anti-noise measures against noise coming from outside
outside
102
CSTB – La Calade
noise insulation
• plan view against noise pollution
against noise
• anti-noise measures against noise coming from inside
coming from inside
the building the building
hazardous
materials in • registration of hazardous materials
building stock
particle • insulation material containing fibre
• certification dye, varnish, glue
• certification wooden goods, textiles
gaseous
• renunciation of the use of organic wood conserving
compounds
hazardous materials agents
• declaration of radon
hazardous
materials in the • no suspicion of contamination by noxious substances
underground
• overall concept against electro pollution
Electro
• distance between sleeping places and large-scale power
pollution
consumers
selection and
• degree of maintenance of the structure
quantity of
• use of ecological elements
material
ecology of materials
• manufacturing of the construction
maintenance /
• simple restoration
disposal
• environmentally compatible waste disposal
heat requirement • heat requirement less than 100 kilowatt hours per
Environment
per year square meters and year
energy
usage of electricity • energy saving light bulbs
heating • solar collectors, wood, heat pump

renewable energy
electricity • photovoltaic, combined-heat-and-power-plants, wind
• possibility to retrofit of risers
zoning • short distribution systems
• modular construction
overall concept ventilation
• ventilation conception
conception
• conception for the use of rainwater
water conception
• water-saving armatures
• specific heating power less than 70 watt per square

generation of heat
meter
Domestic
technology • flow temperature less than 50° C
dimension distribution of heat
• individually adjustable heat emission
• storage temperature less than 60° C

hot water
• circulation possible to interrupt temporarily
water - / heating • ecological selection of material
pipe • compatibility of the materials of the supply system
selection of material insulation pipe /
• ecological selection of material
storage
electrical
• electrical installation free of halogen
installation
103
CSTB – La Calade
4-D3: Indicators for a sustainable development in North Rhine-Westphalia

(Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in NRW)
Ministerium für Städtebau und Wohnen, Kultur und Sport und Ministerium für Wirtschaft und
Mittelstand, Energie und Verkehr des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (ministry of urban development
and housing, culture and sports and ministry of economics, energy and traffic of the Federal State
North Rhine-Westphalia), Energy-Agency North-Rhine-Westphalia (Energieagentur NRW)
Issue Indicator Unit

Energy - general indicators
number of buildings and number of
number of dwelling houses, non-
accommodation units as well as dwelling area or
dwelling houses and municipal real
energetic renovation of buildings main effective area and the corresponding values
estate well rehabilitated
referring to the number of inhabitants of the
energetically
community
- number of buildings, also referring to the number
of new buildings and of inhabitants of the
number of buildings with extreme communities
passive homes
low energy consumption - number of accommodation units, also referring to
the number of new buildings and of inhabitants of
the communities
solar thermal systems for the
heating of process water and the number of solar thermal systems and square
solar heat supply support of the heating in meters of collector surface in the communities,
communities and the federal state also referring to the number of inhabitants
of North Rhine-Westphalia
number and power of installations with a fuel
decentralised combined-heat- decentralised combined-heat-and- efficiency of more than 70% per year, also
and-power-plant power-plants referring to the number of inhabitants in the
community
power and number of systems
installed generating electricity
generation of electricity from kilowatt per inhabitant of the community resp.
from renewable energy: 1. wind
renewable energy systems / inhabitants of the community
power, 2.hydropower, 3.
photovoltaics, 4. biomass
end-consumer using electric number of users of products from renewable
use of “green electricity” energy from renewable sources of energy, also referring to the number of inhabitants
energy / households / enterprises in the community
electricity consumption per year of
kilowatt hour per year, kilowatt hour per
the community, per household and
electricity consumption household and year, kilowatt hour per inhabitant
per inhabitant (without industry
and year
and business)
Energy - municipal real estate
energetic renovation of buildings
- municipal real estate
solar hot water supply –
municipal facilities
Energy - Supplementary Indicators
number and power of installations with a fuel
decentralised combined-heat- decentralised combined-heat-and-
efficiency of more than 70% per year, also
and-power-plant run with power-plants run with organic
referring to the number of inhabitants in the
organic material material
community
Social City - General Indicators
equal prospects of participation share of single parents obtaining social welfare in
situation of life of single parents
of all inhabitants all single parents of the community
length of street sections with a noise exposure of
sound conditions of life street noise more than 65 dB (A) during the day in built-up
areas
balanced standards of districts share of children and young persons under 16
age distribution
and neighbourhoods years in the total population in the neighbourhood
ratio of moves out of the neighbourhood in
stability of local neighbourhoods fluctuation in the population
comparison to the number of population per year
104
CSTB – La Calade
Social City - Supplementary Indicators

quality and safety of public
space
Urban Development And Resources - General Indicators
development of land use in the surface (in hectare), share of the different types of
development of land use
community by type of use use in the total surface of the community
development of land use in the
development of land use per
community in comparison to the surface (in hectares or smaller unit) per inhabitant
inhabitant
development of inhabitants
cubic meters per person and year, additionally %
potable water potable water consumption
of general consumption of the community
gross quantity of waste from
average gross quantity of waste per
households - municipal real kg/inhabitant and year
inhabitant and year
estate
average quantity of recoverable
collecting and recycling - kg/inhabitant and / or in % of gross quantity of
material from households per
municipal real estate waste
inhabitant and year
Urban Development and Resources - Municipal Real Estate
gross quantity of waste from
households - municipal real
estate
collecting and recycling -
municipal real estate
Urban Development and Resources - Supplementary Indicators
development of residential areas
increase in the density of use of

surface (in hectares or square meter), share of the
use of potentials for increasing buildable areas within built-up
surface already buildable for seven year or more
the density of buildings districts (concentration on the
in total area used for building projects per year
development of the built-up areas)
material flow - general indicators
renewable construction material
construction of housing space in
existing buildings
material flow - supplementary indicators
flexibility of lodgings
building passport and seals of
quality
4-D4: Guideline - Indicators for sustainable development in the context of the

Local Agenda 21 (Leitfaden - Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren im Rahmen der
lokalen Agenda 21)
Hessian ministry of the environment, agriculture and forests and corresponding ministries in Baden-
Wuerttemberg, Bavaria and Thuringia.
Core-Indicators
Issues
- additional indicators
ECOLOGY
Waste production in kg per inhabitant
- share of recycled materials in % of overall waste-prod.
Waste
- Hazardous waste in kg per inhabitant
- Waste production from production and construction activities
Changes in the occurrence of lichen
- Air pollution [internal index]
Air Quality
- NOx Emission in µg per m³ air
- Ozone-concentration µg per m³ air
105
CSTB – La Calade
Types of land uses as percentage of overall land use

- Share of areas for nature protection
Non renewable resources - Ratio of land that is used according to ecological principles and conventional
land use
- Share of inner-city development areas
Water-consumption of private households in litre per inhabitant and day
- Quality of surface water bodies (for bathing purposes)
Renewable resources
- Acidification of forest soils
- Share of forest with significant damages
Energy-consumption of private households in kWh per inhabitant
- Share of Energy-production from renewable resources
Energy consumption - CO2 –Emissions in kg per inhabitant
- Energy-consumption of communal administration and agencies in kWh per
inhabitant
Number of cars per 1000 inhabitants
- Use of public transports in person-km per inhabitant
- percentage of primary school pupils that are brought by car even under good
Mobility
weather conditions
- Number of km of business trips travelled by car per employee of public
administration
ECONOMY
Unemployment Rate (differentiated by women and men)
- Number of employees in subsidised short term working programmes
Distribution of Work
- Share of long-term unemployment
- Share of part-time employees
Share of suppliers of mostly regional products on weekly markets
- Share of farmers with direct marketing of agricultural products
Regional subsistence
- Contingent for export of processing industry
- Percentage of local production that is locally sold
Distribution of employees with social insurance by branches
- Number of employees in SMEs’ compared to large Enterprises
Economic structure - Floor-space for retail per inhabitant
- Share of the overall regional added value hold by the three biggest local
enterprises
Price-index for Rents (1995 =100)
- Price-index for Living (1995 =100)
Stability of prices
- Prices for building-lots in €/m²
- Price-index for an egg (1995 =100)
Public dept per inhabitant in € (1995 = 100)
- Share of spending for staff in the public budget
Structure of public budgets
- Development of interest to be paid from public budget
- Revenue from taxes per inhabitant
Number of Companies with Eco-Audit certification
- Number of companies with other environmental management systems (e.g.
ISO 14000)
Environmental protection in companies
- Share of products that are recyclable to more than 80%
- Share of renewable Energy and Energy from combined heat and power units
from the total energy consumption of Companies
SOCIETY / SOCIAL ASPECTS
Number of recipients of public subsidies for livelihood per 1000 inhabitants
(distinguished by women and men)
Distribution of Income and capital - Number of millionaires per 1000 inhabitants
- Number of homeless per 1000 inhabitants
- Percentage of deeply non adapted households
Number of apprenticeship opportunities per 1000
- Number of days for advanced vocational training per employee with social
Education insurance
- Number of children leaving school without completed primary education
- Public spending for educational institutions per pupil
Number of citizens moving in and out per 1000 inhabitants

- Distribution of households by number of household members
Social and urban structure - Age distribution of population a) below 18 years old, b) 18 to 65 years old, c)
65 years old and older
- Number of commuters in relation to number of employees
106
CSTB – La Calade
Number of participants in courses of the three biggest institutions for

advanced training
Cultural offers - Inventory of Media in public (non-academic) libraries per 1000 inhabitants
- Number of visitors of local museums
- Equipment with cinemas and theatres (places per 1000 residents)
Number of children with overweight when first going to school
- average lifespan
Level of health - Number of children with allergies
- Occurrence of diseases of the respiratory system in relation to number of
deaths (distinguished by women and men)
Number of disclosed criminal offences per 1000 inhabitants
- Traffic-accidents with damage to persons per 1000 inhabitants
Level of safety
- Accidents at work per 1000 full-time employees
- share of inhabitants that feel unsafe in the public at night
PARTICIPATION
Number of incorporated societies per 1000 inhabitants
- number of self-help institutions per 1000 inhabitants
- public subsidies to incorporated subsidies and self-help institutions per 1000
Voluntary engagement
inhabitants
- number of voluntary working hours in environmental and nature protection
projects
Participation in communal elections
- Number of members of political parties represented in the local parliament in
percent of eligible voters
Democratic engagement
- Number of visitors of public sessions of the local parliament per 1000
inhabitants
- Number of informal citizens committees
Communal spending for development cooperation in Percent of the public
budget
Engagement for international - Share of fair-trade products on regional markets
solidarity - Number of people active in third world initiatives
- Share of fairly utilised second hand clothes from second hand clothes
collections
Share of women in the local parliament
- public spending for women specific support programmes
- Number of women in minor employment related to the total number of
Women
employed women
- Share of women employed in public administration according to the hierarchy
of positions
Public spending for Children and Youth related projects in percent of public
budget
- Number of fulltime nursery places related to children between 3 and 14 years
Children / Youth
- Rate of unemployment among adolescents
- Number of active young citizens in communal parliaments of Youth or other
institutions representing youth
Number of voluntary working hours in LA21 processes per 1000 inhabitants
- Number of citizens councils
Participation in community
- Number of articles reporting on LA21-activities in the local newspapers
development
- Number of persons engaged in LA21-activities representing local economy in
relation to the total number of activists
107
CSTB – La Calade
Example: The use of LA21-guideline indicators in Bremen

Sector Indicators
proportion of Bremen's drinking water supply produced by Bremen itself
Water
natural state of the lower Water and its tributaries
proportion of ecological/regional products in non-private households
Agriculture
proportion of extensive and ecological agriculture
proportion of Bremen's power supply derived from renewable energy sources

Energy
CO2 emissions per year broken down according to consumption category
Economy &
proportion of business start-ups that survive the first three years
Sustainable Enterprises
International Partnerships & fair trade products available in Bremen
Cooperation budget of the state office for development cooperation
Land Use and Soil Pollution urban development and city structures
Transport & Mobility proportion of total journeys accounted for by each individual means of transport
Managing Waste Disposal solid waste volumes and recycling rates in Bremen households
Nature Conservation incidence of stratiotes aloides (water soldiers)
Social Affairs income discrepancies between men and women
Source : http://www.iclei.org/cities21/Bremen.html
see also: German state of the art on http://www.crisp.cstb.fr
4-D5: Cities of the future (Staedte der Zukunft)

Federal Agency for Construction and Regional Planning (Bundesamt für Bauwesen und
Raumordnung)
Indicators for sustainable land use

• areas of settlement and traffic
• mobilisation of developed building land reserves
• completion of dwellings in inner city locations and use of vacancies
• reuse of vacant industrial areas and conversion sites
• density of settlement area
• share of green spaces and amenities
• share of nature reserves and number of biotopes
Indicators for precautionary environmental protection

• energy use by private households
• CO2-emissions
• use of drinking water by private households
• production of residual waste by private households
Indicators for city-compatible mobility management

• share of settlement areas near by public transport stations
• increase of vehicle density
• length of cycle lane networks
• traffic safety (road casualties)
108
CSTB – La Calade
Indicators for socially responsible supply of housing

• internal migration within the whole urban area (removal index)
• migration balance inner city - urban fringe
• ratio of dwelling completion between single-family and multi-family houses
• share of housing subsidy receivers in the residential population
Indicators for business development to safeguard the locations of enterprises

• rate of unemployment
• subjects to social insurance contribution in relation to the settlement area
• subjects to social insurance contribution in relation to the number of inhabitants
• balance and total of commuters
• number of companies with an eco - audit certificate and agricultural enterprises with certificate
4-D6: Sustainable community (zukunftsfähige Kommune)

German aid for the environment (Deutsche Umwelthilfe / NGO)
[(+) / (-) Indication of desired development towards sustainability]
Issue / Indicator Unit Data-Source

Wellbeing
1. Areas close to nature, green spaces, water in m² per Inhabitant Land register, public statistics
surfaces and recreation areas (+)
2. a) Number of official playgrounds for per 100 children and adolescents public administration (welfare, youth,
children (+) green spaces)
b) Number of official institutions for
adolescents (+)
3. Facilities for culture, education and Number of initiatives, clubs, public administration (culture, sports
recreation (+) societies, social engagement per ...)
100 inhabitants
4. Migration balance (+) Migration per 1.000 residents Registration office, public statistics
5. Bicycle lanes (+) Meters of Bicycle lanes compared Traffic administration
to Meters of other traffic routes
(percentage)
6. Density of motorised traffic (-) Number of motorised vehicles per Vehicles registration office
1.000 inhabitants
7. Number of traffic accidents with children per 1.000 children and adolescents public statistics / police statistics
and adolescents involved (-)
8. Children with allergies (-) per 1000 children Public health care
9. Children with overweight (-) per 1000 children Public health care
10. Crime rate (-) Misdemeanours per 1000 Police statistics
inhabitants
11. Juvenile delinquents (-) Delinquents per 1000 adolescents Police statistics
12. Public Transport (+) per Inhabitant and area Public transport companies
a) Supply
b) Quality of service
13. Close to home facilities of basic supply (+) per inhabitant Usually specific data-collection
required
14. Quality of stay(+) Share of squares of at least 250 m² Land register / urban planning
not cut by traffic infrastructure administration
15. Noise pollution (-) Share of residents suffering a noise Usually specific data-collection
pollution above the average required (occasionally respective
statistics exist)
109
CSTB – La Calade
Social Equity
16. Opportunities for education (+) Balance of supply and demand Employment administration,
corporations of business and industry,
business development agencies
17. Job opportunities (+) Balance of supply and demand of Employment administration, business
local residents development agencies
18. Gender equality in urban / local Share of women in guiding Usually specific data-collection
administration (+) positions required (increasingly respective data
exist)
19. One-world engagement (+) Spending of the community for Urban administration Finance dept.
projects of development
cooperation in countries outside
EU
20. Engagement for handicapped persons (+) Financial and political support of Urban administration Finance dept.
the community for organisations of
handicapped persons
21. Engagement for children and adolescents Financial and political support of Urban administration Finance dept.
(+) the community for children and
adolescents in € per child and
adolescent
22. Participation of women in working life (+)Percentage of women in gainful Employment administration, business
occupation compared to the development agencies
number of women in working age.
23. Integration of local Immigrants (+) Percentage of public Public relations dept.
communications in languages of
local migrant groups.
24. Communal spendings for social welfare (-) Public Subsidies paid for Financial dept., Welfare dept.
livelihood in €
25. Poverty households (-) Percentage of households in Income statistics public statistics,
poverty locally exist poverty reports, partly
specific data collection required.
26. Security of housing (-) Percentage of rent with respect to Income statistics, local rent level
households income
27. Jobless Youth (-) Percentage of jobless adolescents Employment administration
28. Fair Trade (+) Turnover from third world Business and industry corporations,
cooperation and fair trade per 1000 Local one-world initiatives.
inhabitants
29. Gender equality in urban / local companies Women in guiding positions Usually specific data collection
(+) required
Environment and natural Resources

30. Extent of areas close to nature (+) Percentage from total area Public statistics, land register
31. Urban density (+) Inhabitants per ha urban built and Public statistics, land register
traffic area
32. Use of brownfields and unoccupied percentage of reused land and Usually specific data collection
buildings (+) buildings in building/development required
projects
33. Biological Quality of bodies of running Percentage of 2nd and 3rd order Water administration
water (+) bodies of running water with a
class 1 and 2 quality
34. Built and traffic area (-) Percentage of land use for Public statistics, land register
buildings and traffic from total
area
35. Consumption of drinking water (-) in m³ per inhabitant and year Water supply companies
36. Energy consumption of public Kwh per inhabitant and year Financial dept., communal or regional
administration, bodies or companies in public energy supply companies
ownership (-)
37. CO2-Emissions in kg per inhabitant and year a) Communal or regional energy
a. from Energy supply (-) supply companies
b. from traffic (-) b) Usually specific data collection
required
110
CSTB – La Calade
38. Waste production (domestic, industrial, in kg per inhabitant and year Waste collection and treatment
secondary resources) (-) companies
(data often not available for specific
communities)
39. Choice of traffic means (+) Modal Split Usually specific data collection
required
40. Environmentally friendly energy supply Share of total energy consumption Communal or regional energy supply
a. Renewable Energy (+) companies (often incomplete data)
b. heat and power cogeneration (+)
41. Number of trees on built areas (+) Trees per inhabitant Tree-register or specific data collection
42. Appearance of house martins (+) Number of breeding couples per Usually specific data collection
1000inhabitants required
43. Air quality (+) average concentration of harmful Locally data exist from air quality
substances (SO2, NOX, carbon monitoring stations.
black) Often specific data collection required
44. Soil sealing (-) Net balance of newly sealed Data often difficult to collect, locally
unsealed soil per year existing digitised land registers allow
specific analyses
Economic efficiency
45. Public gains from business taxes (+) € per inhabitant public statistics
46. Environmental management (+) Share of companies with a public statistics, business development
certified eco-audit dept., business and industry
corporations
47. Foundations of companies / Start ups (+) Ratio of start ups and businesses public statistics
closed down
48. efficiency of land use for business and Number of jobs per ha business public statistics
industry (+) area
49. Diversity of companies (+) Share of employees in the different public statistics
sectors of business
50. Debts of the community (-) € per inhabitant public statistics
a) Debts
b) annual new indebtedness
51. Unemployment rate (-) Share of unemployed among Employment administration
working age persons
52. Energy consumption Industry and business kwh per 50.000€ taxable turnover Communal or regional energy supply
(-) companies, local tax office; eventually
specific data collection required
53. Prices for building land (-) € / m² Business development agencies, public
statistics, estate agents
54. regional producers on weekly markets (+) percentage from all market traders Market dept.
55. Supply of natural food / Bio-products (+) Retail-units per 1000 inhabitants Usually specific data collection
required (low effort of collection).
111
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-E: Spain
City / community
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MUNICIPAL AUDIT by Diputació de Barcelona, Catalonia
Diputació de Barcelona (Barcelona Provincial Court) is a tregionalal administrative institution that has
some responsibilities for the governance of the province of Barcelona. Its domain is to help local
municipalities to manage some of their competence, but it is not a legislative organism.
One of the central elements of the Diputació Action Plan for the term 2000-2003, which we started up
following the last municipal elections, is the sustainable management of its region.
It has given particular importance to promoting the establishment of a new culture -in municipal
development strategies.
Furthermore, the municipalities have requested that Diputació de Barcelona design and make
available to them specific instruments of cooperation, in order to facilitate progress towards
sustainability. Its response has been, during the last few years, to create a package of tools for devising
municipal action plans oriented towards sustainability, and to provide support for their implementation
of the programs, projects, works, etc… which are contained in these plans. In other words, it is
committed to promoting Local Agenda 21 processes.
Over a hundred municipalities have now contacted the Diputació in order to join its Environmental
Municipal Audit Program (the first step in establishing Local Agenda 21).- thereby reaching 76% of
the population of Barcelona province, without including the city of Barcelona-, but the use of its
method is not limited to the Barcelona region, a point which has been confirmed by the fact that since
it was brought to public attention, this method has been adopted by numerous municipalities around
Spain, and has even become a valuable reference for the ‘local’ world in Europe. In 1999 the eco-
auditing program was given the distinction of the European Sustainable Cities award.
In the Environmental Municipal Audit an eco-audit including the establishment of indicators

(Municipal System of Sustainability indicators) is an important stage in completing the global
procedure and is a way of assessing the action plans developed and of reviewing whether the
objectives are achieved.
The Diputació orders its indicators according to the classification of the European environmental
agency (EEA), namely as model, flow and quality indicators.
MODEL: describe different process which involve different sectors and are related directly to the
basic municipal model.
FLOW: consider the flows of materials using energy from the point of view of production,
distribution, treatment and re-utilisation.
QUALITY: indicators of environmental quality.
112
CSTB – La Calade
MODEL INDICATORS
1. TERRITORIAL MOSAIC
a. TECI / Total Edge Contrast Index

Definition: Calculation of distances between different kind of landscape or functional ‘blots’
Formula: TECI (McGarigal And Marks / 1993 Forest Science Department / Oregon State university)
Unit: non dimensional
b. Size of landscape spots

Definition: calculation of the average of landscape spot sizes.
Formula: surface of landscape / number of different landscape spots
Unit: ha / ‘spot’
c. Fragmentation of landscape
Definition: calculation of fragmentation of landscape
Formula: number of landscape spots / different functions or categories.
Unit: non dimensional
2. INTENSITY OF URBANISATION OF LOCAL ECONOMY
Definition: Physical efficiency of economic activity in the area

Formula: (built land in year X- built land in year X-1) / local GDP year X
Unit: m2 of built land / euros
3. URBAN STRUCTURE: URBAN OCCUPATION OF LAND
a. urban occupation
Definition: potential occupation of municipal land by urban systems
Formula: (actual urban surface+planed occupation+urban systems) / total surface
Unit: %
b. density
Definition: human presence in the territory
Formula: number of residents / urban area
Unit: inhabitants / ha
c. over production of housing

Formula: (number of housing units built in one year / number of vacant housing units) x 100
4. URBAN STRUCTURE: PROXIMITY OF BASIC URBAN FACILITIES AND SERVICES
a. general proximity
Definition: number of the population which live at up to 500 meters distance from 6 different facilities or basic services / for
densities between 75 and 550 inhabitants / ha
Formula: population close to 6 services / total population
Unit: %
b. proximity of green areas

Definition: population which lives at up to 250 meters distance from green areas smaller than 1 ha+population which lives at
up to 500 meters distance from green areas greater than 1 ha.
113
CSTB – La Calade
Green area is any open space (square, garden, park,…) which has up to 50% of its surface paved. They do not consider road
trees or paved squares.
Formula: population close to green areas / total population
Unit: %
c. proximity to recycling structures

Definition: % of population living at up to 300 meters distance from a centre of collection and between 2 and 5 kilometres
from a selection centre
d. green areas
Formula: total surface of green areas / population
Unit: m2 /resident
e. tree-lined streets
Definition: percentage of tree-lined streets related to total number of streets that can be planted (streets with at least 9 meters
of width.
Formula: number of tree-lin streets / possible tree-line streets
Units: %
5. URBAN STRUCTURE: MOBILITY OF POPULATION
a. mobility by car
Definition: evaluation of the use of private vehicles in unavoidable mobility (work and study).
Formula: (number of private journey by car / total number of journeys (by bike, on foot, by public transport, by car) x 100
Unit: %
b. kilometres travelled
Formula: urban kilometres travelled / total number of vehicles in the territory
d. displacements on public transport

Formula : (number of journeys by public transport / total number of journeys by resident each year) x 100
Unit: %
e. number of motor vehicles

Formula: (number of cars, vans, pickups, motorbikes,…/ number of resident) x 1000
f. household motorisation index

Formula: number of vehicles per household
g. municipal vehicles which use alternative fuel (low impact)

Formula: number of low impact vehicles / total number of vehicles
6. URBAN STRUCTURE: STREETS WITH PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY
a. pedestrian improvement
Definition: evaluation of urban streets which take into account measures to reduce traffic or improve pedestrian use
Formula: (road area which attempts a reduction of traffic / total road area) x 100
Units: %
b. road network
Formula: (total area of urban road network / total area of urban land) x 100
Units: %
114
CSTB – La Calade
c. bicycle network
Formula: (linear kilometres of bicycle routes on streets/ total kilometres of streets) x 100
Units: %
7. ADAPTATION OF PLANNING TO THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF THE REGION
Definition: Calculation of the area with high ecological interest classified as possible urban land in the current planning,
related to the total area with high natural value. These include spaces such as forests, river edges, humid areas, rocky areas,…
Formula: 100- (((Total area of interesting spaces in planned space) / total surface of great value spaces) x 100)
Units: %
8. PROTECTION OF INTERESTING NATURAL SPACES
a. Degree of protection
Definition: Evaluation of the area of interesting natural spaces in the municipality which have any kind of protection by law.
These include national parks, natural parks, PEIN areas, nature reserves,…
Formula: (surface of spaces with protection / spaces with high natural interest) x 100
Units: %
b. global municipal area protected

Formula: (protected spaces / total surface) x 100
c. management of protected surface

Formula: (protected spaces with any kind of management plan / protected area) x 100
d. forest management
Formula: (wooded area with plans of improvement and management / total forest area) x 100
e. total area involved in the Habitat Directive
f. number of protected species of fauna and flora in the municipality
9. PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
a. natural risks
Definition: evaluation of the level of prevention of environmental risks in the municipality and determination of number of
risks considered in the different plans of prevention (emergency plans,…) related to the total number of potential
environmental risks in the region. They comprise a complete grid of the different possible risks.
Formula: (number of perceived environmental risks in prevention plans / number of possible risks in the region) x100
Units: %
b. total number of emergency accidents per year
10. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN SUSTAINABILITY PROCESSES
a. meetings
Definition: evaluates the vitality of different organisms involved in the improvement of citizen participation related to
processes of Agenda 21considering meetings held per year.
Formula: number of meetings
b. representation of main local agents in the main organism
c. number of proposals done in the organisms taken into account by municipality
115
CSTB – La Calade
11. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE MUNICIPALITY
a. Environmental associations
Definition: degree of citizen involvement in these associations
Formula: (number of people involved / number of residents) x 1000
Units: number of members / 1000 residents
b. number of citizens who are members of supra municipal associations
c. number of associations and size

(less then 50 members, 51-100, more than 100 members)
12. UTILISATION OF MUNICIPAL WASRE COLLECTION SITES
a. utilisation
Definition: evaluation of utilisation (number of entries of material) related to population
Formula: number of entries (by local residents) / residents
Units: number of entries by resident and par year
b. unit cost of management

Formula: outlay par year / number of tones managed
c. total contribution by resident

Formula: total Kg / residents
13. MUNICIPAL OUTLAY RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT
There is a closed list of what it is considered an outlay related to the environment (management of waste, cleaning, energy
saving, green space, pedestrian mobility,…)
a. Formula: (municipal outlay related to the environment / total amount of municipal budget) x 100
b. municipal outlay related to environment by resident and par year
FLOW INDICATORS
14. FINAL CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY
a. consumption
Definition: measurement of final energy consumption considering different kinds of energy: electricity, natural gas, petrol
and other liquid gas, liquid fuels, local energy,…
Formula: Total consumption (electr+oil+…) / residents
Units: PET (petrol equivalent tons) / residents and year
b. consumption by kind of energy
c. consumption by activities (domestic, industrial, transport,…)
116
CSTB – La Calade
15. LOCAL ENERGETIC INTENSITY
a. intensity
Definition: approximation of energy efficiency of local economy considering the total consumption of energy and the local
GDP / PIB.
Formula: consumption / GDP
Units: Kwh / euro
b. energetic consumption of municipal lighting

Expression: kwh/ residents and year related to kwh/m2 of lit street
c. energy efficiency of public buildings

Formula: energy consumption of buildings / built area
Units: Kwh/m2
d. energy efficiency of public and private transport

Formula: consumption / total km
Units: PET / 100 Km
16. LOCAL PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
a. production
Definition: evaluates the energy produced by sustainable sources.
Formula: total production / residents
Units: Kwh / inhabitant and year
b. renewal local energy (%)
c. degree of self production

Formula: energy produced by such sources / total consumption of municipality
Units: %
17. RECOVERY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
a. recovery
Definition: Recycling, re- utilisation,… are considered recovery.
Formula: (tons of waste recovered annually / tons produced ) x100
b. production of municipal wastes

Formula: kg of wastes produced each year / residents x 365
Units: kg / resident and day
c. management of municipal waste (%)
18. RECOVERY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
a. recovery
Definition: evaluates the percentage of industrial residue recovered from the total amount of residue produced. They consider
the waste that after some processing (recycling, reuse,…) can be utilised again totally or partially.
Formula: (residues produced and recovered / total amount of residues ) x 100
Units: %
b. number of industries that make waste declaration compared to the total number of enterprises
117
CSTB – La Calade
c. sort of industrial residue produced
19. INTENSITY OF PRODUCTION OF RESIDUE IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY
Formula: production of waste / local GDP-PIB

Units: tons / miles of euros
20. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
a. Consumption of water supply

Formula: total consumption / (inhabitants x 365 days)
Units: litres / inhabitant and day
b. consumption by different sectors (domestic, industrial,…)
c. seasonal variability in water consumption

Formula: (maximum month consumption – minimal month consumption) / minimal month consumption
d. quality of water supply

Definition: number of years water does not reach the minimum level of quality
21. INTENSITY OF WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY
a. intensity
Formula: total consumption of water / local GDP
Units: litres / thousand of euros
b. total consumption of water

(considering other sources, for example local wells,…)
22. MANAGEMENT OF WASTE WATER
Definition: number of people connected to the sewage treatment system. Three different levels are considered.
Formula: population connected / total population
Units: %
c. treated water (by inhabitant and year)
23. UTILISATION OF PURIFIED WATER
a. treatment
Formula: (volume of treated water used / volume of purified water ) x 100
b. uses of treated water

(services and municipal facilities, industrial,…)
24. EMISSION OF POLLUTION
118
CSTB – La Calade
Formula: tones of contaminants / square kilometres of real urban land
25. EMISSION OF GASSES CONTRIBUTING TO THEGREENHOUSE EFFECT
Definition: This evaluation can be measured for the different pollutants (CO2, NO,CH4,…)
Formula: Kg of pollutant / residents
QUALITY INDICATORS
26. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS
Registration of the average pollution for each pollutant
27. NUMBER OF PERSONS EXPOSED TO NOISE
Formula: (population exposed to high level of noise / total population ) x 100

Units: %
28. EVOLUTION OF LEVEL OF UNDERGROUND WATER RESERVES
a. concentration of pollutants
b. kind of contamination
c. monthly change in levels
29. ECOLOGICAL STATE OF RIVERS
This covers different biological indices ( FBILL, QBR,…).
30. TOTAL FOREST AREA BURNED
a. Formula: (burned area / total area of forest ) x 100

Units: %
b. number of fires per year
Source: “System of local sustainability indicators”, document developed by the technical secretariat of Xarxa
de Ciutats i Pobles cap a la sostenibilidad, February 2000.
web: http://www.diba.es/xarxasost
119
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-NL: The Netherlands
Indicators for each of the six themes are:
1. Economics: name of indicator Description

The proportion between number of job places and the number
Combining functions "living" and "working" in an area
of inhabitants on a local scale
A "mark" for accessibility of industrial/economic areas A "mark" allocated by entrepreneurs
Number of office locations for starting entrepreneurs Number of office locations for starting entrepreneurs
Number of people employed in several different sectors Number of people employed for several different sectors
Satisfaction of entrepreneurs about the restructuring of
A "mark" for restructuring locations
locations
2. Supply of types of living areas: name of indicator Description
Demand of housing of one that wants to move divided by
Possibility that one who wants to move finds a home
supply
Tension between demand and supply of type of housing and
type of living areas.
Type of living areas selected :
- city centre
- city, (just) outside centre
Difference between demand and supply of housing and types - city, village or rural environment
of living areas
Type of housing selected :
- Type of housing (flat, villa, etc)
- Type of ownership(rent or buy)
- Cost of housing
- Income
- Type of household (family, singles, etc)
Experiences of inhabitants about living area :
- "Mark" for nice neighbourhood
Satisfaction about living area - "Mark" for the extend to which it is unpleasant to live in the
neighbourhood
- "Mark" for solidarity in neighbourhood
Intention of moving The intention of moving indicated by inhabitants
3. Quality of the environment : name of indicator Description
Quantitative development of green areas on a large scale Increase and decrease and the resulting balance
Improvement of existing green Areas Increase of green areas
Satisfaction of inhabitants about playgrounds and recreational
Existence of playgrounds and recreational green areas
green areas
Satisfaction about living area
- "Mark" for the extend to which it is not nice to live in the
neighbourhood "Mark" for solidarity in neighbourhood
Intention of moving The intention of moving indicated by inhabitants
Nuisance by noise, dust, stench and dirt Nuisance experienced by inhabitants
120
CSTB – La Calade
4. Sustainability: name of indicator Description

Number of dwellings for which an energy policy plan exists
Energy policy plan in comparison to total number of dwellings in the
municipality
Soil pollution Number of new cases of soil pollution since 1987
Number of successfully sanitated cases of polluted soil from
Progress in sanitation of polluted soil before 1987 in comparison to the total number of cases of
polluted soil from before 1987
Number of municipalities that have a clear image of their soil
Overall soil quality
quality
Improvement of water quality in the city by reducing the
Optimisation of water chain
amount of water drained away by the sewerage system
Satisfaction of inhabitants about Playgrounds and
Existence of playgrounds and Recreational green areas
recreational green areas
Satisfaction about living area
- "Mark" for the extend to which it is unpleasant to live in the
neighbourhood "Mark" for solidarity in neighbourhood
Nuisance by noise, dust, stench and dirt Nuisance experienced by Inhabitants

5. Efficient use of space : name of indicator Description
Use of space Total surface of built area divided by total surface of area
Number of housing address divided by total surface of
Building density
Municipality
Changes in compactness per type of living area Building density per type of living area
Building density and amount of labour places in the
Compactness of A-locations
neighbourhood of locations with train stations
6. Social involvement : name of indicator Description
Extend to which inhabitants feels responsible for their
Involvement of inhabitants with their neighbourhood
neighbourhood
Decrease of number of rental housing and increase of number
Demand/supply: rent / sale
of sold housing
Source : Netherlands State of Art on the web site of CRISP www.cic.vtt.fi/eco/crisp/)
121
CSTB – La Calade
Appendix 4-Brussels and IBGE
Number
1 Complaints due to noise or vibration
2 Exposure of the population to road traffic noise
3 Population suffering from significant noise trouble due to road traffic
4 Noise in the tertiary sector
5 Resident population exposed to night trouble due to railway noise
6 Trouble due to night air traffic
7 Complaints related to nuisances caused by night activities (trade, culture, sports events...)
8 Complaints related to nuisances caused by ventilation and air-conditionning installation during night and day
9 Heavy vehicles movement authorised
10 Air pollution due to road traffic
11 Green areas ecological management
12 Public community green areas frequenting
13 Green areas proximity
14 Plantation and public parks equipment repairing
15 Green areas relaid –out after meetings with the inhabitants
16 Playing areas quality
17 Parks keepers and gardeners training
18 Public cleanliness: trouble due to the presence of animals in the city: dogs in the city
19 Public cleanliness: trouble due to the presence of animals in the city: nuisances due to savage animals feeding
20 Public cleanliness: road system cleaning
21 Public cleanliness population satisfaction concerning public cleanliness
22 School children education on the environment
23 Information campaign concerning waste
24 Performance of waste collecting in a selective way
25 Use of recycled paper by community services
26 Possibility to create compost at home
27 Reuse of organic materials by community services
28 Aquatic spaces available for inhabitants
29 Aquatic regeneration
30 Fountain and water jet preservation, restoration and maintenance
31 Materials and technics permitting rainwater infiltration
32 Separation of rainwater and waste water collecting network
33 Drinking water distribution network output
34 Community investment for water savings
35 Green fallow land regeneration
36 Abandoned buildings regeneration
37 Car pressure on public space
38 Soil impermeability
Internal effort: Percentage of launched invitation to bid for “services and supplies” including environmental
39
and/or social clauses.
Internal effort: percentage of services and supplies bargains granted including environmental and/or social
40
clauses.
Source: IBGE-BIM « For a sustainable development: Elaboration of a set of composite urban environmental
indicators », April 1998 to march 2000
122
CSTB – La Calade

HQE2R Etat Des Lieux Des Indicateurs Européens

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HQE2R Etat Des Lieux Des Indicateurs Européens

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://hqe2r.cstb.

Sustainable renovation of buildings

State of the art review

Catherine CHARLOT-VALDIEU, CSTB

HQE2R is a project co-financed by the European Commission within the

State of the art review of indicators

Catherine CHARLOT – VALDIEU CSTB

Philippe OUTREQUIN La Calade

Under major contribution for the national parts by:

1. THE TWO MAIN SYSTEMS OF INDICATORS......................................................... 9

2. ENVIRONMENTAL OR THEMATIC INDICATORS.............................................. 13

3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AT THE

4. QUESTIONS RELATED TO INDICATORS: MEASURES, TIME PERIODS,

MEMORANDUM THE : HQE2R APPROACH

The objectives of the HQE²R project

The HQE2R approach and the expected project results

THE HQE²R APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE

PHASE 1 : DECISION PHASE 2 : ANALYSIS

3. Inventory based on the

Source: HQE²R Project (http://hqe2r.cstb.fr) SD: Sustainable Development

- INDI (INDicators Impacts) a model of sustainable regeneration impact using

- Recommendations for improving participation in neighbourhood regeneration projects.

Definition of 6 SD Choice of 5 SD Development of a shared SD

Elaboration of Recommendations to improve

1.1 The OECD4 [Pressure/State/Response (PSR)] system

So, we obtain the following classification of indicators:

1.2 The European Environment Agency DPSIR system

Indicators and information linking DPSIR elements8

Driving force Effectiveness of responses Responses

Performance indicators (Does it matter?)

Efficiency indicators (Are we improving?)

Total welfare indicators (Are we on the whole better?)

2. ENVIRONMENTAL OR THEMATIC INDICATORS

2.1 The product level: ISO 14 00011

2.2 The different geographical scales of indicators

2.3 The European level

The RESPECT project must lead to:

Framework of analysis Pressure – State - Response

2.4 The national level

b) Experts and working groups

2.4.2 The environmental economic accounting approach in Germany19

2.4.3 The German Environmental Index (“Deutscher Umweltindex” /

3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AT THE

3.1 The sustainable development concept: definition, historical

Source : CSTB, La Calade

First Conference of the United Nations on Environment

• Sustainable Development Indicators

3.2 The national level

The indicators are presented in a Driving Force - State - Response framework24.

3.2.2 Eco-efficiency concept by WBCSD

Eco efficiency = Value of products or services/ Environmental pressures

3.3 The urban scale

The 10 European composite indicators are divided in 2 groups:

5 additional indicators (voluntary)

3.3.2 National or local programmes

The national core set of 150 indicators is intended:

2. Local works in the UK

Southwark and the LITMUS project31

3. The Audit Commission Quality of Life Indicators Project

N3: Real savings

2. Building / built elements

4. Neighbourhood: The Danish urban regeneration experiment33

Focus on resident participation