Table 6000/1 : Concrete Durability Specification Targets (Civil Enginering Structures only) Carbonation-Induced Corrosion (from Atmospheric &

Industrial)
Design-ation Description Condition of Exposure Description of Exposure Typical Examples where applicable Recommended Minimum Cover (mm)

Last Update:

12 August 2009

In-situ Durability Index for various Cover Depths within Exposure Condition - 100 Year Life OPI (log scale) Cover Depth (mm) Recommended value Minimum value Sorptivity (mm/h) Recommended value Maximum value

XC1a

Low hum. (<50%); exter. conc. sheltered from moisture, arid areas; interior concrete Mild

Inland dry areas - arid to semi-arid, Karoo etc. Very low (<40%) to low humidity (40% - 50 %). Concrete surfaces not in contact with ground, protected against wetting.

Arid areas, infrequent rain: all exposed members; sides of decks & beams; deck soffits; enclosed surfaces (e.g. interior of box girders); surfaces protected by waterproof cover or permanent formwork not likely to be subjected to weathering; interior members in buildings; Partially submerged and hydraulic structures kept permanently damp; drainage & other elements kept moist; surfaces in contact with permanently damp soil; surfaces kept damp by condensation or moisture; piles (both dry cast and against casings)

40

40 mm min. cover

N/A

N/A

10.0

12.0

XC1b

Permanently wet or damp

All areas with access to external or environmental moisture Saturated conditions (RH >95%). Concrete surfaces above ground level kept permanently moist by exposure to water; concrete that never appreciably dries. Concrete surfaces below ground such as piles and buried foundations or abutments kept permanently damp.

40 40 50 60 40 40 50 60* 70* 40 40 50 60* 70* 40 50 60* 70*

9.20 9.00 n/a 9.40 9.10 9.00 n/a 9.40 9.10 9.00 n/a 9.60 9.30 9.10 9.00

9.00 9.00 n/a 9.00 9.00 9.00 n/a 9.00 9.00 9.00 n/a 9.20 9.00 9.00 9.00

10.0 10.0 n/a 10.0 10.0 10.0 n/a 10.0 10.0 10.0 n/a 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

12.0 12.0 n/a 12.0 12.0 12.0 n/a 11.0 11.0 11.0 n/a 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

XC2

Wet, rarely dry Moderate

Partially submerged and hydraulic or drainage structures kept mostly damp; All areas with access to external or environmental moisture Concrete surfaces above ground level surfaces in contact with mostly damp soil; surfaces kept mostly damp by kept mostly in moist condition by exposure to water; concrete may occasionally dry for condensation or moisture; all wet or mostly damp surfaces which may appreciable periods such as when tanks are emptied occasionally dry for limited periods Near-coastal areas with no chlorides; moist inland areas; adjacent to dams, lakes, major rivers Moderate humidity (50% to 80%), moist climate. Exterior concrete surfaces in moist areas or adjacent to major water bodies, permanently sheltered from rain or direct surface moisture Moist areas: sides of beams protected from direct rain; deck soffits; enclosed surfaces (e.g. interior of box girders); surfaces protected by waterproof cover or permanent formwork not likely to be subjected to weathering. Consider additional cover at edges of deck at expansion joints, soffits of cantilevers and parapets. All exterior surfaces exposed to rain; surfaces where heavy condensation takes place; surfaces alternately wetted and dried by drainage or environmental moisture, such that moisture may penetrate concrete member.

XC3

Moderate Hum. (50-80%). Ext. conc. sheltered from rain in non-arid areas

XC4

Cyclic wet and dry

Severe

All areas with access to external or environmental moisture; arid areas excluded Moderate humidity (50% to 80%), moist climate. Concrete surfaces exposed to rain or alternately wet and dry conditions

45

WARNING: Covers shown with a asterisk (*) should be avoided so as to (i) limit crack widths, and (ii) ensure durability concrete is being specified and must be discussed with the client before being specified. NOTE: Heavily Polluted Industrial Areas : Increase Cover for any exosure Condition above by 10mm

Chloride-Induced Corrosion (from Groundwater, Seawater & Sea spray)

Designation Description Condition of Exposure Description of Exposure Typical Examples where applicable Recommended Minimum Cover (mm) Cover Depth (mm) 70:30 CEM1:FA 40 XS1 Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with seawater or inland saline waters Very Severe Proven presence of chlorides; generally < 1km from sea, and coastal river valleys (where All exposed and external surfaces subject to significant airborne salt; any surface chlorides are present) and estuaries, or the presence of chlorides proven by experience or testing. on which salt can deposit from the air. This will include inland salt pans or groundwater carrying slats, etc 50 50 60 40 Permanently submerged in sea (or saline waters) Permanently (or substantially) submerged: in the sea (without heavy wave action); in coastal saline estuaries & rivers; in any aggressive saline waters Concrete surfaces exposed to heavily polluted industrial waters; permanently or substantially submerged or permanantly wet saline conditions (Generally oxygen starved area approximately 1-1,5m below spring type level) Coastal or other structures permanently submerged in seawater or other aggressive saline waters, including industrially polluted water; surfaces of structures in contact with marshy conditions 50 1.50 2.10 2.60 1.00 In-situ Durability Index for various Cover Depths within Exposure Condition - 100 Year Life Chloride Conductivity (mS/cm) Typical Binder Blends Sorptivity (mm/h)

50:50 CEM1:GGBS 50:50 CEM1:GGCS 90:10 CEM1 : CSF Recommended value Maximum value 1.60 2.20 2.70 1.10 2.10 2.80 3.40 1.40 0.40 0.50 0.65 0.30 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0

XS2a

Severe

60

1.40

1.60

2.00

0.40

10.0

11.0

60

1.80

2.10

2.50

0.50

10.0

11.0

XS2b

XS2a + exposed to abrasion

Extreme

As above, but with heavy wave action; in any aggressive saline waters where abrasion occurs

As above + exposed to abrasion

60 (Mandatory)

60

1.45

1.70

2.00

0.40

10.0

11.0

40 Sea or saline estuaries and rivers, but not permanently submerged; tidal zone; and in a spray or splash zone. surfaces exposed to aggressive saline waters, including heavily polluted industrial waters, without being permanently wet. Coastal or other structures exposed to intertidal, splash, or spray zones, or exposed to other aggressive saline waters, including industrially polluted waters, without being permanently wet; members subject to burying by aeolian sands near coast

0.65

0.85

1.00

0.25

10.0

10.0

XS3a

Tidal, splash & spray zones Extreme

50

50

1.10

1.35

1.45

0.35

10.0

10.0

60

1.45

1.70

2.00

0.40

10.0

10.0

XS3b

XS3a + exposed to abrasion

As above, but with heavy wave action or where abrasion or erosion can occur

As above + exposed to abrasion

60 (Mandatory)

60

1.10

1.30

1.55

0.30

10.0

10.0

Notes: 1. Exposure Classes i). Exposure classes are only best estimates at this stage and considerably more work is needed on this. ii) The key to interpreting the exposure classes is that the steel should feel the impact of the exposure. E.g. wetting and drying should really influence the concrete at the level of the steel, rather than being a fleeting surface wetting. iii) Various bridge elements will experience the same exposure class in different ways. E.g. interior columns and deck undersides will generally remain dry, while deck edges, exposed abutments, and balustrades will experience the full climatic effects.

3. OPI i) Values are based on UCT spreadsheets. ii) Most values are based on a blended binder, not a pure OPC binder. iii) UCT's spreadsheet tends not to differentiate between OPC and Slag mixes, but does show more conservative values for FA mixes. The values in the spreadsheet tend towards the FA mix values, since a great deal of concrete in South Africa, particularly the interior regions, contains FA. iv) The justification for the above is that it is not possible to always know what binders will be used in construction concretes, and therefore a conservative approach is justified. 4. Chloride Conductivity i) Values are based on UCT spreadsheets. ii) In this case, allowance is made for the different binder types. iii) Interpolation or extrapolation of the CC values taken from UCT spreadsheets for the different exposure classes 5. Sorptivity i) Values are based on research undertaken at UCT/Wits. ii) Final value to be used during construction to be based on laboratory mix design testing done for project i.e. value specific to location of project but within limits specified

2. Cover: i) Minimum cover for bridge structures is taken as 40 mm, i.e. civil engineering structures are contemplated. ii) In-situ piles shall in general have cover not less than 75mm due to tolerance variation iii) Pre-cast piles shall not be lesser than than 55mm iv) Variable cover should be considered for bridge design: - Cantilevers and balustrades - Soffits and interior columns - Pile caps and tops of piles