Orbit Academy

Science Department

Chemistry G.C.E

Part I Atomic Structure & Ionization Energy

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

Mr Khaled Soliman Chemistry Teacher & Head of Science Department

Chemistry Atomic structure. 1 The atom is the smallest part of the element which takes place in chemical reactions. 1 The atom consists of a positive nucleus and electrons around it. 2 Inside the nucleus we have two kinds of particles: 1. Positive protons. 2. Neutral neutrons. *The electrons are negatively charged

*The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.. That is why the atom is electrically uncharged. *The mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus Because the mass of electrons is mainly negligible with respect to the mass of protons and neutrons

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

*The atomic number:The atomic number is the number of protons inside the nucleus. *The mass number (The nucleons):The mass number is the number of the protons and neutrons inside the nucleus. r.charge +1 0 -1 r.mass 1 1 0 Sub atomic particle Protons Neutrons Electrons

*The action of the electric field on a beam of protons, electrons and neutrons. *Electrons deflect to positive plate.

*Protons deflect much less than that of electrons to negative plate.

*Neutrons will not be affected by the field.

Isotopes.. More than one structure of the same element. All of them have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons (different mass numbers).

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

e.g.
35

H1

H1

H1 Cl17

Cl17

37

Cl17

39

*Electronic structure.. *The atom is formed of nucleus and energy levels. *Each energy level has a name and number. O ) K ) l ) m ) n ) o ) p ) q

*Each energy level contains a number of sub levels equal to the numbers of the energy level, and each sub level has a name. Names of sub levels S S and P S,P and d S ,P,d and f No of sublevel 1 2 3 4 Energy level K L M N sub levels 3d 4d 5d No of level 1 2 3 4

Energy level 1 1s 2 2s 2p 3 3s 3p 4 4s 4p 5 5s 5p

4f 5f

Each sublevel contains a number of orbital. Sub level S P d F number of orbital 1 3 5 7

*Each orbital cant carry more than two electrons.

Chemistry Mr. Khaled Soliman 4

*The electrons start in sub levels (orbital) with lower energy before that with the higher energy (Hond's rule). *The electrons start unpaired before pairing. e.g. Write the electronic configuration of Na11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Mg12 Al13 Si14 1s2 Sc21 3d1 O16 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2s2 2s2 2p6 2p6 2p6 2p6 3s2 3s2 3s2 3s2 3p2 3p6 4s2 3p1

*The arrangement of sub level according to their energies.

4 s is lower than 3d in energy. *The real arrangement of sub levels.

*shapes of atomic orbital:-

s orbital

p orbital

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

*We can write the electronic structure of any element using the noble gases electronic structure. e.g.:Ne10 Na11 Ca20 1s2 [Ne]10 [Ar]18 2s2 3s1 4s2 2p6

*The structure of the periodic table

1s1 1s2 2s1 2s2

2p6 2p1 2p 2p 2p 2p5

3s 3s 3p 4s 4s 4p 5s 5s 5p 3d1 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 3d10 4d 5d

3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 6p 6p 6p 6p 6p

6s 6s 5d 4f.. 5d 5d 5d 5d 5d 5d 5d 5d 6p

Ionization energy The 1st ionization energy

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

The minimum amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from the outer most level from one mole of atoms at gaseous state The 2nd ionization energy The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of positively charged ions Factors affecting the ionization energy 1 2 3 Atomic size Screening effect Nuclear charge

Atomic size By increasing the atomic size the distance between the outer most electron and the nucleus increases, so the attraction force between the nucleus and the outer most electron will decrease, and the energy needed to remove this electron will decrease That is why the ionization energy decreases by increasing the atomic radius Screening effect By increasing the screening effects the ionization energy decreases Nuclear charge By increasing the nuclear charge the attraction force between the nucleus and the outer most electron increases that why the ionization energy increases The ionization energy for group II elements (S2 P0) is higher than that of group III elements (S2P1) Because the empty sub level shows some stability and it's easier to remove the electron from the higher sub level The ionization energy for group V (P3) is higher than that of group VI (P4) because of the repulsion between the electrons in the same orbital

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

Atomic size The atomic radius Is half the distance between two nuclei of similar atoms in di atomic molecule The bond length Is the distance between two nuclei of two bonded atoms In the same group The atomic size increases down the group because by moving down the group the number of energy levels increases In the same period By increasing the atomic number the nuclear charge increases and the attraction force between the outer most level electrons increases that is why the atomic size decreases The ionic radius for metals is smaller than the atomic radius for them because one energy level will be removed The ionic radius of the nonmetals is larger than the atomic radius for them because of the repulsion between the electrons

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman

Chemistry

Mr. Khaled Soliman