14.

Sources of Energy
14.1 WHAT IS A GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY ?
One Mark Questions (One word or one sentence) 1. Name the residue obtained when wood is burnt in a limited supply of air.
(CBSE-2011-570018)

Ans. Charcoal. 1 2. Name the gaseous fuel which has the highest calorific value. (CBSE-2011-570033) Ans. Hydrogen. 1 3. The use of drywood as domestic fuel is not considered as good. State two reasons for it. (CBSE-2010-1080616C1) Ans. (i) Dry wood produces a lot of smoke on burning. (ii) It leaves a lot of residue after burning. Two Mark Questions (30 words) 4. List any four qualities of an ideal source of energy. (CBSE-2011-570017) Or State any four characteristics of a good source of energy. (CBSE-2011-570033, 39) Ans. A good or ideal source of energy should be : (i) Eligible to produce more heat per unit mass (ii) Pollution free (or smoke free) (iii) Economical (iv) Easily available (v) Easy to handle (vi) Safe to transport (any four) 4=2 5. You have wood, kerosene and L.P.G. Which one source of energy would you use for (CBSE-2010-1080626C1) cooking your food and why ? Give three reasons. Ans. We prefer L.P.G. instead of wood and kerosene for cooking food because : (i) It has high calorific value. 3=1 (ii) It is easy to use. (iii) No residue is formed after its burning. Three Mark Questions (50 words) 6. What are the factors that should be taken into consideration for selecting a source of energy ? List any three. (CBSE-2011-570025, 37) Ans. (i) The ease and cost of extracting energy from the source. 1 (ii) The efficiency of the technology available to extract energy from the source. 1 (iii) The damages to the environment which will be caused by using that source. 1 7. (a) What is a fuel ? (CBSE-2010-1080605C2) (b) Write any two characteristics of a good fuel. Ans. (a) A substance which gives heat and light on burning is called fuel. 1
(161)

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(b) (i) A good fuel gives more energy per unit volume or mass. (ii) It is easy to store and transport. 2 7. (a) How is charcoal different from coal ? How is it prepared ? (b) State two criteria for considering charcoal a better fuel than wood for domestic purposes. (CBSE-2010-1080603C2) Or List any three advantages of burning charcoal over burning wood.
(CBSE-2011-570029)

Or (CBSE-2011-570028) Why is charcoal considered to be a better fuel than wood ? Or Charcoal is better fuel than wood. Why ? (CBSE-2011-570028, 31) Ans. (a) Charcoal is a brittle and porous black solid obtained by destructive distillation of wood, while coal is a fossil. Charcoal is obtained by burning wood in a limited supply of oxygen. (b) Charcoal is considered better fuel than wood because : (i) It burns without flames (ii) It is comparatively smokeless (iii) It has higher heat generating efficiency (any two) 13=3

14.2 CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

One Mark Questions (One word or one sentence) 1. Name the major source of energy that largely fulfils the growing demand of energy in our country. (CBSE-2011-570039) Ans. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. 1 (CBSE-2011-570033) 2. Mention any two limitations of using fossil fuels. Ans. (i) Fossil fuels will not last longer. (ii) They are non-renewable. 3. What are the two disadvantages of burning fossil fuels ?
(CBSE-2010-1080622A1, A2)

Ans. Burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution and acid rain that affects soil and water. 2=1 4. What steps would you suggest to minimise environmental pollution caused by (CBSE-2010-1080614C1, C2, 2011-570020) burning of fossil fuels ? Ans. Pullution caused by burning of fossil fuels can be minimised by : (i) Using smokeless appliances. (ii) Promoting afforestation. + 5. Thermal power plants are setup near coal or oil fields. Give reason.
(CBSE-2010-1080624C1)

Ans. It is because transmitting electricity is more efficient and economical than transporting coal or petroleum over the same distance. 1 6. Name the main constituents of bio-gas and write their formulae.
(CBSE-2010-1080618B1, 2011-570025, 26, 28, 35)

Ans. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

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7. Bio-gas is also known as gobar gas. Justify. (CBSE-2011-570028) Ans. In bio-gas plant, the starting material is mainly cow dung (gobar). Hence, biogas is also known as gobar gas. 1 (CBSE-2010-1080607C1, 1080611C1, C2, 1080614B1, B2) 8. What is bio-mass ? Ans. Dead remains of plants, animals and agricultural wastes are known as biomass, e.g., cow dung cake, sewage materials etc. 1 9. Give the composition of the slurry fed into the digester of a gobar gas plant.
(CBSE-2011-570019)

Ans. Water and cow dung (bio-mass). 1 10. Which type of micro-organisms are able to carry out the process of decomposition (CBSE-2011-570016) in a bio-gas plant ? Or (CBSE-2011-570015) Name the agent which decomposes animal dung into bio-gas. Ans. Anaerobic bacteria, which breakdown organic matters anaerobically. 1 11. List two nutrients that the slurry left behind in the bio-gas plant contains.
(CBSE-2011-570027)

Ans. Nitrogen and phosphorous. 12. Name any two important products obtained in a bio-gas plant.

(CBSE-2011-570032)

Ans. Bio-gas and manure. + (CBSE-2011-570017) 13. List any two disadvantages of using bio-mass as a fuel. Ans. Bio-mass : (i) produces smoke, (ii) gives comparatively less heat energy on burning. + (CBSE-2011-570021) 14. What are wind energy farms ? Ans. It is a place where large number of windmills are installed to produce electricity. 1 15. How does bio-gas plant help to reduce the problem of pollution ?
(CBSE-2011-570028)

Ans. Large scale utilisation of bio-waste and sewage materials provides safe and efficient method of waste disposal. 1 (CBSE-2011-570039) 16. How can the burning of fossil fuels cause acid rain ? Ans. The oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur released on burning fuels are acidic oxides. These lead to acid rain which affects our water and soil resources. 1 (CBSE-2011-570011, 29) 17. What are the advantages of wind energy ? Ans. Wind energy is an efficient source of renewable energy which is environment friendly. + Two Mark Questions (30 words) 18. What are the disadvantages of using fossil fuels ?
(CBSE-2010-1080626B1, 2011-570024)

Ans. (i) Burning of fossil fuels such as coal or potroleum products leads to air pollution. 12=2 (ii) The oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur are released on burning fossil fuels as acidic oxides, which lead to acidic rain and affect water and soil. (iii) Fossil fuels release CO2, a greenhouse gas, that causes global warming. (any two points)

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19. (a) What are the constituents of bio-gas ? (b) Write any two uses of this gas. (CBSE-2010-1080626A1, 2011-570022) Or List four gases generated in a bio-gas plant. (CBSE-2011-570012, 33) Ans. (a) (i) Methane (CH4) (ii) Hydrogen (H2) (iii) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) (iv) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 (b) (i) Bio-gas is used as an excellent fuel. (ii) It is used for lighting. (iii) It is used as an excellent manure. (any two) 1 20. Write any two advantages of using bio-gas. (CBSE-2010-1080605C2) Or List two advantages of using bio-gas over fossil fuels. (CBSE-2011-570033) Ans. (i) Bio-gas has high calorific value (i.e., it gives more energy per unit volume). 2 (ii) It is a clean fuel as it does not produce harmful gases. 21. How do technological inputs improve the efficiency of bio-mass fuel ?
(CBSE-2011-570030)

Ans. (i) Conversion of bio-mass to bio-gas in bio-gas plant. (ii) Conversion of wood into charcoal. (iii) The charcoal obtained by heating wood in absence of air is better fuel. 1+1 22. (a) Name the major constituent of bio-gas. (CBSE-2011-570031) (b) List three characteristics to prove it as an excellent fuel. (CBSE-2011-570013) Or Bio-gas is considered as ideal fuel for domestic use. List any four reasons to justify this statement. (CBSE-2011-570036) Or Write any four advantages of using bio-gas. (CBSE-2011-570031) Ans. (a) Methane (CH4) is the major constituent (75%) of bio-gas. (b) Following characteristics of bio-gas prove it an excellent fuel : (i) It is smokeless. (ii) It leaves no residue after burning. (iii) It has higher calorific value. (iv) It is relatively cheaper than other fuels. 3=1 23. Bio-gas is considered to be a boon to the farmers. Give reasons.
(CBSE-2010-1080616C1, C2, 2011-570026)

Or List two practical uses of bio-gas in rural areas. (CBSE-2011-570023, 31) Ans. In rural areas, bio-gas is considered to be boon to the farmers because : (i) It can produce clean fuel from wastes. (ii) It produces slurry (a byproduct) which is used as manure. (iii) It can generate electricity. (any two) 12=2

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24. Mention the main use of the slurry left behind in bio-gas plant. State the (CBSE-2011-570015) characteristics of the slurry on which its use is based. Ans. Slurry left behind in bio-gas plant is used as manure. 1 It is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. 1 25. How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience ? (CBSE-2010-1080622A1, A2, 2011-570020) Ans. (i) Wind energy has been modified by establishing wind energy farms which generate electricity. 1 (ii) Water energy has been modified by constructing high rise dams on the rivers to get electricity. 1 26. Give the disadvantages of constructing big dams across a river. How does construction of dams across the river get linked with production of greenhouse gases ?
(CBSE-2010-1080611B1, 2011-570019, 30, 39)

Ans. Disadvantages of constructing big dams are : (i) Large areas of agricultural lands and human population get submerged. (ii) Problem of rehabilitation of displaced people. +=1 The vegetation, which is submerged, rots under anaerobic condition and gives out large amount of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. 1 Three Mark Questions (50 words) 27. Suggest two materials that can be used to produce bio-gas. Mention two uses of bio-gas and two advantages of a bio-gas plant. (CBSE-2010-1080624A1, 2011-570038) Ans. Biodegradable materials like agricultural waste, vegetable waste, sewage, human excreta, cow-dung, etc., produce bio-gas. (any two) +=1 (i) It is used for lighting. (ii) It is also used as fuel for cooking. (iii) It burns without smoke and leaves no residue. (iv) It has high calorific value. (any two) +=1 Advantages of bio-gas plant : (i) It manages biological waste of village. (ii) It produces bio-gas and manure. +=1 28. Bio-mass has been used as fuel since ancient times, how has it been modified to (CBSE-2011-570013, 21) function as a more efficient fuel in the recent past ? Ans. In ancient times, bio-mass was burnt in chulahs. Now-a-days it has been modified to produce bio-gas which is a better fuel because it is more efficient and less pollutant. 3 29. Write the sequence of events taking place in a bio-gas plant.
(CBSE-2011-570022, 30)

Ans. In a bio-gas plant : (i) First of all, a slurry of cow-dung and water is fed into the digester. 1 (ii) In digester, anaerobic micro-organisms decompose complex compounds of the cowdung slurry. 1 (iii) After decomposition, it produces gases which is used as fuel. 1

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30. List the disadvantages of using bio-mass as fuel in the conventional manner. Give two examples of technological inputs to improve efficiency of these fuels.
(CBSE-2010-1080624C1, 2011-570040)

Ans. Bio-mass does not produce much heat on burning and a lot of smoke is given out when it is burnt. 1 The technological inputs to improve the efficiency of these fuels are : 1 (i) When wood is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen, water and volatile materials present in it get removed and charcoal is left behind as the residue. Charcoal burns without flames, is comparatively smokeless and has a higher heat generation efficiency. (ii) Cow-dung, various plant materials like the residue left after harvesting the crops, vegetable wastes and sewage are decomposed in the absence of oxygen to give out bio-gas. 1 31. Why is the use of bio-mass to generate heat : (i) Discouraged for burning it directly in ovens (chulahs), and (ii) Encouraged for obtaining bio-gas through a bio-gas plant. (CBSE-2011570012)

Ans. (i) If bio-mass is directly burnt in oven (chulah), it is less efficient and pollutes air by producing smoke. 1 (ii) Bio-gas obtained by the bio-mass through a bio-gas plant is more efficient and less polluting. Also an excellent manure is produced in this way in the form of slurry left behind. 1+1 32. Write the problems faced in construction of big dams.
(CBSE-2010-1080626A1)

Ans. (i) Big dams can be constructed only in a limited number of places, preferably in hilly terrains. 13=3 (ii) Large areas of agricultural land and human habitation are to be sacrificed. (iii) Large ecosystem is destroyed. (iv) Submerged vegetation rots under anaerobic conditions and releases methane which is a greenhouse gas. (v) It creates the problem of rehabilitation of displaced people. (any three) 33. A group of farmers teamed together to set up a bio-gas plant close to their farms. List any six advantages that they would be able to derive from the plant.
(CBSE-2011-570016)

Ans. (i) Waste disposal from farms. (ii) Efficient disposal of animal exreta. (iii) Bio-gas as fuel in chulah. (iv) Manure for the farms. (v) Bio-gas for lighting. (vi) Economical. 6=3 34. What steps can be taken to minimize environmental pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels ? (CBSE-2010-1080616C2) Ans. Environmental pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels can be minimized by : (i) Fitting the vehicles with catalytic converters.

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(ii) Washing down the smoke and acidic gases by water in a scrubber (in thermal power plants). (iii) Installing electrostatic precipitators in their chimneys. (iv) Increasing the efficiency of the combustion process. (any three) 3 35. Giving a schematic diagram of bio-gas plant, explain the production of bio-gas (CBSE-2010-1080607A1, C1) and manure. Give the composition of bio-gas. Or Explain the principle and working of a bio-gas plant using a labelled schematic diagram.
(CBSE-2010-1080614B1, B2)

Or Draw a neat diagram of a bio-gas plant and label (i) inlet of slurry, (ii) digester and (iii) gas outlet. (CBSE-2011-570014) Ans.

Principle of a bio-gas plant is based on anaerobic decomposition of organic matters like cow-dung and vegetable or animal wastes. 1 A bio-gas plant has a dome-like structure built with bricks. A slurry of cow-dung and water is made in mixing tank from where it is fed into the digester, a sealed chamber where there is no oxygen. After a few days, anaerobic microorganisms degrade the matter and produce gases like CO2, H2S, CH4 and H2. Manure is also prepared in the similar way. 1 36. State in brief the process of harnessing kinetic energy of the wind to do work. Mention any four limitations of harnessing wind energy on a large scale.
(CBSE-2010-1080603C1)

Or List any three limitations in harnessing wind energy. (CBSE-2011-570015) Ans. The kinetic energy of fast flowing wind is utilised in running sail boats and windmills. Windmills may be used to run turbines, pump out water or to grind food grains. 1 Four limitations in large scale use of wind energy : (i) Windmill can be run at limited places where wind blows for greater part of the year. (ii) To operate windmill speed of the wind should be higher than 15 km/h. (iii) Wind is not available at all places all the time. (iv) Large land area is required for wind energy farm and its construction cost is very large. (v) Wind energy farms need high level of maintenance. (any four) 4=2

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14.3 ALTERNATIVE OR NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

One Mark Questions (One word or one sentence) 1. Why should solar cookers be covered with glass plate ?
(CBSE-2010-1080605C2, 2011-570022)

Ans. It is because the glass plate produces greenhouse effect and hence increases the temperature inside the cooker. 1 2. Name chief component of solar cells. Which energy conversion takes place in a solar cell ? (CBSE-2010-1080607C1) Ans. Silicon. Solar cell converts solar energy into electric energy. 3. What type of reflector is usually used in box type solar cooker ?
(CBSE-2010-1080616C2)

Ans. Plane-mirror reflector. 4. Name the device which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy.

(CBSE-2010-1080618A1, 1080624A1, 2011-570012)

Ans. Solar cell. 1 5. State the property of black surface which is used in the working of solar heaters.
(CBSE-2011-570037)

Ans. Black surface is a good absorber of heat radiations. 1 (CBSE-2011-570023) 6. What is tidal energy ? Ans. Energy possessed by the rising and falling water in tides is known as tidal energy. 1 7. What type of energy is possessed by huge waves near the sea shore ?
(CBSE-2010-1080612C1, C2)

Ans. Tidal energy. 8. Write two different ways of harnessing energy from ocean.

(CBSE-2010-1080614B1, B2)

Ans. Energy can be harnessed from the ocean in the form of tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy. (any two) 1 9. Give one limitation of harnessing energy from geothermal sources.
(CBSE-2011-570040)

Ans. Commercially viable geothermal energy sites are very less in number. 1 10. Suggest any two reasons which make the large scale usage of nuclear energy (CBSE-2011-570011, 13) prohibitive. Ans. (i) High cost of installation. (ii) High risk of environmental contamination. (iii) Limited availability of uranium. (any two) + Two Mark Questions (30 words) 11. (a) What is solar cell panel ? (CBSE-2011-570036) (b) Name any two materials that are used for making solar cells.
(CBSE-2010-1080618B1, 1080626A1, 2011-570016, 30)

Ans. (a) A large number of solar cells combined in an arrangement constitute a solar panel. 1 (b) Silicon, silver. 1

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12. Out of two solar cookers one was covered by a plane glass slab and other was left open. Which of the two solar cookers will be more efficient and why ?
(CBSE-2010-1080618A1)

Ans. The solar cooker covered with plane glass is more efficient. 1 It is because plane glass which covers the solar cooker prevents the heat to escape from solar cooker. 1 13. You are given with two solar cookers, one with a plane mirror as reflector and the other with concave mirror as reflector. Which one is more efficient ? Give reason for your (CBSE-2010-1080624C1, 2011-570027) answer. Ans. Solar cooker with concave mirror reflector is more efficient. It is because concave mirror can focus the heat radiations to the food materials kept inside and thus increases the temperature. 1+1 (CBSE-2010-1080612C1) 14. Explain why : (a) Solar cookers are covered with glass plate ? (CBSE-2010-1080612C1, C2) (b) The solar cooker is painted black from inside ? Ans. (a) To attain the high temperature, the solar cookers are covered with glass plate. This plate focuses the sun rays to a point and temperature inside the box increases. 1 (b) The black surface of the solar cooker absorbs more heat as compared to the white surface. 1 15. A student constructed a model of box type solar cooker. He used a transparent plastic sheet to cover the open face of the box. He found that this cooker does not function well. What could be the possible drawbacks in his model ? List any four drawbacks.
(CBSE-2010-1080616C1, 2011-570011)

Ans. He may not have used the following items : (i) Black painted aluminium sheet to absorb heat radiation. (ii) Glass sheet to prevent the escape of heat radiation from the box (instead of plastic sheet). (iii) Mirror plates that reflect the sunlight to fall on the glass sheet. (iv) Black cooking vessel to absorb more heat radiation. 16. List two reasons which limit the usage of solar cells for harnessing energy for (CBSE-2011-570025) domestic use. Ans. (a) Availability of the special grade silicon for making solar cells is limited. 1 (b) The process of manufacturing the solar cells is expensive. Silver used for interconnections of the cells in the panel further increases the cost. 1 17. List any four reasons why we need to look for alternative sources of energy.
(CBSE-2011-570016)

Ans. We need to look for alternative sources of energy for : (i) Reducing pollution due to burning of fossil fuels. (ii) Increasing demand of energy. (iii) Saving exhausting fuel reserves. (iv) Obtaining energy which is eco-friendly. 4=2 18. The difference in temperature between the surface of the sea and deeper sections (CBSE-2010-1080607C1) can be used to obtain energy. Explain how this is done. Ans. The warm surface of ocean water is used to boil a volatile liquid. The vapours of this liquid are used to run the turbine of generator to produce electricity. The cold water from the depth of the ocean is pumped up which condenses vapour again to liquid. 1+

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19. (i) What is geothermal energy ? (CBSE-2010-1080611C1, C2, 2011-570011, 29) (ii) How can it be utilized ? (CBSE-2011-570038) Ans. (i) Underground water in contact with hot spots of earth crust, turns into steam which is trapped in rocks. When it find some outlets, appears as hot springs. This energy is known as geothermal energy. 1 (ii) It is used to generate electricity by routing the steam through turbines. 20. What do you mean by ocean thermal energy ? How electricity can be generated from the energy ? (CBSE-2010-1080611C1, 2011-570040) Ans. Due to sunlight, water at the surface of the sea gets heated up while water inside the deeper regions is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to obtain energy, which is called ocean thermal energy. The warm surface water is used to boil a volatile liquid ammonia. The vapours of the liquid are then used to run the turbine of generator and electricity is produced. 12=2 21. Write the general principle involved in generating nuclear energy. Name one fuel (CBSE-2010-1080607A1) used in a nuclear reactor. Ans. Nuclear energy is generated by a process called nuclear fission. In this process nucleus of a heavy atom splits when it is bombarded with slow moving neutrons and releases a large amount of energy. 1 Uranium, plutonium, thorium are used as nuclear fuels. (any one) 1 22. What is a nuclear fusion reaction ? List any two advantages of nuclear fusion (CBSE-2011-570035) reactions. Ans. It is a reaction in which two nuclei of lighter elements combine to form a heavy nucleus with liberation of tremendous amount of energy. 1 Advantages : (i) Large amount of energy is obtained from a very small amount of fuel. (ii) Non-pollutant wastes are produced during this reaction. + Three Mark Questions (50 words) 23. State three advantages of using solar cells to produce electricity. Why is their use for domestic purposes limited ? (CBSE-2011-570032) Ans. Advantages of using solar cells : (i) They do not cause any pollution, hence they are environment friendly. (ii) They can be set up in remote areas. (iii) They have no moving parts so they take little maintenance. The use of solar cells for domestic purpose is limited due to limited availability of special grade silicon, which is used for making solar cells. Also, silver is used for interconnecting the cells in the panel that further increases the cost, i.e., solar cells have high cost and low efficiency. 1 24. Why is it not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our energy needs? State at least three reasons to support your answer.
(CBSE-2010-1080622A1, A2, 2011-570018, 24, 36)

Ans. (i) (ii) (iii)

Solar cells do not meet all our energy needs due to : High cost of installation. 1 Limited availability of special grade silicon to make solar cells. 1 Unavailability of efficient system to store electrical energy generated by solar panels. 1

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25. Name the various forms in which energy is available from the sea. For any two types give one limitation in their harnessing. (CBSE-2011-570020) Ans. The forms of energy that can be obtained from the ocean are tidal energy, wave energy, and ocean thermal energy. There are several limitations to harness these types of energies. (i) Tidal energy depends on the relative positioning of the Earth, Moon and the Sun. (ii) High dams are required to be built to convert tidal energy into electricity. (iii) Very strong waves are required to obtain electricity from wave energy. (iv) To harness ocean thermal energy efficiently, the difference in the temperature of surface water (hot) and the water at depth (cold) must be 20C or more. (any three) 3 26. How is nuclear energy generated ? State in brief the process of utilizing this energy in the production of electricity. Mention the major hazard of nuclear power (CBSE-2010-1080603C1, C2, 2011-570035) generation. Ans. To produce nuclear energy, a heavy nucleus is bombarded with a low energy neutron. In this process, it splits into two lighter nuclei with a tremendous release of energy which can be utilised to boil water to run turbines. 1+1 The major hazard of nuclear power generation is the storage and disposal of nuclear wastes because they are radioactive. 1 27. Write three advantages and three limitations of using solar cooker.
(CBSE-2010-1080626B1, 2011-570017, 32)

Ans. Advantages of using solar cooker : (i) Here, energy is obtained free of cost. (ii) It does not cause any pollution. (iii) Nutritive value of food is retained in it. 3=1 Disadvantages of solar cooker : (i) It cannot be used at night. (ii) It cannot be used in a cloudy day. (iii) Direction of sunlight is necessary to be adjusted frequently. 3=1 28. Name two semiconductors used in solar cell. What is solar cell panel ? State two (CBSE-2010-1080626C1) main advantages of solar panel. Ans. Two semiconductors used in solar cells are : Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Galium (Ga.) (any two) 2=1 A large number of solar cells are combined in an arrangement, called solar panel. 1 Advantages of solar panel : 2=1 (i) Its maintenance is easy. (ii) No moving parts are present in it. (iii) It works quite satisfactorily without the use of any focusing device. (iv) It can be set up in remote and inaccessible hamlets. (any two) 29. List any three hazards of nuclear waste. How does the disposal of nuclear waste (CBSE-2011-570027) pose a problem for the plant and animal life ? Ans. Most of the nuclear wastes are radioactive and emit radiations which are dangerous. (i) Human body can tolerate the absorption of radiations upto a certain level only. After this, it can cause irreparable damage to the cells. 1 (ii) It may cause cancer or even death of human beings.

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(iii) Radiation may cause change in DNA or genes that may give deformation of organs in future generations. 1 Disposal of nuclear wastes : The nuclear wastes emit radiations which are dangerous for living beings. It cannot be dumped in open e.g., in garbage bins and cannot be thrown into rivers or seas as it will contaminate water and damage aquatic life. If it entered into food chain, it may affect human beings. 30. What is nuclear energy ? Give two advantages and two hazards of nuclear energy.
(CBSE-2010-1080618B1, 2011-570029)

Ans. The nucleus of a heavy atom such as plutonium, uranium, thorium when bombarded with low energy neutron can be split apart into lighter nuclei and release a tremendous amount of energy, called nuclear energy. 1 Advantages : (i) Nuclear energy is pollution free. (ii) Large amount of energy is produced. 1 Hazards : (i) Limited availability of nuclear fuel. 1 (ii) Improper nuclear waste storage and disposal of spent or used fuel.

14.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

One Mark Question (One word or one sentence) 1. Write the full form of CNG. Ans. Compressed Natural Gas. Two Mark Question (30 words) 2. Would you consider hydrogen to be a cleaner and more efficient fuel than CNG ? If yes, why is it not used in everyday life ? (CBSE-2011-570019) Ans. Yes, it is a cleaner fuel because on burning hydrogen produces only water vapour which is non-polluting. Although it is not used in everyday life due to its explosive nature, storage and transportation problems. 1+1
(CBSE-2011-570024)

14.5 HOW LONG WILL AN ENERGY SOURCE LAST US ?

One Mark Questions (One word or one sentence)
(CBSE-2011-570019) 1. Name any two exhaustible sources of energy. Ans. Coal and petroleum. 1 2. Classify CNG and hydrogen into renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. (CBSE-2010-1080626C1)

Ans. Renewable H2. Non-renewable CNG. Two Mark Question (30 words)

3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy with one example for each. (CBSE-2010-1080624A1, 2011-570014) Ans. Energy sources that can be regenerated are called renewable sources of energy. e.g., solar energy. Energy sources that will get depleted some day are called non-renewable sources of energy. e.g., fossil fuels.