RESUME OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR A. Part of Speech In English Grammar we recognize at least 9 parts of speech, that is : 1. Noun 2. Adjective 3.

Verb 4. Adverb 5. Pronoun 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection 9. Article A.1 NOUN Noun can be divided into concrete and abstract noun. Concrete noun is noun that can be recognized by our sense; can be smelled, tasted, held, rubbed, seen, listened, touched, etc. For example, book, voice, wind, food, etc. Meanwhile the abstract noun, everything that can not be recognized by our sense, such as information, health, desire, etc. Noun can also be divided into countable and uncountable noun. A.1.1 Countable noun Countable noun consists of plural and singular nouns that also can be differred from regular and irregular nouns. Regular plural nouns are usually in the form of noun with suffix s or es or ies for some ending with letter y preceded by consonant. Look at this list below! Regular Noun Singular Plural book books Pen pens Box boxes watch watches glass glasses pottato pottatoes radio radios Fly flies monkey monkeys Leaf leaves Irregular Noun Singular Plural tooth teeth foot feet fish fish child children goose geese deer deer sheep sheep mouse mice louse lice

wife

wives

A.1.2 Uncountable noun Uncountable noun is always consider as singular noun, so in building sentence it follows some rules for singular matters. Look at the list below! Uncoutable Noun Water Usage in sentence Water flows to the sea Water is necessary for life Sugar Butter Money Sugar makes everything sweet Sugar is needed for getting energy Butter is made from milk Any money is necessary Note Flows.> verb with ending s, is for singular subject To be is is for singular subject

A.2 ADJECTIVE Adjective is one of the part of speech that modifies noun. It can describe or define how a noun is. It includes colour, description of something, age and size. If an adjective phrase consists of many kinds of adjectives, you should arrange the adjectives in special order. Look at this list below! Article A A An The A description beautiful sweet horrible discipline colour red black round shape Size tall big long tall big age young old old Defining Sundanese Bangkok Phyton wood Noun girl orange snake headmaster table

A.3 VERB

Some English verbs have two functions, that is an auxiliary and ordinary. In some sentences auxiliary verb is used to build negative and interrogative sentence. The verbs that have two functions are : 1. To do, in the form of do, does and did. The other form of to do, that is done and doing are only known as ordinary verb. 2. To be, in the form of is, am, are, was, were, be, been and being. To be is, am, are, was and were, are always auxiliary, be, been and being are either as auxiliary and ordinary verb. 3. To have, in the form of have, has, had and having. All to have can be as auxiliary and ordinary verb 4. Modals. All modals are auxiliaries 5. To need, in the form of need, needs and needed (either as auxiliary and ordinary verb.) 6. To dare, in the the form of dare, dares and dared (either as auxiliary and ordinary verb) In some literature, the phrase used to, also is considered as auxiliary. While the other verbs have only functions as ordinary verbs. Auxiliary to be and to do do not have special meaning in sentence. In Yes No question, that is always started with an auxiliary, auxiliaries to do and to be are meant as apakah in Indonesian word. Example : Are you student? (Apakah anda seorang siswa?) Did you go to Bandung yesterday? (Apakah anda pergi ke Bandung kemarin?) Meanwhile, because the other auxiliaries have special meaning, they are a bit different from to do and to be, 1. To have (as auxiliary means sudah in positive form and belum in negative form). In Yes No Question, to have means sudahkah or belumkah : Example : Have you ever been to Mecca? (Sudah pernahkah kau pergi ke Mekkah?) Havent you finished? (Belum selesaikah anda?) 2. Modals a. Can (dapat, sanggup) Can you speak English? (Dapatkah anda berbahasa Inggris?) b. May (boleh, mungkin) May I go home? (Bolehkah saya pulang?) c. etc. 3. To need (perlu, butuh) Need you go now? (Perlukah kau pergi sekarang?) 4. To dare (berani) Dare you say that .? (Beranikah anda mengatakan bahwa ?)

Besides as auxiliaries, except modals, the verbs above also have function as ordinary verbs, that is verbs that show activities. For example, to do means mengerjakan and other activities meaning, to have means mempunyai and other activities meaning, to be means menjadi or berada, to need means memerlukan/membutuhkan and to dare means berani/memberanikan. Ordinary verb has some forms, that is present verb (Verb one/V-I), past verb (Verb two/V-II/ freterite), past participle verb (Verb three/V-III) and ing-verb. The use of the kind of verbs can be seen in the following list : Kind of Verb 1. VerbI Example Go, goes study, studies etc. Can be found in : The use in sentence a.All Present a. 1. I go to school Simple every day Sentence a.2. She goes to school every day . a.3. I dont go to school every day a.4. She doesnt go to school day a.5. Do I go to school every day? a.6. Does she go to school every day b. In negative and interrogative Past Simple Sentence c. After modals auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to) Note In positive present simple sentence, if the subject of the sentence The singulsr thing or singular third person the b.1. He did not go verb-1 anywhere yesterday may be b.2. Did he go ended with anywhere yesterday? letter s, es or ies c.1. I will go somewhere tomorrow (modal will is used in Present Future Simple Tense) c.2. We shall not do it tomorrow c.3. Can you help me? c.4. etc.

d.1. Go away! d.2. Dont go away d. In positive d.3. Help me, please! and negative d.4. Would you please

command and request

help me! To study is our duty

e. In to infinitive

II. Verb-II

a.

Re

gular Verb: Studied, wanted, etc. b.Irregular verb: Went, did, etc.

Only in Positive 1. My Past Simple father went to Tense Bandung yesterday 2. We studied math two hours ago

The regular verb of verb-II and Verb-III have the same forms, that is ending with -ed

III. Verb-III

a. Regula a. All forms r Verb: of Perfect Studied Tense Sentence wanted, (There are 8 etc. kinds of b.Irregular Perfect Tense). verb: In Perfect Gone, Continuous done, and Nominal etc. Perfect Tense, the verb-III is represented by been, third form of to be. b. Passive Voice

1.

Udin has had breakfast 2. I have just wanted to go 3. She has been living in Jakarta for 3 years 4. He has been sick since three days ago

b.1 The flower is picked by the girl b.2 The munument was built in 1990 b.3. The foundation has been founded since 3 years ago The boy helped by me gave me a gift.

c. Past Participle

0r d. To differ them, look aat whether before the verb there is auxiliaries or not. If there is auxiliaries, specially to be or to have, it means that the verb is verb-III and if there is no auxiliaries, it means that the verb is verb-II

IV. VERB- Going, a. Contin a.1. We are studying ING Studying, uous Tense (to English now Being, dsb be + V-ing) a.2. While I was studying English, my mother was cooking in the kitchen a.3. She has been studying English since she used to study in Kinder Garten

b. Gerund

b.1. Swimming is my hobby b.2. I like swimming b.3 I am thinking of finding my own way of life Parti- c.1. Having been sick for three days, she is still absent today c.2. The boy standing under the tree is waiting for somebody

c.Present ciple

A.4. ADVERB Adverb is one of part of speech that modifies a verb. It shows us how, when and where something happens. We recognize adverb in three kinds, that is adverb of time, such as now, tomorrow, yesterday, etc.; adverb of place, such as here, in Jakarta, over there, etc., and adverb of manner, such as quickly, beautifully, etc. Most of adverb of manner are formed by adding suffix ly to an adjective, such as beautiful (an adjective) + -ly = beautifully. Look at the difference between adjective and adverb below! She is a beautiful singer. The word beautiful modifies the word singer (a noun), so it is an adjective. She sings beautifully. The word beautifully modifies the word sings (a verb), so it is an adverb. Some adverbs of manner are not formed by adding suffix ly, such as well, hard, fast, etc. Some words with suffix ly, also do not express adverbs but adjective, such as lovely, lifely, etc. A.5. CONJUNCTION Conjunction is one of part of speech that relates one word with another word or sentence with other sentence. It can be a word or phrase.

Words includes as conjunction are and, or, with, then, but, when, while, where, which, that, who, whose, because, whom, what, whatever, whenever, wherever, if, if only, as if, as though, though, although, in spite of, despite, because of, on account of, due to, owing to, for the simple reason that, etc. A.6. PREPOSITION Preposition is one of part of speech that expresses position of something, etc. Words include as preposition are on, in, of, off, under, over, above, below, back, behind, about, against, beyond, up, down, etc. A.7. PRONOUN Pronoun is one of part of speech that can replace a kind of word or phrase with other word without changing meaning. Words include as pronoun can be seen in the list below

Personal pronoun Subject Object Singular I Me You You He Him She Her Plural You You We Us They them

Impersonal Pronoun Subject Object Singular It It

Possessive adjective Personal Impers. Pronoun Pronoun My+N Its+N Your+N His+N Her+N Your+N Our+N Their+N Their+N

Possessive pronoun Personal Pronoun Mine Yours His Hers Yours Ours Theirs Impers. Pronoun Its

Demonstrative Pronoun Subject Object Singular This It That It

Indefinite Pronoun Personal Somebody Anybody Everybody Someone Anyone Everyone Thing Something Anything Everything

Plural They them

Theirs

Plural These Them Those them

Reflexive Pronoun Personal Singular Myself Yourself Himself Herself Plural Yourselves Ourselvbes Themselves Impersonal Itself Themselves

A.8. INTERJECTION Interjection is usually used to show admiration, calling somebody or surprise, such as Hi!, Hello!, Wow!, Oh dear!, Oh my God!, etc. A.9. ARTICLE English language recognizes only three articles, that is a, an and the. A and an is used to show indefinite (tidak tentu) noun, while the is used to show any noun that is

considered there is only one, such as the sun, the sky, the earth, etc. Article the is also used show definite (tertentu) noun. Look at the example beloq! I saw a cat. (a cat here is an indefinite noun) The cat had a long tail and brown colour. (The cat here is meant cat that I saw/ definite noun) B. BUILDING ENGLISH SENTENCES English sentence is built by some elements. Look at this resume below! Indobesian Terms a, b, c, . letter huruf Ex-pen-sive syllable Suku kata expensive word Kata Expensive phrase Frase/kelompok book kata That is book Simple sentence Kalimat Sederhana The book that Complex Kalimat is on the table Sentence kompleks is expensive A group of word can be called as sentence if we can divide them at least Subject and Predicate. In other case it consists not only of subject and predicate, but also added with Object and adverb. To build a good English sentence, we should pay attantion to the following items. Based on the predicate involved, we recognize two kinds of sentences, that is Nominal/nominative sentence and Verbal sentence. Verbal sentence means a sentence that has a verb as its predicate, i.g.: I study English everyday. (Predicate of this sentence is study, a verb. The sentence includes Subject, Predicate, Object and Adverb as one) Nominal/nominative sentence means sentences whose predicates are not a verb. The predicate can be a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a pronoun. Look at the list below! Subject I She We Auxiliary Do not Predicate study goes Like Object English Swimming Adverb Everyday To school In the river Note A verbal sentence A verbal sentence A verbal sentence EnglishTerms

That He I My father That

Is is am Is is

a book A lazy boy tired at the office mine now

A nominal sentence with noun as predicate A nominal sentence with adjective phrase as predicate A nominal sentence with adjective as predicate A nominal sentence with adverb as predicate A nominal sentence with pronoun as predicate

Based on the change of time, English sentence can be changed from one form into another that we call it depending on the tense. According to the tense, we can differ one kind of sentence by watching the followings: 1. The time signal, 2. The auxiliary verb involved, 3. The ordinary verb as predicate involved (in verbal sentence) and the predicate in nominal sentence, and 4. The situation or sentence expression Look at the list below! Verbal Sentence Subject Auxiliary Ordinary I She is study studying Object Adverb Expression Name of and of time tense adverb English everyday Habitual Present action Simple English now Action is Present happening Continuous at the time of speaking here for two A piece of Present years news about Perfect what has happened here for two An action Present hours that started Perfect in the past Continuous

He

has

lived

We

have been

waiting

time, now is still happening, and will still go on in the future time Etc. Nominal Sentence Subject She Auxiliary is Nominative Predicate a beautiful girl sick Adverb of time Expression Fact of the world or general thruth Action is happening at the time of speaking A piece of news about what has happened Name of tense Present Simple

Abdul

is

now

Present Continuous Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous

They

have been

off

for three days

Etc.