Glucose

Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless Odour : Odourless Appearance : Clear Reaction : Neutral Observation No change.(Neutral) No appearance of violet colour. Appearance of violet ring at the junction of two solution. No appearance of blue colour. Appearance of red precipitate. Appearance of red precipitate. Appearance of red precipitate. No appearance of red colour. Result The solution is not Casein. It is not Protein. It is CHO.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Molish Test

Iodine Test Fehling Test Benedict Test Barfoid Test Selliwanoff Test

It is not Starch. It is reducing sugar. It is reducing sugar. It is reducing monosaccharide. It is not Keto Sugar.

Conclusion: The unknown solution is Glucose.

Fructose
Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Clear. Reaction : Neutral.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Molish Test Iodine Test Fehling Test Benedict Test Barfoid Test Selliwanoff Test

Observation No change.(Neutral) No appearance of violet colour. Appearance of violet ring at the junction of two solution. No appearance of blue colour. Appearance of red precipitate. Appearance of red precipitate. Appearance of red precipitate. Appearance of red colour.

Result The solution is not Casein. It is not Protein. It is CHO. It is not Starch. It is reducing sugar. It is reducing sugar. It is reducing monosaccharide. It is keto sugar.

Conclusion: The unknown solution is fructose.

Starch
Physical Properties: Colour : Whitish. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Turbid. Reaction : Neutral. Observation No change.(Neutral) Result The solution is not Casein. It is not Protein.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Molish Test

Iodine Test

Fehling Test Benedict Test Acid hydrolysis: Benedict & Fehling after neutralization Iodine Test

No appearance of violet colour. Appearance of violet It is Carbohydrate. ring at the junction of two solution. It is Starch. Appearance of blue colour. Appearance of red It is reducing precipitate. sugar. Appearance of red It is reducing precipitate. sugar. Complete Appearance of red hydrolysis of precipitate. starch to glucose.

No appearance of blue colour. Conclusion : The unknown solution is Starch.

Sucrose
Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Clear. Reaction : Neutral. Observation No change.(Neutral) Result The solution is not Casein. It is not Protein.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Molish Test

Iodine Test Fehling Test Benedict Test Acid hydrolysis: Benedict after neutralization. Selliwanoff Test

No appearance of violet colour. Appearance of violet It is Carbohydrate. ring at the junction of two solution. No appearance of It is not Starch. blue colour. No appearance of red It is not reducing precipitate. sugar. No appearance of red It is not reducing precipitate. sugar. Presence of Appearance of red reducing sugar precipitate. (glucose).

Appearance of red colour.

Presence of ketone sugar (fructose).

Conclusion : The unknown solution is Sucrose.

Lactose
Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Clear. Reaction : Neutral. Observation No change.(Neutral) Result The solution is not Casein. It is not Protein.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Molish Test

Iodine Test Fehling Test Benedict Test Barfoid Test

No appearance of violet colour. Appearance of violet It is Carbohydrate. ring at the junction of two solution. No appearance of It is not Starch. blue colour. Appearance of red It is reducing precipitate. sugar. Appearance of red It is reducing precipitate. sugar. It is not reducing No appearanace of monosaccharide. red precipitate.

Conclusion : The unknown solution is Lactose.

Casein
Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Clear. Reaction : Alkaline. Observation Red litmus paper turn to blue (Alkaline). Appearance of violet colour. No appearance of white coagulant. Result The solution is Casein. It is Protein. It is not Albumin.

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Heat Coagulation Test Colour Reaction Test: (a) Xanthoprotein Test

(b)

Millon Test

(c)

Rosenheim Test

Sulphur Test

Protein containing Yellow colour change benzene ring. to orange by adding ammonium hydroxide. Protein containing White precipitate phenol ring. become brick red with boiling. Protein containing Appearance of purple tryptophane. ring between two solution. No appearance of Protein not black precipitate. containing sulphur containing amino acid.

Conclusion : The unknown solution is Casein.

Gelatine
Physical Properties: Colour : Colourless. Odour : Odourless. Aspect : Clear. Reaction : Neutral. Result The solution is not Casein. Appearance of violet It is Protein. colour. No appearance of It is not Albumin. white coagulant. Protein not No appearance of containing yellow colour. benzene ring. No appearance of white coagulant. (e) Millon Test No appearance of purple ring between two solution. (f) Rosenheim Test Protein not containing tryptophane. No appearance of Protein not Sulphur Test black precipitate. containing sulphur containing amino acid. Conclusion : The unknown solution is Gelatine. Protein not containing phenol ring. Observation No change.(Neutral)

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Heat Coagulation Test Colour Reaction Test: (d) Xanthoprotein Test

Albumin
Physical Properties: Colour : Whitish. Odour : Fishy. Aspect : Turbid. Reaction : Neutral. Result The solution is not Casein. Appearance of violet It is Protein. colour. Appearance of white It is Albumin. coagulant. Protein containing Yellow colour change benzene ring. to orange by adding ammonium hydroxide. Protein containing White precipitate phenol ring. become brick red with boiling. Protein containing Appearance of purple tryptophane. ring between two solution. Appearance of black Protein containing precipitate. sulphuric containing amino acid. Observation No change.(Neutral)

Test Litmus paper Biuret Test Heat Coagulation Test Colour Reaction Test: (g) Xanthoprotein Test

(h)

Millon Test

(i)

Rosenheim Test

Sulphur Test

Conclusion : The unknown solution is Albumin.

General Scheme (CHO)

Litmus Paper Neutral (no change in color) Biuret test Alkaline (blue color) Casein

-3 ml solution + 3ml NaOH 10% + 1-2 drops CuSO 1%

+ve (Violet color) Protein -ve (No violet color) Carbohydrate Iodine test 5 ml of solution + 2 drops diluted iodine

+ve (blue color) Starch

-ve (No blue color) Not Starch Fehling Test 2 ml solution + 2 ml Fehling & Boil +ve (Red ppt.) Reducing Sugar Barfoid test 1 ml solution + 3 ml Barfoid & boil -ve (No red percipitate) Sucrose

+ve ( Immediate red ppt) Monosaccharide Seliwanoff test 1 ml solution + 3ml Seliwanoff & boil

-ve (delayed red ppt) Lactose

+ve (Red color) Fructose

-ve (No red Color) Glucose

General Scheme (Protein)

Biuret test -3 ml solution + 3ml NaOH 10% + 1-2 drops CuSO 1% -ve (No violet colour) CHO

+ve ( violet colour) Protein

Litmus Paper
Blue colour (Alkaline) Casein Colour Reaction Test ( All +ve) Heat Coagulation (No white ppt)

No change (Neutral)

Heat Coagulation Fill 2/3 tube with Solution, Heat upper half

+ve (White ppt)

-ve (No white ppt) Gelatin

Albumin

+ve Albumin

Colour Reaction Test -ve Gelatin