BAGASSE FLY ASH UTILIZATION AS AN ADSORBENT TO REDUCE H2S LEVEL IN TOFU WASTE BIOGAS

Thesis This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the partial requirements for the awards of the Master Degree of : Master Program of System Engineering Joint Program

Arranged By : Rizki Triana Putri 09/305576/PTK/06798

TO POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to say thanks to the Almighty Allah SWT, my Lord who has given me the mercy and blessing, so my Thesis with title Bagasse Fly Ash Utilization As An Adsorbent To Reduce H2S Level in Tofu Waste Biogas could finish well. Sholawat and salam may be given to my prophet, Muhammad SAW. During writing this thesis I was helped by many people who have been ready in handing over helps I needed, anywhere. Herewith I would like to say thanks to: 1. Dr. Ir. Suhanan, DEA as Head of Master of Engineering System, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. 2. Dr. Ir. Sarto, M.Sc. as my major advisor, for his guidance. 3. Ir. Ambar Pertiwiningrum, M.Si., Ph.D., as my minor advisor, for her helpfull insights. 4. My lovely mother, mother, mother, father, for your prayer and support. When I look back on this time and the dreams we left behind, I will be glad because I was blessing to get and to have you in my life. 5. My sisters and brothers, Dani Ukasah, for all your support and advises 6. Mr Muh. Soleh, Mr. Jumiya, all member of JP 3, and all academic staff of MTS UGM (Mr. Ahmad, Mas Syukron, Mas Andri, etc), thanks for all your help and knowledge that was given. 7. Everyone I could not mention here. The writer is aware if this paper is still far from being perfect, so any suggestions and criticism for better improvement of the paper are welcomed. The writer hopes this paper will give benefit for many people. Amien. Wassalamualaykum Wr. Wb. Yogyakarta, Februari 2012 Rizki Triana Putri

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE.........................................................................................................................i ENDORSEMENT ......................................................................................................ii STATEMENT ............................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDMENT...............................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................viii LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................................ix LIST OF NOTATIONS .............................................................................................x ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................1

1.1. Background ...................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem Formulation .....................................................................................3 1.3. Research Objectives .......................................................................................3 1.4. Research Benefits ...........................................................................................3 1.5. Research Authenticity ....................................................................................4 CHAPTER II LITERATURE STUDY AND THEORY BASES5

2.1. Literature Study .............................................................................................5 2.2. Theory Bases ..................................................................................................20 2.3. Hipothesis .......................................................................................................22 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..23 3.1. Research Material ...........................................................................................23 3.2. Research Equipment .......................................................................................23

3.3. Research Process ............................................................................................24 3.4. Research Variable...........................................................................................26 3.5. Result Analysis ...............................................................................................27 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION..28 4.1. Hydrogen Sulfide Analysis ............................................................................28 4.2. Models Linearization ......................................................................................32 4.3. Analysis of Model Adams Bohart, Thomas, Yan ..........................................35 4.4. Analysis of Adsorption Capacity and Breakthrough Curve ...........................37 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.45 5.1. Conclusion .....................................................................................................45 5.2. Suggestion .....................................................................................................46 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................47 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................50

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Biogas Composition .....................................................................................8 Table 2. Physical,Chemical,and Safety Characteristics Hydrogen Sulfide ...............8 Table 3. Composition of Bagasse Fly Ash .................................................................11 Table 4. H2S Concentration with BFA 1....................................................................28 Table 5. H2S Concentration with BFA 2....................................................................29 Table 6. H2S Concentration with BFA 3....................................................................30 Table 7. H2S Concentration with BFA 4....................................................................30 Table 8. Adams-Bohart Analysis ...............................................................................35 Table 9. Thomas Analysis ..........................................................................................36 Table 10. Yan Analysis ..............................................................................................36 Table 11. Model Analysis ..........................................................................................37 Table 12. Resume of Adsorption Capacity ................................................................40

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Tofu Production Process .............................................................................5 Figure 2. Sugarcane Milling Process .........................................................................10 Figure 3. Structure of Oxygen Functional Group ......................................................13 Figure 4. Structure of Nitrogen Functional Group .....................................................13 Figure 5. Skecth of Concentration Profile, Mass Transfer, and Breakthrough Curve .........................................................................................................16 Figure 6. Research Equipment ...................................................................................23 Figure 7. Research Diagram.......................................................................................24 Figure 8. Adams-Bohart Linearization ......................................................................32 Figure 9. Thomas Linearization .................................................................................33 Figure 10. Yan Linearization .....................................................................................34 Figure 11. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 1 .................................................................38 Figure 12. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 2 .................................................................39 Figure 13. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 3 .................................................................39 Figure 14. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 4 .................................................................40 Figure 15. Curve of All Variables ..............................................................................43

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LIST OF APPENDIX 1. 2. Appendix A Appendix B Result of H2S Analysis Methods of H2S Sampling

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LIST OF NOTATIONS Co C kAB kTH kY Q qAB qTH qY t W Z U N0 Veff : Inlet H2S concentration : Effluent H2S concentration : Adams-Bohart kinetics constanta, ml/mg/min : Thomas kinetics constanta, ml/mg/min : Yan kinetics constanta, ml/mg/min : Flow rate, ml/min : Adsorption capacity for Adams-Bohart model, mg/L : Adsorption capacity for Thomas model, mg/L : Adsorption capacity for Yan model, mg/L : Flow time, minute : Adsorbent weight, gram : Residence time in column, minute : Height of column, cm : Superficial velocity, cm/min : Saturation concentration in Adams-Bohart model, mg/l : Effluent volume, ml

ABSTRACT The objectives of this research was to evaluate bagasse fly ash ability to reduce the number of H2S, to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment and the effect of size to BFA adsorption ability, to obtain mathematical model that is suitable to describe H2S reducing in tofu waste biogas that occured in fixed bed column, and also to evaluate the adsorption ability from recycle bagasse fly ash. Variable used in this research are bagasse fly ash particle size and bagasse fly ash chemically treatment. Bagasse fly ash particle size are -60+100 mesh and 200 mesh. Chemically treatment given namely activation using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3%. This treatment is given for bagasse fly ash with particle size -60+100 mesh. The experiment done in fixed bed column and had a continous flow type. Concentration data of effluent and time data obtained are used to evaluate some parameters from Adams Bohart, Thomas, and Yan equation. The suitable model was evaluated using correlation coefficients. The research showed that activated bagasse fly ash had a better ability to reduce H2S level better than non-activated bagasse fly ash. Smaller particle size of bagasse fly ash also had a better ability to adsorp H2S. This research show that Thomas model was the most suitable model to describe the reducing of H2S level in fixed bed column. The best result was obtained by activated bagasse fly ash 60+100 mesh at flow rate 200 min/minute and initial inlet concentration 154 ppm. The Thomas kinetics constant (kT) and the adsorption capacity (qT) were 0.36 ml/mg/min and 2.42 mg/g and the correlation coefficient obtained was 0.869. Keywords: Hydrogen Sulfide, biogas, tofu waste, activation, bagasse fly ash, adsorption.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Domestic energy demand is more and more increasing. Therefore, according to national energy policy, we need to develop renewable energy as an alternative energy that can fulfill energy demand from the society. Based on study which has been done by PLN and team, Indonesia is very potential to develop about one million unit of biogas installation. It number is similar with saving of 900 million litres of fossil oil or 700 tons of LPG each year.

(http://www.pln.co.id/pro00/news/aktivitas/76/225.html). Biogas is one of alternative energy that is applied in society, especially for animal husbandry society. Biogas is produced from anaerobic process which is occured inside the reactor (biodigester). Anaerobic process cause organic compound degradation without presence of oxygen, where the process would be produce by biogas that consist of methane, carbondioxide, and hydrogen sulfide . Tofu industrys waste water contain a very high organic substance, if it discharge to the environment without any treatment, it makes a negative effect that is descending of water quality. The number of tofu industry in Indonesia are 84.000 unit. And the maximum production capacity are 2,56 millions ton each year, these industries produce more than 20 millions metre cubic each year and also produce emission similar to 1 million ton CO2 (http://hendrikperdana.web.id/artikel/umum/242-biogas-dari-limbah-tahu).

Tofu liquid waste still contains organic materials that contain nutrients that are good enough for methanogenic bacterial growth. The presence of bacteria in the reactor can cause methanogenesis process that can produce methane gas. The result of methane gas can be utilized as an energy alternative which can reduce the impact of global warming. The composition of gasses commonly found in tofu waste are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), amonia (NH3), carbondioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). These gases come from the decomposition of organic substances which is in waste water (Herlambang, 2002). The levels of methane in biogas is only 65%, but we can increase the purity of biogas by reducing the concentration levels of H2S, CO2 and other impurities. Emissions from the biogas can make the environment is threatened by the presence of hydrogen sulfide which is harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, if we can purify biogas levels, then we can reduce the risk of biogas which can be harmful emissions and to increase the methane content in biogas. If the methane content increases, the heating value of biogas will also be increased. One of the methods used to improve the

performance of biogas is the adsorption method, and it is to reduce the levels of H2S. Bagasse fly ash (BFA) is waste of combustion from boilers in sugar mills which is collected by a special instrument, it iscalled a dust collector. BFA has potential as an adsorbent because its pores and high organic carbon content (Prasetya, 2007). Currently, BFA is only used as an adsorbent for liquid waste, if it is used in biogas, it needs further assessmentit is utilization of BFA as an

adsorbent to reduce the level of H2S in biogas. This study will examine that in the presence of BFA on biogas installations can reduce the level of H2S in tofu waste biogas. 1.2. Problem Formulation Generally, the problem formulation on this research is the unknown effect of the presence of BFA to the reduction of H2S levels in the biogas. H2S reduction are expected to decrease the bad impact from the H2S with the presence of BFA as an adsorbent. 1.3. Research Objectives Based on problem formulation above, the research objectives on this study can be formulated as follows : 1. To evaluate the adsorption ability from BFA to reduce H2S level in tofu waste biogas. 2. To evaluate the effect of chemical treatment and effect of particle size to BFA adsorption ability. 3. To know the regeneration ability from BFA. 1.4. Research Benefits Utilization of BFA as an adsorbent are expected to give these kinds of benefits : 1. To provide an alternative solution to utilize BFA which had dumped in a big number. 2. Increasing the biogas purity by reducing the H2S level

1.5. Research Authenticity Research with idea : Bagasse Fly Ash Utilization As An Adsorbent To Reduce H2S Level in Tofu Waste Biogas as the author's knowledge has never been done, except that has been mentioned in references in this research.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE STUDY AND THEORY BASIS

2.1. Literature Study 2.1.1. Tofu Waste Tofe waste is generated from tofu production process. Tofu production process is shown in figure 1 :

Figure 1. Tofu Production Process 5

Tofu waste generally consist into two forms, they are solid waste and liquid waste. Solid tofu waste is from which are manure from soybean soaking and washing (fine rock, soil, peels, and other solid attached on soybean) and also the remaining filter soybean porridge. solid waste that which is occurred are not too much (0.3% of the raw material of soybean). While the solid waste in the form of tofu waste occurs in the filtering of soybean porridge. Liquid waste in tofu production process derives from soaking, washing, filtering, and tofus printing out. Most of the waste liquid is viscous liquid (apart from clumps) which is called whey. This fluid contains high levels of protein and can be decomposed. This waste is often discharged directly without any treatment resulting stench and pollute the environment. Organic ingredients contained in the tofu industry are very high.

Organic compounds in waste water can be proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and oils. Among these compounds protein and fat are the greatest in number. Protein reaches 40-60%, carbohydrates 25-50%, and 10% fat. The quality of waste water is depend on the process which is used by its industry. If the process is good, then the content of organic matter in effluent is usually low. The largest component from tofu waste water is protein (N-total) as much 226,06-434,78 mg/l, if this waste water come into the environment it will increase a number of nitrogen on that area (Herlambang, 2002).

Common gasses found in tofu waste are nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), amonia (NH3), carbondioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The gasses come from organic substance decomposition in waste water. (Herlambang, 2002). Industrial solid waste is out of soy and tofu skin. The tofu still

contains a high enough protein which can be used as animal feed ingredients and fish. However, the water content of tofu waste is still high and it is inhibiting the using of tofu waste as animal feed. 2.1.2 Biogas Generally, anaerobic process will produce methane gas (biogas). Biogas is gas which is produced by decaying organic material by bacteria in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen). Biogas is a mixture of various gases such as nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). These gases come from the decomposition of organic substances contained in waste water (Herlambang, 2002). The Important properties of this methane gas are odorless, colorless, poisonous, and flammable. The table 1 show the biogas composition :

Table 1. Biogas Composition Gas Methane Carbondioxide Nitrogen Hydrogen Carbonmonoxide Oxygen Hydrogen Sulfide Formula CH4 CO2 N2 H2 CO O2 H2S % Volume 54-70 27-45 0-1 0-1 0.1 0.1 Small amount

Hydrogen sulfide is poisonous, odorous, and very corrosive. Some characteristics from H2S will be described in table 2. Because of its characteristics, the gasses usually occur on biogas production site. Table 2. Physical, Chemical, and Safety Characteristics H2S (OSHA, 2002) Molecule weight 34.08 Specific gravity 1.192 Temperature 2500 C Explosive range in air 4.5-45.5% Odor treshold 0.47 ppb 8 hours-weight average 10 ppm 15minutes-exposure limit 15 ppm Immediately Fdangerous to Life of 300 ppm
Health (IDLH)(OSHA)

With anaerobic biogas system, the gas which is produced depends on the content of protein, fat, and carbohydrate which is contained in the waste, length of time to decay at least 30 days, the longer time of decay process it will be good.

2.1.3 Bagasse (Waste Sugarca ane) Ba agasse is a r residue from the milling process of s m sugar cane (saccharum oficina arum) which is produced after ext h tracting or r removing fr rom sap in sugar industry, we can get it by product of sugar in order to obtain large e t n amoun of fibrous waste prod which is known as b nts s duct s bagasse. In the sugarca milling p n ane process, ther are five ti re imes milling process to g produc sugarcane bagasse. In the first and second milling the raw juice ce e d e produc brownish yellow, th the milling process o the third, fourth and ced hen of fifth v volumes wil produce s that is not the sam Sugarca milling ll sap me. ane proces is shown in figure 2: ss i

Figure 2. Sug F garcane Mill ling Process Th average w he waste generated from milling proce is 32% sugar cane. m ess s With s sugar cane p production i Indonesia in 2007 am in a mounted to 21 million tonnes of potentia waste gen s al nerated abou 6 million tons of pulp per year. ut p During this almost on every pl uses sug cane bag g t lant gar gasse as boile fuel. er Ea product ach tion, sugar factory alw ways produce waste con nsisting of solid, liquid, and g gas. Solid w waste that is: bagasse, bo oiler ash and sugarcane d (filter cake). Bag gasse is the solid waste which is de erived from sugarcane m juice t be taken i sap. This waste cont to its s tains a lot of fiber and co f ork. Other than it own bagasse is utilize by plant sap as cooki fuel, and it is used ts ed ing d by pap mills as pulp paper per s rmaking. Solid waste is the secon form of S nd

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sugarcane, which is produced by sediment (waste purification sap) before cooking and crystallized into sugar. Its shape like a black sandy soil, it has an unpleasant smell if it is still wet. Based on dry material, bagasse is composed of elements of C (carbon) 47%, H (Hydrogen) 6.5%, O (Oxygen) 44% and ash 2.5%. Excess waste (bagasse) bring an issue for the sugar cane sugar mill, the pulp is bulky (pour) so as to save them need large areas. it is Flammable because the contains are water, sugar, fiber, and microbes, so when stacked, it will be fermented and releases heated. 2.1.4 Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) is the result of chemical changes of pure bagasse combustion. Bagasse is used as fuel for heating boilers with a temperature of 550
0

-600

C and a long burning every 4-8 hours then

expenditures made transporting ash from the boiler, because if is left without cleaning it will occur that will disrupt the next process as an impact from accumulation of combustion of bagasse. BFA has a perfect pores and potential to serve as the adsorbent (Prasetya, 2007). Composition of BFA elements is shown on table 3:

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Tabel 3. Composition of Bagasse Fly Ash (Prasetya, 2007) Element %berat Element kadar (ppm) CH (organic carbon) 36,5 Cl 659 AlO 2,2 V 20 CaO 2,78 Co 23 FeO Ni 8 MgO 1,645 Sn 11 SiO 49,98 Mo 5 FeO 1,218 W 47 KO 3,97 Rb 113 Pb 0 Sr 140 Ag 0 Ba 96 Bi 0 Y 11 NaO 0,23 Zr 19 TiO 0,106 Nb 4 MnO 0,092 Th 9 PO 0,906 Hg 0 S 0,2413 Cd 0 Cu 0,0058 As 8 Zn 0,0056 Sb 0 2.1.5 Adsorbent Activation Activated carbon is utilized to remove organic material and metal ions from drinking water and waste water. Wood, lignite, coconut shell, and peat are materials which are currently widely used as raw material for making activated carbon (Hendawy, 2003). Adsorption of gas to the surface of activated carbon mainly is influenced by the morphology of adsorbent material porous, while an important role in the process of fluid adsorption into the surface of activated carbon is the chemical nature of the surface of the adsorbent material (Lahaye, 1998). Oxidation is the most popular treatments to improve the functional groups of activated carbon surface. The oxidation process can be

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Tabel 3. Composition of Bagasse Fly Ash (Prasetya, 2007) Element %berat Element kadar (ppm) CH (organic carbon) 36,5 Cl 659 AlO 2,2 V 20 CaO 2,78 Co 23 FeO Ni 8 MgO 1,645 Sn 11 SiO 49,98 Mo 5 FeO 1,218 W 47 KO 3,97 Rb 113 Pb 0 Sr 140 Ag 0 Ba 96 Bi 0 Y 11 NaO 0,23 Zr 19 TiO 0,106 Nb 4 MnO 0,092 Th 9 PO 0,906 Hg 0 S 0,2413 Cd 0 Cu 0,0058 As 8 Zn 0,0056 Sb 0 2.1.5 Adsorbent Activation Activated carbon is utilized to remove organic material and metal ions from drinking water and waste water. Wood, lignite, coconut shell, and peat are materials which are currently widely used as raw material for making activated carbon (Hendawy, 2003). Adsorption of gas to the surface of activated carbon mainly is influenced by the morphology of adsorbent material porous, while an important role in the process of fluid adsorption into the surface of activated carbon is the chemical nature of the surface of the adsorbent material (Lahaye, 1998). Oxidation is the most popular treatments to improve the functional groups of activated carbon surface. The oxidation process can be

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performed in the gas phase using oxygen, ozone, and nitrogen oxides, or in the liquid phase using hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and other oxidizing agents. The degree of oxidation of carbon and the type of surface groups formed during the oxidation process depend on many factors including the nature of the chemical oxidizing agent, oxidation temperature, time, carbon chemical composition, surface properties, and porosity (Choma et al., 1999). Functional groups on carbon surface functions can be oxygenated and nitrogenated functions. Structure of functional groups that have been proposed for the oxygen of which are shown in Figure 3 and for nitrogen is shown in Figure 4. Toles et al., (1999) reported that the activated carbon is made from peanut shells which are activated with phosphoric acid and oxidation with air has the ability to absorb metals better than the activated carbon that is not oxidized. El-Hendawy Research (2003) showed that the activated

carbon-based corn cobs are oxidized with nitric acid has a greater ability to absorb ions Pb
2+

but smaller in absorb phenol. Gupta and Sharma (2003)

stated that bagasse fly ash without oxidized, the adsorption ability is not good. They do the activation bagasse fly ash with 30% hydrogen peroxide to improve its adsorption abilities. The interesting thing was reported by Choma et al., (1999) that when activated carbon oxidation carried out with concentrated nitric acid on its boiling temperature, the adsorption capacity

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decreases. Figure 3 shows oxygen functional structure in active carbon surface :

f g h

Figure 3. Structure of oxygen functional group in active carbon surface are : (a) carboxyl group; (b) carbonyl group; (c) carboxylic anhydrid; (d) lactone group; (e) phenolic group; (f) ether group; (g) lactol; (h) quinone group (Lahaye, 1998).

Figure 4. Structure of nitrogen functional group in active carbon surface are: (a) amide group; (b) imide group; (c) pyrrolic group; (d) lactame group; (e) pyridinic group (Lahaye, 1998).

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2.1.6 Adsorption Adsorption is a term to describe the tendency of molecules are attached to the surface of solids from the fluid phase (Ruthven, 1998). Adsorption is the process of a liquid or gas binding to a solid adsorbent. This definiton is used to explain the accumulation of gas molecules that occured on solid surface. Adsorption process occurs when the adsorbent is in contact with the surrounding fluid with a specific composition, and after quite a long time to reach equilibrium adsorbent and its surroundings (Suzuki, 1990). Adsorption equilibrium depends on the interaction between adsorbateadsorbent (the nature of polar, non polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.) and operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, and concentration (Crittenden and Thomas, 1998). The process of adsorption depending on the specific area or surface area of solids, the balance concentration of the adsorbent dissolved substances or gases adsorption pressure, the temperature at the time the process takes place and the nature of the adsorbat or adsorbent itself. Greater surface area, the adsorption capacity will increase. The characteristics of adsorption on the surface of solids is very selective , the meaning on a mixture of substances is only one component of the adsorbing species by certain solids. In some process of adsorption time contact between adsorbat and adsorbent will effect to adsorption capacity (Laksono, 2002).

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Adsorption may occur by three different mechanisms, namely (Do, 1998): 1. Steric mechanism This mechanism based on the difference size of adsorbed molecules. Adsorbent has a specific pore size so that the adsorbate molecules smaller size can get into the pores while larger than the pore size can not enter the pores. 2. Equilibrium Mechanism This mechanism based on the ability of adsorbent in adsorb adsorbate molecule. If the adsorbate are traped strongly, it will be more easier to be separated. 3. Kinetic mechanism This mechanism depends on the velocity of diffusion of each adsorbate into the pores of the adsorbent. Molecules that have faster diffusion velocity in solids will be easier to adsorb.

2.1.7 Fixed Bed Adsorption Continuous adsorption process can be done in a variety of equipment, namely fixed bed, moving bed, rotary bed, and fluidized bed (Richardson et al., 2002). Each device has advantages and disadvantages. Fixed bed has advantages such as simple, inexpensive manufacture, and adsorbent only slightly eroded because the position is in column (Crittenden and Thomas, 1998).

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Mass transfer of fluid to the adsorbent in the fixed bed occurs on the area is called mass transfer zone (MTZ). The adsorption occurs start from the entry area and over time move to the area of effluent is shown in Figure 4. If levels of the adsorbate on the effluent is calculated continuously, breakthrough curve will be obtained when MTZ reaches the effluent area (Suzuki, 1990). At any given time, adsorbent particles before and after MTZ does not participate in the process of mass transfer.The section before the MTZ has undergone equilibrium so no longer able to absorb molecules of adsorbate, while the part after the MTZ has not been in contact with the adsorbate (Crittenden and Thomas, 1998). Figure 5 is show about the phenomenon :
feed

Saturated adsorbent

Fresh adsorbent

adsorbat concentrationof effluent Breakthrough curve

Figure 5. A sketch showing the concentration profile, mass transfer and Breakthrough curves in fixed bed (Crittenden and Thomas, 1998).

waktu

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The success of adsorption column design requires prediction of the concentration-time profile or breakthrough curve of effluent. Creating a model that can accurately describe the dynamic behavior of the fixed bed adsorption process is difficult because both the concentration of adsorbate in fluid phase or solid phase at a certain position are change over time. The translation of the mass balance adsorbate in the liquid phase can be obtained from Equation (1) follows (Crittenden and Thomas, 1998):

- DL

2C (UC) C 1 e q + + + =0 2 z z t e t

(1)

The rate of adsorption in general can be expressed by equation (2):

q = f(q, C) t

(2)

The rate of adsorption depends on the mechanism of adsorption. This mechanism can be controlled by mass transfer adsorbate to the adsorbent surface, or diffusion and reaction within the adsorbent particles. Equation (1) and (2), together with the equation of equilibrium adsorption isotherm is solved simultaneously. Generally, the analytical

solution of partial differential equations above is difficult to do, it must be completed in numerical (Souza et al., 2008). The following is a

simplification of Equation models (1) and (2) by taking several different assumptions: a. Adams-Bohart Model

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Fundamental equations that describe the relationship between C / Co and t in the continuous system has been developed by Adams and Bohart (1920) for adsorption of chlorine with charcoal. Although originally is developed equations that are applied to gas-solid system but the overall approach can be applied well in other systems (Aksu and Gonen, 2004). This model assumes that the adsorption rate can be approximated by a quasi-chemical kinetics speed (Ruthven, 1984). Adams-Bohart model is used to describe the initial part of breakthrough curve. The mass transfer rate obey the following equation (3) and (4) following (Aksu and Gonen, 2004):

dq = k AB q C dt
dC = k AB q C/U dz

(3)

(4)

Settlement of differential equations above yield equation (Aksu and Gonen, 2004):
C z = exp kAB Co t kAB qAB Co U

(5)

b.

Thomas Model According to the Aksu and Gonen (2004), completion of Thomas, including one of the most common and widely used in column performance theory. Thomas model assumes the adsorption process

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follow the Langmuir model and no axial dispersion and the driving

force to follow the kinetics of order two. This model form is shown in
Equation (6):
C = Co 1 kTh 1 + exp Q (q Th W CoV

(6)

c. Yan Model Empirical equation to fix the model is proposed by Yan Thomas, et al., 2001. Yan model written as follows (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2008) :
C = 1C0 1 V 1+ f
a

(7)

Where :

f=

kY qY W Q k Y C0 Q

(8)

a=

(9)

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2.2

Theory Basis

Adsorption is the process of a liquid or gas binding to a solid adsorbent. This definiton is used to explain the accumulation of gas molecules that occured on solid surface. Adsorbent that often used are silica, Mg(OH)2, Ca3(PO4)2, etc. The

purpose of the adsorption process is to eliminate the taste, color, and undesirable odors and organic materials that are toxic. Adsorption process of H2S in tofu waste biogas using BFA adsorbent continously can be approach with Adams-Bohart, Thomas, and Yan model. a. Adams-Bohart Model Linierization equation (5) result: ln C z = kAB Co t kAB qAB Co U

(10)

From equation (10), constants number from kAB and qAB can be search by making a relationship graph between ln C/Co vs t. b. Thomas Model Linearization of equation (6) result equation as follow : Co kTh ln 1 = q Th W k Th Co t C Q Where : t = V/Q (12) Thomas model constant kTh and qTh obtained by making a relationship graph between ln (Co/C-1) vs t according to equation (11). (11)

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c.

Yan Model Linearization of equation (7) result:

C ln C C = a ln V a ln f 0

(13)

Model Yan constant kY and qY are obtained by making a graph of relationship between ln (C/(Co-C)) vs ln V according to equation (13), then a and f value obtained is inserted to equation (8) and (9) to obtain kY and qY value. The selection of suitable model among Adams-Bohart model, Thomas, and Yan are done by calculating the correlation coeffisient of Linear regression of experimental data into equation (10), (11), and (13) using Microsoft Excel software. One important factor affecting the adsorption process is the adsorbent. According to Do (1998) adsorbent that both must have the following properties: 1. Adsorbent must have a large effective surface area 2. Adsorbent must have a large number of pore network as a way for molecules leading to the adsorbent. Bagasse fly ash can be used as an adsorbent due to meet those two criteria. This is because the main component of BFA which is a silicate. Silicate framework structure is a polymer of tetrahedral SiO 4, the tetrahedral chain is polihedral three-dimensional network formed through bonds between

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the oxygen in a tetrahedral atom in the tetrahedral silicate other. Polihedral formed and merged with one another in the same manner to form a framework silicate. Due to the formation of silicate framework, it will have pores and channels which are quite open, allowing other molecules through the process of adsorption (Hadi et al., 2002).

2.3

Hypothesis

From the problem formulation exist, it can be arranged some hipotesis i.e : 1. The presence of BFA as an adsorbent can reduce H2S level in tofu waste biogas. 2. Chemically treatment and particle size have an effect to BFA adsorption ability performance. 3. BFA has an ability to re-generate by BFA re-activating.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Material

1) Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) is from PT. Madubaru Yogyakarta 2) Tofu Waste Biogas is from tofu industri which is located in Ds. Margoagung, Seyegan, Sleman, Yogyakarta 3) H2O2 is 3% 4) Aquades 5) Flour
3.2 Research Equipment

Series of adsorption column, can be seen in figure 6, that is consist of adsorption column with diameter 2.5 inch which is filled by BFA that have been formed into granules, flowmeter, plastic connector, oven, sieving, and erlenmeyer. The research installation is shown on figure 6 below.

Figure 6. Research Installation

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3.3. Research Process

The process of research is shown on this figure 7:

Figure 7. Research Diagram

3.3.1. Field Study Field study are needed to know the condition and situation in research field. Operation process and also the biogas installation there need to know.

25

3.3.2. Column of Adsorption Preparation Column adsorption diameter and length will have an effect for adsorbent saturated time. In this research, column diameter is 2.5 inch and the column height is 30 cm. 3.3.3. BFA Preparation and BFA Modification BFA are sieved -60+100 mesh and also -200 mesh. Then BFA will give some treatment as follow : a. Non Activated BFA is washed using aquades, then it is heated in oven on temperature 100o C until water content inside BFA are loss (till BFAs weight are constant). b. Activated BFA BFA are submerged into H2O2 3% for at least 5 hours. Then it is washed by aquades. After that, it is heated by oven until dry. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is strong oxidizing properties. H2O2 colourless and has a distinctive smell like acid. H2O2 dissolve very well in water. Under normal conditions hydrogen peroxide is very stable, with a very low rate of decomposition. The advantage from H2O2 compared with another oxidizing is because of its nature that environmentally friendly. The residue that leave are hydrogen and oxygen.

26

c. Recycle BFA BFA recycling is obtained by re-heating BFA that ever used in experiment on the oven with specific temperature (1500 C). BFA recycle derived from BFA activated -60+100 mesh that had been saturated in experiment. 3.3.4. Granules Making Granular BFA is BFA which is pelletized form which is prepared by granulation of pulverized BFA powders by binders i.e flour and water with specific composition. For gas phase adsorption, cylindrically extruded pellets of between 4 to 6 mm are made. 3.3.5. Fixed Bed Column Experiment This experiment was performed in small scale cylindrical fix-bed columns,with diameter 2.5 inch and height 30 cm. The column were packed with 500 gram granules of bagasse fly ash with different size and different treatment. The effluent was then collected to evaluate the hidrogen sulfide concentration. The sampling of effluent are taken and analyzed in Balai Besar Teknologi Lingkungan, Yogyakarta. Method of sampling is completely described in appendix.
3.4. Variable

Variables which are used in this research are : a. Independent Variable BFA modification (activated, non activated) and BFA size (-60+100 mesh and -200 mesh).

27

b. Dependent Variable H2S concentration in biogas.

3.5. Result Analysis

Result analysis which is done by H2S level testing before and after adsorption process. The effluent sampling was taken and analyzed in BTKL. The sampling method is decsribed completely in appendix. These research used Adams-Bohart, Thomas, and Yan model to know the BFAs adsorption capacity.

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Hydrogen Sulfide Analysis

Hydrogen Sulfide analysis for each variables on these research has been done at Balai Besar Teknologi Kesehatan Lingkungan (BTKL), Yogyakarta. The hydrogen sulfide analysis results are :
4.1.1. BFA (activated) and Size -60+100 mesh (BFA 1)

When this data was taken, biogas flow rate (Q) was 0.2 L/min and initial concentration (Co) was 154 ppm. Table 4 shows the biogas concentration after adsorption :
Table 4. H2S Concentration with BFA 1

No 1 2 3 4 5 6

t(minute) 0 13 26 39 64 89

C(ppm) 154 19.38 65.13 91.69 115.08 154

The initial concentration of H2S, when t = 0 minutes, was 154 ppm. After 13, 26 , 39 , 64, and 89 minutes, the effluent concentration through the adsorption column were measured. And the result respectively were 19.38 ppm, 65.13 ppm, 91.69 ppm, 115.08 ppm, and 154 ppm.

28

29

4.1.2. BFA (non-activated) and Size -60+100 mesh (BFA 2)

When this data was taken, biogas flow rate (Q) was 0.5 L/min and initial concentration (Co) was 261.86 ppm. Table 5 shows the biogas concentration after adsorption :
Table 5. H2S Concentration with BFA 2 No t(minute) C(ppm)

1 2 3 4 5 6

0 5 10 15 20 25

261.86 173.73 206.7 254.75 261.5 261.8

The initial concentration of H2S, when t = 0 minutes, was 261.86 ppm. After 5, 10 , 15 , 20, and 25 minutes, the effluent concentration through the adsorption column were measured. And the result respectively were 173.73 ppm, 206.7 ppm, 254.75 ppm, 261.5 ppm, and 261.8 ppm.
4.1.3. BFA (non-activated) and Size -200 mesh (BFA 3)

When this data was taken, biogas flow rate (Q) was 0.3 L/min and initial concentration (Co) was 215.55 ppm. The table 6 shows the biogas concentration after adsorption :

30

Table 6. H2S Concentration with BFA 4 No t(minute) C(ppm)

1 2 3 4 5

0 10 20 25 35

215.55 87.97 160.27 186.05 215

The initial concentration of H2S, when t = 0 minute, was 215.55 ppm. After 5, 10 , 15 , 20, and 25 minutes, the effluent concentration through the adsorption column were measured. And the result respectively were 87.97 ppm, 160.27 ppm, 186.08 ppm, and 215 ppm.
4.1.4. BFA Recycle (from Activated BFA -60+100 mesh / BFA 4)

When this data was taken, biogas flow rate (Q) was 0.5 L/min and initial concentration (Co) was 348.44 ppm. Table 7 shows the biogas concentration after adsorption :
Table 7. H2S Concentration with BFA 4 No t(minute) C(ppm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 2 4 6 7 8 10

348.44 266.9 283.33 284.44 320.25 331.33 348

31

The initial concentration of H2S, when t = 0 minutes, was 348.44 ppm. After 2, 4 , 6, 7, 8, and 10 minutes, the effluent concentration through the adsorption column were measured. And the result respectively were 266.9 ppm, 283.33 ppm, 284.44 ppm, 320.25 ppm, 331.33 ppm, and 348 ppm.

32

4.2. Model Lineariz 4 ls zation Linearization of experiment result is ne eeded in ord to know correlation der value for each variable. 4.2.1 Adams-Boha arts Model Adams-Bohar Model w rts which is apllied to describe initial part from l breakt through curv The param ve. meters from adams boha equation i.e kAB and art qAB ob btained from relation g m graph betwe t and ln (C/C0). Lin een n nearization done i range C/C0 is up from 0. Lineari if C m ization resul for each v lt variables is shown in figure 8 : n
y=0, ,031x 2,052 R=0,744 R 0,1
ln(C/Co)

0 0,5 0

y=0,028x 0,527 x R=0, ,929

20

40

60

80 0

0 0,1 0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 10 20 30

ln(C/Co)

1 1,5 2 2,5 Time(minute) T )

Time(minut te)

a. BFA 1
y=0,035x 1,134 =0,887 R=

b. BFA 2
y y=0,034x 0,3 350 R=0,909 5 10 15

0,2

0 40

ln(C/Co)

0,2 0 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

20

Ln(C/Co)

0,05 0 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3

Tim me(minute)

Time(m minute)

c. BFA 3 Figure 8. Adams-Bohar Linearizati rt ion

d. BFA 4 A

33

4.2.2. Thomas Model

The experiment data from column adsorption experiment determine parameter of Thomas kinetics constanta (kTH) and maximum capacity of column (qTH). Linearization are done by made relation between t and ln (C/C0-1). Linearization occured when C/C0 is up from 0 and less then 1. Linearization result for each variables is shown in figure 9 :
y=0,055x+2,163 R=0,869 0 y=0,399x+1,954 R=0,932

2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0,5 0 1 1,5 2

ln(Co/C1)

1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7

10

15

20

25

ln(Co/C1)

20

40

60

80

Time(minute)

Time(minute)

a. BFA 1
y=0,249x+3,495 R=0,913 2 1 0 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7

b. BFA 2
y=0,604x+1,022 R=0,702 0 1 0 5 10 15

ln(Co/C1)

10

20

30

40

ln(Co/C1)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time(minute)

Time(minute)

c. BFA 3

d. BFA 4

Figure 9. Thomas Linearization

34

4.2.3. Yan Model

The experiment data from column adsorption experiment determine parameter of Yans kinetics constanta (kY) and maximum capacity of column (qY). Linearization are done by made relation between ln V and ln (C/C0-C). Linearization occured when C/C0 is up from 0 and less then 1. Linearization result for each variables is shown in figure 10 below :

1,5 1 0,5 0 0,5 0 1 1,5 2 2,5

y=1.905x 16.79 R=0.984

10

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 7,5

y=3,995x 31,43 R=0,785

ln(C(CoC))

ln(C/(CoC))

8,5

9,5

lnV

lnV

a. BFA 1

b. BFA 2
y=2,504x 17,11 R=0,499 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 7,5 2

y=4,537x 37,45 R=0,780

ln(C(CoC))

8,5

9,5

ln(C/(CoC))

lnV

lnV

c. BFA 3 Figure 10. Yan Linearization

d. BFA 4

35

4.3. Analysis of Model Adams - Bohart, Thomas, dan Yan

The analysis of each model is about the influence of operating conditions when the samples taking for adsorption capacity of BFAs columns.
4.3.1. Adams - Bohart Model

From the data which is obtained, there is a trend if the value of the flow rate is high, then the concentration of inlet also will be even greater. Table 8 shows the results from an experiment using model Adams-Bohart approachment : Co (mg/L) 154 261.86 215.55 348.44
Table 8. Adams-Bohart Analysis Q KAB

Variable BFA 1 BFA 2 BFA 3 BFA 4

qAB (mg/g) 4.08 4.93 4.19 3.59

(mL/men) 200 500 300 500

(g/L) 526.06 526.06 526.06 526.06

(mL/mg/men) 0.201 0.107 0.162 0.098

R 0.744 0.929 0.887 0.909

4.3.2. Thomas Model

From the data which is obtained by Thomas model approach, there is a trend, if flowrate is getting higher then the adsorption capacity is getting smaller. However, if the value of the flowrate is high, then the inlet concentration will be greater. Table 9 shows the result according to Thomas model approachment :

36

Variable BFA 1 BFA 2 BFA 3 BFA 4

Co 154 261.86 215.55 348.44

Table 9. Thomas Analysis Q KTH

qTH (mg/g) 2.42 1.28 1.81 0.59

(mg/L) (mL/men) 200 500 300 500

(g/L) 526.06 526.06 526.06 526.06

(mL/mg/men) 0.35714 1.52 1.16 1.73

R 0.869 0.932 0.913 0.702

4.3.3. Model Yan

From the data which is obtained by the Yan model approach, there is a trend, that more higher the biogas flowrate, the adsorption capacity of adsorbent is getting smaller. However, if the value of the flow rate is high, then the inlet concentration will be greater also. Table 10 shows the results of an experiment with Yan model approach : Co (mg/L) 154 261.86 215.55 348.44
Table 10. Yan Analysis Q

Variabel BFA 1 BFA 2 BFA 3 BFA 4

ky 0.96 7.06 6.30 3.59

qy (mg/g) 2.79 0.33 0.37 0.26

(mL/men) 200 500 300 500

(g/L) 526.06 526.06 526.06 526.06

(mL/mg/men)

R 0.984 0.785 0.78 0.499

37

4.4. Analysis of Adsorption Capacity and Breakthrough Curve

From the analysis results of each model, then it can be choosen the most appropriate models to represent the data of the experiment results in accordance with the pre-defined variables, i.e. BFA 1, BFA 2, BFA 3, and BFA 4. The best Model is determined by choosing the most correlation values close to one. Having obtained the best model, then we can determine the value for the adsorption capacity of each variable. Table 11 shows the correlation value for each of the respective variable:
Table 11. Model Analysis

BFA 1
Model Model Adams-Bohart Model Thomas Model Yan Co Q (mg/l) (ml/men) 154 154 154 Co (mg/l) 261.86 261.86 261.86 200 200 200 Q (ml/men) 500 500 500 K (mL/mg/men) 0.20 0.36 0.96 K (mL/mg/men) 0.11 1.52 7.06 K (mL/mg/men) 0.16 1.16 6.30 K (mL/mg/men) 0.098 1.73 3.59 q (mg/g) 4.08 2.42 2.79 q (mg/g) 4.93 1.28 0.33 q (mg/g) 4.19 1.81 0.37 q (mg/g) 3.59 0.59 0.26 R 0.744 0.869 0.984

BFA 2
Model Model Adams-Bohart Model Thomas Model Yan R 0.929 0.932 0.785 R 0.887 0.913 0.78 R 0.909 0.702 0.499

BFA 3
Model Model Adams-Bohart Model Thomas Model Yan Co Q (mg/l) (ml/men) 215.55 300 215.55 300 215.55 300 Co Q (mg/l) (ml/men) 348.44 500 348.44 500 348.44 500

BFA 4
Model Model Adams-Bohart Model Thomas Model Yan

38

From the table 11, it can be concluded that BFA 2 and 3, Thomas Model has the closest correlation value to 1. Although at variable BFA 1 and BFA 4, the largest correlation value is not on the model of Thomas, but because Thomas model has a correlation value > 0.5, so it is considered to have a strong correlation (Sarwono, 2006). So thats why, Thomas model is a model that can be represent all the variables exist. According to Aksu and Gonen (2004) Thomas model is a solution that generally and widely used to solve column performance theory. Figure 11, 12, 13, and 14 show the breakthrough curve for each variable and show that Thomas model approachment is closer to experimental data.
2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Experimentaldata AdamsBohart Thomas Yan

C/Co

Figure 11. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 1

39

1,4 1,2 1 0,8 ExperimentalData AdamsBohart Thomas Yan

C/Co

0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 5 10 15 20

t/

Figure 12. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 2

1,2 1 0,8

C/Co

ExperimentalData 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 5 10 15 20 AdamsBohart Thomas Yan

t/

Figure 13. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 3

40

1,2 1 0,8 ExperimentalData AdamsBohart

C/Co

0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Thomas Yan

t/

Figure 14. Breakthrough Curve of BFA 4 According to Thomas model, adsorption capacity for each variables and its operation condition are shown on the table 12. The adsorption capacity were obtained from model Thomas analysis. First step is linearization, then determine parameter of Thomas kinetics constanta (kTH). The parameter kTH is used to define adsorption capacity (qTH) using equation 6. Table 12. Resume of Adsorption Capacity
Variable BFA 1 BFA 2 BFA 3 BFA 4 Chemical Treatment Recycling Size (mesh) -60+100 -60+100 -200 -60+100 Initial Concentration (ppm) 154 261.86 215.55 348.44 Flow Rate (ml/minute) 200 500 300 500 Adsorption Capacity (q) 2.42 1.28 1.81 0.59

From data on table 12, it can be concluded that qBFAactivated

-60+100mesh

>

qBFAnonactivated

-200mesh

> qBFAnonactivated

-60+100mesh

> qBFArecycle . There are some

reasonable explanations and some factor that are support why each BFA has a

41

different capacity of adsorption. Contribution of some factors that is explained in these research are chemical treatment effect, adsorbent size effect, flow rate effect, and also H2S initial concentration effect. 4.4.1. Effect Of Chemical Treatment Chemical treatment has an effect for the adsorption capacity. On chemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide was observed that adsorption capacity for activated BFA size -60+100 mesh is higher compare with BFA non-activated size -60+100 mesh, 2.42 mg/g and 1.28 mg/gram. The differences for adsorption capacity between activated BFA and nonactivated BFA can be attributed to the fact that acid treatment may dissolve the mineral or other impurities from the adsorbent surfaces, thus increases the pore volume and surface area of the sorbents (Shaobin et al., 2005). Activated BFA has a greater adsorption capacity than non-activated BFA. According to Lingga et al., 2010, activation of chemically performed with the purpose to clean the pores of the surface, clean the impurities, and compound reordered the position of the exchanged atoms. Gupta and Sharma (2003) perform activation of bagasse fly ash with hydrogen peroxide to improve its adsorption capacity. 4.4.2. Effect of Size Adsorbent particle size has significant influence on the kinetic of adsorption due to change in number of adsorption sites. According to Benefield (1982), the size of particle influence the level of adsorption

42

capacity, the adsorption capacity will increase similar with the decrease of particle size. Based on some experiment that have been done by any researcher : M.Rao (2002), Kasam dkk (2005), etc., said that smaller particle has greater of surface area that is available to adsorbat removal. So, the particle size differences on these research also have a contribution in adsorption capacity. Non-activated BFA with a smaller particle size, namely -200 mesh has more greater adsorption capacity compare with BFA with the bigger size (60+100 mesh). The adsorption capacity for BFA -200 mesh is 1.81 mg/gram and for BFA -600+100 mesh is 1.28 mg/gram. 4.4.3. Effect of Flow Rate Gas inlet has a certain concentration flowthrough the column. As figure 15 which is shown, it was seen that the breakthrough time was shortened with the flow rate increasing. An increase in flow rate reduce the volume of effluent treated. At higher flow rate, film surrounding the particle breaks thereby reducing the adhesion of adsorbate to the adsorbent particle (Aksu and Gonen, 2004). As can be seen on table 12 the adsorption capacity of H2S is decreased with the increase in flow rate. The breakthrough capacity of the adsorbent decrease with increasing of flow rate. As the rate through the bed decreased, the depth of the adsorption zone decreased because there was more to adsorption occur. In these research, the experiment for BFA 2 and BFA 4 that has a biggest flow rate i.e 500 ml/min had a poor adsorption

43

capacity, namely 1.28 mg/g and 0.59 mg/g, compare with BFA 1 and BFA 4, namely 2.42 mg/g and 1.81 mg/g.

1,2 1 0,8

C/Co

0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 50 100 150

BFA 1; Q=200ml/min; qo=154 ppm BFA2; Q=500ml/min; qo=261.8ppm BFA3; Q=300ml/min; qo=215.5ppm BFA4; Q=500ml/min; qo=348.4ppm

t(minute)

Figure 15. Curve of All Variable

4.4.4. Effect of Hydrogen Sufide Initial Concentration A change in the inlet sorbat concentration affected the operating characteristics of the fixed bed column. At low initial concentration, breakthrough occured late and the treated volume were higher since the lower concentration gradient caused a slower transport due to decreased diffusion coefficient or mass transfer coefficient. The adsorbent gets saturated early at high initial concentration because binding sites become more quickly saturated in the system (Aksu and Gonen, 2004). In this research, the variety of H2S is initial concentration for each BFA have a contribution to the difference of adsorption capacity. BFA 4 has the highest initial concentration, it is 348.4 ppm and BFA 1 has the lowest initial

44

concentration 154 ppm, they both had an adsorption capacity 0.59 mg/gram and 2.42 mg/gram. BFA 4 also get saturated early compare with others BFA. BFA 4 get saturated only in 10 minutes and BFA 1 get saturated after 89 minutes.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Some conclusions that can be obtained from this research are : 1. Bagasse fly ash (BFA) has an ability to reduce the H2S concentration in biogas. Activated BFA has the higher adsorption capacity compare to non activated BFA because activation chemically can clean the pores of the surface, clean the impurities, and compound reordered the position of the exchanged atoms. Smaller size of BFA also perform better ability to adsorp H2S than the bigger one because surface area from smaller particle are more lot than the bigger size particle. 2. The best performance in adsorption capacity is shown by BFA 1, BFA that has a chemical treatment before, with the operation conditions as follow : initial concentration of H2S is 154 ppm and gas flow rate is 200 ml/min. In this research, the lowest initial concentration of H2S and the slowest gas flow rate are the operation condition that is support BFA 1 to get highest adsorption capacity compare with others. 3. Recycle bagasse fly can be reused as an adsorbent after heating in oven with high temperature (1500 C). Even the performance of its BFA is not better than fresh BFA.

45

46

5.2. Suggestion

The suggestion that can gived according to these research result are : 1. Bagasse fly ash as a solid waste comes from sugar factory can be utilized as an adsorbent to reduce H2S level in biogas. But it needs further investigation to know the possibility if there are others gasses also adsorp into BFA. 2. Bagasse fly ash proved that it can reduce H2S level in biogas, but it needs more research to know BFA presence effect to reduce the number of H2S in liquid waste ( ex. liquid waste from leather industry).

47

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APPENDIX