UNIT I

8085 PROCESSOR
Advantages of Microprocessor based system Computational/processing speed is high. Intelligence has been brought to systems. Disadvantages of Microprocessor based System It has limitations on the size of data. The applications are limited by the physical address space Application of the microprocessor Microprocessors are a mass storage device. They are the advanced form of computers. They are also called as microcomputers. The impact of microprocessor in different lures of fields is significant. The availability of low cost, low power and small weight, computing capability makes it useful in different applications. Now a day, a microprocessor based systems are used in instructions, automatic testing product, speed control of motors, traffic light control, light control of furnaces etc. Some of the important areas are mentioned below: 1.Instrumentation: It is very useful in the field of instrumentation. Frequency counters, function generators, frequency synthesizers, spectrum analyses and many other instruments are available, when microprocessors are used as controller. It is also used in medical instrumentation. 2.Control: Microprocessor based controllers are available in home appliances, such as microwave oven, washing machine etc., microprocessors are being used in controlling various parameters like speed, pressure, temperature etc. These are used with the help of suitable transduction. 3.Communication : Microprocessors are being used in a wide range of communication equipments. In telephone industry , these are used in digital telephone sets. Telephone exchanges and modem etc. The use of microprocessor in television, satellite communication have made teleconferencing possible. Railway reservation and air reservation system also uses this technology. LAN and WAN for communication of vertical information through computer network. 4.Office Automation and Publication: Microprocessor based micro computer with software packages has changed the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are being used for word processing, spread sheet operations, storage etc. The microprocessor has revolutionized the publication technology. 5.Consumer: The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and home applications is making them more entertaining and full of features. The use of microprocessors is more widespread and popular.

UNIT II

8086 PROCESSOR
Advantages of Microprocessor based system
1. It is a 16 bit microprocessor the disadvantages in 8085A microprocessor like low speed, limited number of registers, low memory addressing capability, less powerful instruction set have been overcome in 8086 registers. 2. Intelligence has been brought to systems. 3. It has one Mega byte size of memory. 4. Software compatibility.

Disadvantages of Microprocessor based System

1) To understand of the concept and programming is very dough. 2) The biggest disadvantage is that, with the segmented architecture of the 8086/8088, you can only address 64KB of data with one instruction. This is due to the 16 bit architecture, and due to the fact that you had to reload a segment register (a second instruction) in order to address any arbitrary byte in memory.

Application of the microprocessor

1. The development of IBM-PC started in July 1980 based on 8086/8088(which is functionally equivalent to 8086 but supports only 8 bit external) with 1 or 2 floppy disk drivers, a keyboard and monochrome monitor was announced in august 1981 2. Industrial automations (control the motor according to our application)

UNIT-IV INTERFACING Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Applications: Interfacing can be used for the interfacing between microprocessor to I/O devices or I/O device to microprocessor

1. Stepper motor interface 2. ADC interface 3. Keyboard interface 4. Temperature sensor interface 5. DAC interface 6. DC motor interface

UNIT V MICROCONTROLLER
Advantages
It's that simple. They are embedded inside other devices and their job is to run one task and one sole program. This is one of the advantages. A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip, which includes on single chip, all or most of the parts needed for a controller. The microcontroller typically includes: CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), I/O (input/output) serial and parallel, timers, interrupt controller. By only including the features specific to the task (control), cost is relatively low. A typical microcontroller has bit manipulation instructions, easy and direct access to I/O (input/output), and quick and efficient interrupt processing.

Disadvantages
Disadvantages of a Microprocessor and a Microcontroller, you could go by the architecture of both of the devices. As Microcontrollers do a lot more work as they are in themselves, a computer, a Microcontroller is made up of a much more complex make-up and would very likely take a lot more time to create? Its functionality is also quite difficult to create.

Applications of Microcontroller
1. A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals 2. Home Appliances Refrigeration Cooking Washing Motor control Audio/ Video Mobile Accessories Remote controls. 3. Automotive Electronics Power train Infotainment Door, Seat, Sunroof Modules Climate Control Security Dashboard 4. Metering Electricity Meters Gas and Water Meters In Home Display units 5. Mobile Electronics Mobile Phones & Internet Devices Portable Game Consoles Automotive GPS Cameras Notebooks PDAs 6. Building Automation Fire and Security Comfort and Control Telerate 7. Other Applications of Microcontroller Lighting Industrial Automation 8. Microcontrollers are used extensively in robotics. In this application, many specific Tasks might be distributed among a large number of microcontrollers in one system.

UNIT 1 THE 8085 AND 8086 MICROPROCESSORS

PART-A (2 MARKS) 1. Name the various flag bits available in 8085 microprocessor? 2. Give the significance of SIM and RIM instructions available in 8085? 3. How do the address and data lines are demultiplexed in 8085? 4. List various instructions that can be used to clear accumulator in 8085? 5. When the Ready signal of 8085 is sampled by the processor? 6. List out the similarities b/w the CALL_RET and PUSH_POP instructions? 7. What is the need of ALE signal in 8085? 8. What are the addressing modes of 8085? 9. List the interrupt signals of 8085? 10. Why multiplexing is done in 8085? 11. List the limitations of 8085? 12. What is DMA? 13. Define machine cycle and instruction cycle? 14. Why address bus is unidirectional? 15. Name some instructions used to access the peripherals. 16. What is the function of NOP instruction? 17. Differentiate between NMI and MI interrupts 18. Write an ALP to add two 8 bit numbers. 19. List the control signals in 8085. 20. What is a program counter? 21. Explain PUSH instruction. 22. Write an ALP to subtract two 8 bit numbers. 23. What is implicit addressing mode? 24. Name some memory related instructions. 25. What is an instruction decoder? PART-B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the architecture of Intel 8085 with the help of a block diagram? (16) 2. a. Write an assembly language program to add two 2-digits BCD Number? (6) b. Explain the addressing modes of 8085 (10) 3. a. Explain the flag register? (6) b. Write an assembly language program to convert on array of ASCII code to corresponding binary (hex) value. The ASCII array is stored starting from 4200H.The first element of the number of elements in the array. (10) 4. a. Explain the similarities and differences between subtract and compare instructions in 8085? (4) b.With neat block diagram explain the architecture of 8085? (12) 5. a. List out the maskable and non maskable interrupts available in 8085? (6) b. How do the instructions of 8085 is classified based on their function and word length?

UNIT 2 8086 SOFTWARE ASPECTS

PART-A (2 MARKS) 1. What you mean by pipelining in 8086 processor? 2. How the 20 bit effective address is calculated in 8086 processor? 3. What are the advantages of using memory segmentation 8086? 4. What is the macro & when it is used? 5. What is the assembler directive? 6. What is mean by s/w interrupts? 7. Compare 8085 and 8086. 8. Give the flag format of 8086. 9. What is the function of direction flag? 10. What is physical address? 11. Define OFFSET address. 12. What are the versions of 8086? 13. What are the functions of segment register? 14. What are the functions of general purpose register? 15. What is the need for segmentation? 16. What do you mean by Non Maskable Interrupt? 17. How do you pass parameters to Macros? 18. What is pipelined architecture? 19. How the interrupts can be masked/unmasked in 8086? 20. If BH = 0F3H what is the value of BH in hex after the instruction SAR BH, 1 21. IF AL = 78H and BL=73H explain how DAS instruction (after subtracting BL from AL) adjusts to the BCD result 22. If CL=78H what is the value of CL after the instruction ROL CL, 3 23. Why AAD is to be executed before DIV instruction while converting unpacked BCD to Binary number 24. Under what conditions REPE MOVS executes 25. Name a few BIOS function calls\\ 26. What is the purpose of CLK signal in an 8086 system? 27. Differentiate the operating modes of 8086 processor? 28. What is a segment override prefix? Give an example.

29. What is the use of LATCH signal on the data lines? 30. What is the need for MN/MX pin in 8086 system? 31. What is the purpose of QUEUE in 8086 processor? 32. Give the operation of CBW and TEST instructions of 8086? 33. List few string instructions of 8086? 34. What is the use of LOCK prefix? 35. What is the purpose of REP prefix? 36. What are assembler directives? 37. What are the advantages of ALP? 38. What is MACRO expansion?

PART-B (16 MARKS) 1. i). Explain the addressing modes of 8086 with the help of examples? (12) ii). Write short notes on macro? (4) 2. i). Explain the instruction set 8086? (10) ii). Write an ALP in 8086 to find sum of numbers in array? (6) 3. i). Explain the addressing modes of 8086 with the help of example? (12) b. Describe the action taken by 8086 when NMI pin is activated? (4) 4. a. Explain memory organization in 8086? (8) b. Explain the following assembler directives (8) i. ASSUME ii. EQU iii. DD IV. DW 5. a. With the neat sketch explain the architecture of 8086 processor? (12) b. Give the significance of O flag,Tflag,I flag &Dflag of 8086? (4) 6.(i).Draw and explain the flag register of 8086 in brief. (6) (ii).Explain the addressing modes of 8086 with example. (10) 7.(i).Write a short notes on Interrupts and Interrupt service routines.(6) (ii).Explain the instruction set of 8086. (10) 8. (i). Explain on detail about the various addressing modes used in 8086 processor ? give an example. (12) (ii) Name the various segment registers and their usage in 8086 processor. (4) 9.Explain the following (16) i)Procedures ii)Macros iii)Interrupt service Routines 10.Draw the pin diagram of 8086 and explain the signals (16)

UNIT 3. MULTIPROCESSOR CONFIGURATIONS

PART-A(2 MARKS) 1. Give five differences between the main processor and the coprocessor 2. What is the role of busy pin 8087, when it is interfaced with 8086? 3.In which mode 8086 is interfaced with 8087 and why 4.How does 8086 distinguish its instructions from 8087 instructions as it fetches from memory 5. What are the types of Multiprocessor configuration? 6. What is Co-processor? 7.Give the differences between tightly coupled and loosely coupled configurations 8.List the features of 8087. 9.What is called closely coupled configuration? 10.what do you mean by loosely coupled configuration? 11. How 8089 maintains a Communication between CPU and IOP? 12. What is the function of CCP? 13. List the general purpose registers in 8089. 14. What is bus arbitration? 15. What are the advantages of loosely coupled system over tightly coupled system? 16. List the disadvantages of loosely coupled system. 17. What is the function of RQ/GT pin? 18. What is the content of PSW? 19. What are the two units in 8087? 20. What is the use of BUSY signal? 21. Draw the status word format of 8087. 22. What is the function of microcode control unit? 23. List the various data types in 8087. 24. What is exception handling? 25. What are the exceptions encountered in 8087? PART-B (16 MARKS) 1. Explain the architecture of 8087. 2. Explain the architecture of 8089. 3. Explain in detail about closely coupled and loosely coupled configuration. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages?

4. Explain the architecture of math coprocessor. 5. Explain the architecture of I/O processor. 6. Discuss the communication between IOP 8089 and CPU 8086. 7. What are the different types of exceptions which may be generated by 8087? 8. What are the different data types supported by 8087? 9. Describe the signals of 8087. 10. Discuss about the following (a) status word format (b)Exception handling (c)Addressing modes.

Unit 4 I/O INTERFACING

PART-A (2 MARKS) 1. Name the two modes of operation of DMA controller? 2. List the operating modes of 8253 timer. 3. Give the control word format of timer? 4. What is the use of USART? 5. Compare serial and parallel communication. 6. What is the use of Keyboard and display controller? 7. What are the functions performed by 8279? 8. What is PPI? 9. Give the control word format for I/O mode of 8255? 10. Give the BSR mode format of 8255. 11. What is the need for interrupt controller? 12. What are the registers present in 8259? 13. What are the applications of 8253? 14. Define interrupts. 15. Define DMA process. 16. Give the status word format of 8257. 17. List out three modes of Data Transmission. 18. What is the use of IRR (Interrupt Request Register)? 19. What are the steps in interfacing peripherals with the micro processor? 20. Name the two models used by DMA processor to transfer data. 21. Name the six modes of operation of an 8253 programmable interval timer. 22. What are the various programmed data transfer methods? 23. Write the features of mode 0 in 8255? 24. What are the modes used in display modes? 25. Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O? PART-B (16 MARKS) 1. Draw the Block diagram and explain the operations of 8251 serial communication interface. (16) 2. Draw the Block diagram of 8279 and explain the functions of each block. (16)

3. Draw the block diagram of programmable interrupt controller and explain its operations. (16) 4. Discuss in detail about the operation of timer along with its various modes. (16) 5. Draw the Block diagram of DMA controller and explain its operations. (16) 6. Explain the various modes of operation of programmable Peripheral Interface. (16) 7. Explain the 8085 based temperature control system with neat diagram. (16) 8. Draw and Explain how stepper motor can be controlled using 8085. (16) 9. Explain the mode1 and mode 2 operations of 8255. (16) 10. Draw the Block diagram and explain the operations of USART (16)

Unit 5 MICROCONTROLLERS
PART-A (2 MARKS) 1. Differentiate microprocessor and microcontrollers. 2. Differentiate RRA and RRC A instructions of 8081. 3. Give the format of PSW register of 8051. 4. What is the jump range in 8051? 5. List the features of 8051. 6. Define a Microcontroller. 7. What is special function registers? 8. What is the use of PCON register? 9. State the function of RS0 and RS1 bits of PSW? 10. Give the interrupt priorities of 8051. 11. List the addressing modes of 8051. 12. What is the use of TCON register? 13. What is the RAM size of 8051? 14. What is the ROM size of 8051? 15. What is the use of B-register in 8051? 16. Name the special functions registers available in 8051. 17. What do you mean by Indirect Addressing Mode? 18. What is the function of DPTR register? 19. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller. 20. Draw the register IE format of 8051. 21. Name the five interrupt sources of 8051? 22. Explain the function of the pins PSEN and EA of 8051. 23. What is instruction pipelining? 24. What is settling or conversion time in DAC? 25. What are the different types of ADC? PART-B (16 MARKS) 1. Describe the architecture of 8051 with a neat diagram. (16) 2. Explain the interrupt structure, SFR and timers of 8051. (16) 3. List out the salient features of 8051 Microcontroller. (16) 4. Explain the following instructions of 8051 with examples. (16) i. CJNE destination, source, label ii. MUL AB

iii. RRL A

iv. SWAP A

v. SETB P2.0

5. Explain the special function registers in 8051. (16) 6. With neat sketch explain the function of D/A converter. 7. With neat sketch explain the function of A/D converter. 8. Explain how LCD can be interfaced using 8051. (16) 9. Explain how keyboard can be interfaced using 8051. (16) 10. Explain the various timers in 8051. (16)