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Quantitative Methods

ANOVA

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA
Suppose

3 farmers produce wheat in their


respective land.

Production

per hectare for a few years are


given below (in 00 t / hectare). (Farmer 2
did not cultivate wheat in one season).
Farmer 1
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.4
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Farmer 2
6.0
6.2
6.6
6.5

Farmer 3
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.4

Are they equal


in their
performance?

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA
m1, m2, m3 are mean production
level of farmer 1, 2, 3 respectively, we
need to test

Suppose

H 0: m 1 = m 2 = m 3
HA: At least one farmer has different mean
level.

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA
We

know how to test between two groups


of data.
Farmer 1
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.4

Farmer 2
6.0
6.2
6.6
6.5

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Farmer 3
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.4
This increases
chance of
ERROR
QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA
ANOVA

compares more than two groups


of data simultaneously.
If
the number of factors under
consideration is 1, then it is called oneway ANOVA.
ANOVA splits up the total variation into
Explained
(by
the
factor)
and
Unexplained part.
The Unexplained part is called Residual
or Error.
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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA
Variance due to explained
F

=
Variance due to unexplained

If numerator is significantly more than


denominator, then we conclude that the
FACTOR effect is present. (i.e. difference
among the factor levels exist)

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA: Computation


Farmer 1 Farmer 2 Farmer 3
5.6

6.0

7.0

5.8

6.2

6.9

6.0

6.6

6.7

6.1

6.5

6.9

6.4

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6.4

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA: Computation


Farmer 1 Farmer 2 Farmer 3
5.6

6.0

7.0

5.8

6.2

6.9

6.0

6.6

6.7

6.1

6.5

6.9

6.4

No. of data

6.4

TOTAL

29.90

25.30

33.90

5.98

6.32

6.78

(Sx)2/no. of data

178.80

160.02

229.84

F568.67

Sx2

179.17

160.25

230.07

T569.49

Sx
Avg.

Page 8

14

G 89.1

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA: Computation


Total

Sum of Square (SST) = T G /n


2

= 569.49 (89.1) /14 = 2.4321


Factor

Sum of Square (SSF) = F G /n


2

= 568.67 (89.1) /14 = 1.6086

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA: Computation


Source of Sum of
Variation Square

(S.V)
Factor

Residual

Total
Page 10

(S.S)
SSF

Degree of
Freedom

(d.f)

Mean
Square F-ratio
(M.S)

MSF =
dfF = No. of
SSF/dfF
group - 1

SSRes

dfRes

(subtraction)

(subtraction)

SST

n-1

MSRes=
SSRes/
dfRes

F=
MSF/
MSRes

F-table

Fa/2,dfF,
dfRes

Reject H0 if >

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

One-way ANOVA: Computation


Source of
Variation

(S.V)

Sum of Degree of Mean


Square Freedom Square F-ratio
(S.S)
(d.f)
(M.S)

F-table
F0.05,2,11

Factor

1.6086

0.8043

Residual

0.8235

11

0.0749

Total

2.4321

13

Page 11

10.74

=3.98

Reject H0 if >

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA one-way - Exercise

A clinical trial was designed to test the effect of


different medicine on reduction of temperature
in the human body. Test whether they have
equal impact. (Data are coded as Temp 90)

8.3

8.7

8.1

9.9

6.2

8.6

8.3

6.0

6.6

5.3

8.1

4.6

6.6

6.2

7.2

7.4

6.9

7.8

4.7

7.0

6.8

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Let

us consider the 2 farmers having plot


1 and plot 2. They use 3 different
fertilizers.
Two Factors

Fertilizer 1
Fertilizer 2
Fertilizer 3

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Plot 1

Plot 2

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

Count=5, Sum=45.9

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.2

4, 25.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

5, 33.7

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7
5, 37.4
15 , 117.0

4, 23.8

8.2

9.3

9 , 71.7

9 , 57.5

9.2

8.5
3, 27.0
11 , 76.6

8 , 64.4
n = 26 , G =193.6
CF=G2/n = 1441.5754

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

Count=5, Sum=45.9

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.2

4, 25.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

5, 33.7

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7
5, 37.4

4, 23.8

8.2

9.3

9.2

9 , 71.7
71.72/9=571.21
9 , 57.5
57.52/9=367.36

8.5
3, 27.0

8 , 64.4
64.42/8=518.42

SS due to Fertilizer = 571.21 + 367.36 + 518.42 -CF= 15.4146


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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

Count=5, Sum=45.9

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.2

4, 25.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

5, 33.7

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7

4, 23.8

8.2

5, 37.4
15 , 117.0
117.02/15=912.6
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9.3

9.2

SS due to Plot =
912.6 + 533.41
-CF
= 4.4346

8.5
3, 27.0
11 , 76.6
76.62/11=533.41

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7

7.2

8.2

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

9.3

9.2

8.42 + 10.22 +

+ 9.22 + 8.52
= 1493.32

8.5

SS Total = 1493.32 CF = 51.7446


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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

Count=5, Sum=45.9

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.2

4, 25.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

5, 33.7

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7
5, 37.4

Page 18

4, 23.8

8.2

9.3

45.92/5 + 25.82/4

33.72/5 + 23.82/4

9.2

8.5
3, 27.0

37.42/5 + 27.02/3

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
Plot 1
8.4
Fertilizer1 9.9

10.2

Plot 2
8.9

8.5

5.5

5.9

7.6

6.8

Count=5, Sum=45.9

7.6

6.9

Fertilizer2 6.0

6.0

7.2

4, 25.8

5.5

5.2

6.4

6.7

5, 33.7

7.8

6.2

Fertilizer3 6.5

8.7
5, 37.4

4, 23.8

8.2

9.3

587.772

368.748

9.2

8.5
3, 27.0

522.752

SS Interaction = (587.772 + 368.748 + 522.752)


CF SS Plot SS Fertilizer = 17.8474
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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

ANOVA : Two-way
S.V
Fertilizer

S.S

d.f

M.S

F-table
F-ratio
(95%)

15.4146

2 7.7073

10.97

4.46

4.4346

1 4.4346

6.31

5.87

Interaction

17.8474

2 8.9237

12.70

4.46

Residual

14.0526

20 0.7026

Total

51.7446

25

Plot

Page 20

QM 1/2011/ANOVA

Exercise

Type of seeds and type of fertilizer are two


factors that influence production of crop. Result
from a trial is given below. Analyze and
comment.
Fertilizer-1 Fertilizer-2 Fertilizer-3
Seed-A

106, 110

95, 100

94, 107

Seed-B

110, 112

98, 99

100,101

Seed-C

94, 97

86,87

98, 99

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QM 1/2011/ANOVA

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