LOOSE FLOWER:

Loose flowers are those flowers which are detached from the mother plant without Stalk. Flowers are picked individually mostly as buds without the stalks and marketed on weight basis.

Major business with the flowers in different parts of the country and highest turnover per annum is from the sale of the traditional flowers only. Because of the steady increase in the cities and towns and with better purchasing power and higher standard of living, area and production under these crops are expected to increase in the years to come. Loose flowers are exported to different countries like Singapore ,Malasia and Middle East countries etc.

Major loose flowers

1. Jasmine 2. Rose 3. Chrysanthemum 4. Crossandra 5. Marigold 6. Tuberose and 7. China aster

Minor loose flowers

1. Barleria 2. Calendula 3. Dahlia 4. Gomphrena 5. Gaillardia 6.Paper flower 7. Straw flower 8. Zinnia

Have large scope in India, due to Availability of congenial climate, trained man power, skilled and un skilled workers. Loose flower cultivation is suitable for small and medium level farmers, who can engage the family members for picking and handling of flowers. Foreign exchange can be earned by exporting value added products. The traditional flower business, comprising of growing loose flowers mostly for social ceremonies, worship, garland & veni making, hair adornment and decorations, forms the backbone of Indian floriculture

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Barbara J. Bromley, Mercer County Horticulturist 10

Of all of the symptoms and signs of trouble in plants, possibly the most overlooked are nutrient deficiencies. The interrelationship between a nutrient's availability and soil pH, air and soil temperature, available moisture, excesses of other nutrients, soil organic matter and soil mineral content are complex. Sometimes, though, visual symptoms can be used to identify possible problems. Ideally, deficiencies are determined by soil testing and/or plant tissue analysis. Soil testing is the best way to accurately determine whether primary nutrient levels are optimum for plant survival and growth. Nitrogen is often a special test, but is generally applied to most crops by standardized rates. A rule of thumb for gardeners is that if plant matter (leaves, branches, grass clippings, weeds, etc.) are removed from a site, something needs to be put back to replace those lost nutrients.

MACRONUTRIENTS: Primary NITROGEN (N)

Nitrogen is mobile in plants. The mobility in soil is dependent on the chemical form of the element used. Organic N is not available to plants until it has been converted to an inorganic form by soil bacteria. Uptake inhibited by high phosphorus levels. N/K ratio is important: high N/low K favors vegetative growth; low N/high K promotes flowering and fruiting.

Nitrogen is needed for vigorous vegetative leaf and stem growth and dark green leaf color (chlorophyll production). It feeds soil microorganisms as they decompose organic matter. It is part of proteins, enzymes, chlorophyll, and growth regulators. Deficiency Symptoms General: Stunted growth and shorter internodes, small pale yellow leaves. Plant may be a light green. Older leaves affected first. Reds and purples may intensify in some plants. Crops: Older leaves yellow, then dry, fire, or shed. Tomatoes show purpling of veins. Turf: Grass light green or yellow-green. Leaf dies starting at the tip. Death of older leaves. Broadleaf plants: Leaves are uniformly yellowish-green; this color is more pronounced in older leaves. The leaves are small and thin, have high fall color, and drop early. Shoots are short and smaller in diameter than usual. Shoots may be reddish or reddish brown. Flowers bloom heavily, but may be delayed. Fruit set is light. Fruits may be highly colored, early to mature, and small. Conifers: Needles are yellowish, short, and close together. Older plants exhibit poor needle retention. Lower crowns may yellow, while upper crowns stay green. Sources: Organic: dried blood or blood meal (10-0-0), fish meal (5-3-3) and fish emulsion (4-1-1), cottonseed meal (6-2-1), sewage sludge, fresh bat guano (10-3-1), coffee grounds (2-0.3-. 2), crab meal (4-3-0.5), feather meal (11-0-0), hoof and horn meal (12-2-0), soybean meal (70.5-2.3). Inorganic (NH4): anhydrous ammonia (82-0-0), urea (45-0-0), ammonium nitrate (34-0-0), ammonium sulfate (21-0-0), diammonium phosphate (18-46-0), ammonium phosphate (10-34-0) Inorganic (NH3): sodium nitrate (16-0-0), calcium nitrate (15.5-0-0), potassium nitrate ((13-0-44) Slow-release: urea-formaldehyde, thiourea (sulfur-coated)

N excess: Causes succulent, but often-spindly growth, dark green color. Decreased disease tolerance. If very lush, low or no flowering and fruit set.

-2PHOSPHORUS (P)
Phosphorus is very mobile in plants; relatively immobile in soil and does not leach. It is stored in seeds and fruit. It is most readily available to plants between a pH of 6 and 7.5 (unavailable in very acid or alkaline soils). Found in greatest concentration in sites of new cell growth. Phosphorus absorption is reduced at low soil temperatures. Phosphorus is necessary to stimulate early root formation and growth, hasten crop maturity, stimulate flowering and seed production, give winter hardiness to fall plantings and seedings, and promote vigorous start (cell division) to plants. Phosphorus has a role in fat, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen metabolism, in respiration, and in photosynthesis. Deficiency symptoms General: Red or purplish color (anthocyanin pigment) in leaves, especially undersides. Death of tissue or necrosis may follow. Root growth poor. Lower stems may be purplish. Plants may exhibit stunting and delayed maturity. Loss of lower leaves. May exhibit reduced flowering. Deficiency is often a problem in cool soils in early spring. Crops: corn has purplish tint, legumes bluish green and stunted, tomato has yellowing of leaves, appearance of purpling on underside of leaf, and delayed maturity. Turf: reddish-purple cast appears from the tip of the leaf blades (especially apparent in cool weather), dull bluegreen color, poor growth. Sod slow to knit. Fescue leaves have a cupped appearance. Broadleaf plants: Leaves are green to dark green. Veins, petioles, and lower surfaces may become reddish, dull bronze, or purplish. Foliage may be sparse, slightly smaller than normal, and distorted. Leaves drop early. Shoots

are normal in length unless the deficiency is severe, but they may be small in diameter. Conifers: Needles turn purple in young seedlings, starting at the tips of lower needles and progressing inward and upward. Few or no secondary needles may appear. Needles die, starting in the lower regions and spreading upward through the tree. Buds may set early or seedlings remain dormant longer than usual. Older trees take on a dull blue or gray-green color. Sources: Organic: bone meal (1-11-0), animal manures (vary) Inorganic (rock powders): colloidal phosphate (0-2-2), rock phosphate (0-3-0) Inorganic synthetic: triple superphosphate (0-46-0); superphosphate (0-16-0); monoammonium phosphate (11-48-0), diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) P excess: Shows up as micronutrient (Zn, Fe, or Co) deficiency; high P also interferes with N absorption.

POTASSIUM (K)
Potassium (potash - K2O) is highly mobile in plants, and generally immobile in soil. Tends to leach. Potassium promotes vigor and disease resistance, helps development of root system, improves plant quality, and increases winter hardiness due to carbohydrate storage in roots. Increases protein production, and is essential to starch, sugar and oil formation and transfer and in water relations. Deficiency symptoms General: Bronzing and dying of leaf margin. Some spotting between veins; chlorotic with brown spots throughout leaf. Tendency to wilt readily. Stunted internodes and roots. Turf: Yellow-streaked leaves, followed by browning and death of tips and margins. Wilts sooner during droughts, lowered resistance to disease and cold injury, reduction in turf density. Broadleaf plants: Leaves exhibit marginal and interveinal chlorosis (yellowing), followed by scorching that moves

inward between the main veins to the entire leaf. Older leaves are affected first. Leaves may crinkle and roll

-3upward. Shoot tips die back late in the season. Shoots from lateral buds result in zigzag growth that is short and bushy. Flower buds are few. Fruit is small and poorly colored. Conifers: Older foliage takes on a dark blue-green color that progresses to yellow and reddish-brown; finally, necrosis (death) occurs at needle tips. Needle retention is poor; needles are often stunted. Seedlings have short, thick, abundant buds; Frost injury is frequent. Sources: Organic: kelp meal (1.5-0.5-2.5), wood ash (0-1.5-8), plant residues Inorganic (rock powder): granite meal (4% total potash), greensand (7% total potash), langbeinite (sulfate of potash magnesia, 0-0-22 +22% S+11% Mg), muriate of potash (00-60), Inorganic: sulfate of potash (0-0-50), potassium nitrate (13-0-44), sul-po-mag (0-0-22 +22% S +11% Mg) K excess: May create an N deficiency. Very high K levels can create a magnesium deficiency.

MACRONUTRIENTS: Secondary CALCIUM (Ca)

Calcium is immobile in plants, and relatively immobile in soil. Moderately leachable. Sometimes difficult to differentiate between calcium deficiency and magnesium toxicity. Calcium is necessary for cell elongation and division, protein synthesis, root and leaf development, and plant vigor. It influences intake of other nutrients and increases calcium content of plants. Important in cell wall structure and as an enzyme activator. Deficiency symptoms (relatively rare) General: Newest leaves hooked. Inhibition of bud growth; Terminal bud dies. New leaves are yellow, while older leaves dark green. Cupping of mature leaves.

Turf: Reddish-brown between veins along younger leaf margins; tips die and curl. Broadleaf plants: Leaves become chlorotic and/or necrotic; young leaves are small and distorted with tips hooked back. Shoots are stunted with terminal dieback. Apple fruit may have bitter pit. Roots are usually affected first, with dieback of root tips severely reducing growth. Conifer: Primary needles are usually normal, but secondary needles may be stunted or killed. Terminals are stunted and needles may hook at tips. Symptoms are most severe in the youngest foliage in the upper crown. Sources: Organic: egg shells, oyster shells (33.5% calcium), wood ash, bone meal (24% calcium) Inorganic (rock powder): calcitic limestone (65-80% calcium carbonate), dolomitic limestone (51% calcium carbonate), and gypsum (22% calcium) Inorganic: calcium nitrate, super phosphate, triple superphosphate, burnt lime, hydrated lime. Ca excess: Interferes with Mg absorption. High Ca usually causes high pH, which in turn creates micronutrient deficiencies.

MAGNESIUM (Mg)
Magnesium is mobile in plants, mobile in acid soils, and fairly immobile above pH 6.5. Leaches from soil. Magnesium is necessary for formation of sugars, proteins, oils, and fats, regulates the uptake of other nutrients (especially P), is a component of chlorophyll, and is a phosphorus carrier.

-4Deficiency symptoms General: Mottled yellowing between veins of older leaves while veins remain green. Yellow areas may turn brown and die. Yellowing may also occur on older leaves. Leaves may turn reddish purple due to low P metabolism. Decreased seed production.

Deficiencies most likely on leached sandy soils and where high levels of N and K have been applied. Turf: Green or yellow-green stripes, changing to cherry red. Older leaves affected first. Increased winter injury. Broadleaf: Leaves are thin, brittle, and drop early. Older leaves may show interveinal and marginal chlorosis, reddening of older leaves, with interveinal necrosis late in the season followed by shedding of leaves. Shoot growth is not reduced until deficiency is severe. Fruit yield is reduced in severe deficiencies; apples may drop prematurely. Conifer: Needle tips are orange-yellow and sometimes red. Primary needles remain blue-green in young seedlings, but in older plants, older needles and the lower crown show symptoms first. In affected needles, the transition to green may be sharp. Sources: Organic: none Inorganic (rock powder): dolomite (dolomitic limestone- 40% magnesium carbonate) in acid soils. Inorganic: magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts, 10% magnesium) in neutral or alkaline soils. Mg excess: Interferes with calcium uptake.

SULFUR (S)
Sulfur is mobile in plants, somewhat immobile in soil. Organic sulfur is converted into available sulfate sulfur by soil bacteria. Leachable. It is rarely deficient. Sulfur is necessary to maintain dark green color, stimulate seed production, and promote root and general plant growth. Part of proteins, amino acids, and vitamins. Important in respiration. Deficiency, when it occurs, is most likely on sandy, low-organic matter soils. Deficiency symptoms General: General yellowing of the whole plant, starting with the younger leaves. Plants may be light green. Plants may be stunted and exhibit delayed maturity. Deficiencies most likely on sandy soils that are low in organic matter.

Crops: Corn has striping of the upper leaves, notably on young plants. Turf: General yellowing of leaves. Gradual firing starting at leaf tip. Broadleaf: Leaves are entirely pale yellow-green in both young and old plants; they are small on some species and exhibit other symptoms associated with nitrogen deficiency. Shoots are stunted. Conifers: Symptoms similar to those associated with nitrogen deficiency, needle tips may be yellow, red, or mottled, particularly on older needles. Necrosis may follow. Needle retention is poor. Sources: Acid rain Organic: plant residue Inorganic (mined) gypsum (17% sulfur), elemental sulfur (30-99% S) Inorganic: ammonium sulfate (24% S), potassium sulfate (17% S), super phosphate (12% S) S excess: Usually from air pollution so is difficult to control.

-5MICRONUTRIENTS MANGANESE (Mn):

Manganese is immobile in plants; mobility in soil decreases with increasing pH. Soils very high in organic matter or poorly drained are deficient at pH 5.8 to 6.5. For other soils, deficiency usually occurs between pH 6.5 and 8.0, especially where soil has been heavily limed. Toxic in very acid soil. Excessive water, poor aeration, and excess heavy metals influence Mn uptake. Manganese increases availability of Ca, Mg, and P and is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. Component of enzyme systems. Deficiency symptoms General: Yellow to white colored leaves, but with green veins. First noted on new growth. May have a typical "gray speck" symptom. Crops: Tomato: retarded growth, failure to blossom, and chlorosis in areas farthest from the veins followed by

necrotic spotting on younger leaves. Snap beans: each new leaf becomes more chlorotic. Corn and strawberry: interveinal chlorosis of younger leaves and general stunting; depressed yield. Spinach: strong interveinal chlorosis of leaves at growing tips. Small grains: gray speck. Turf: Chlorosis of younger leaves, yellow green spots on older leaves, withering at tips. Broadleaf plants: Leaves become yellow or whitish with wide green bands along veins. Later, necrotic interveinal spots will appear and leaves may seem limp. Shoot growth may be reduced. Fruit is often smaller than normal. On deciduous fruits there may be a mottling of tissue between the veins on mature leaves. Chlorosis more complete near leaf margin. Conifer: The symptoms are difficult to distinguish from those associated with iron deficiency. New growth is stunted and chlorotic; older needles and the lower crown remain green. Sources: Organic: manganese chelate Inorganic: manganese sulfate (foliar or soil), manganese oxide (micronized, less available) Mn excess: Brown spotting of leaves. Shows up as Fe deficiency. Found under very acid conditions.

IRON (Fe)
Iron is immobile in plants and mobility decreases in soil with increasing pH. Deficiencies can be corrected by lowering pH. Excessive P may induce deficiency. Iron is necessary for chlorophyll maintenance. Even if enough Fe is in the soil, deficiency can occur under the following conditions: poorly drained soil, high Ca, high Mn, high pH, high P, high heavy metals, oxygen deficiency. Deficiency symptoms General: Yellow or white areas on youngest leaves. Older leaves remain green. Veins typically green. Little or no necrosis of chlorotic tissue. Twig dieback. Turf: chlorotic between leaf veins, eventual loss of most chlorophyll.

Broadleaf plants: Young leaves are yellow with contrasting narrow green veins; older basal leaves remain darker green. Exposed leaves are bleached and will eventually exhibit apical or marginal scorch. Leaves may be small;

-6symptoms will be severe in cold, wet springs. Shoot length is usually normal, but diameter will be small; twig dieback and defoliation will occur when the deficiency is severe. Fruit has poor color. Conifers: New growth will be very stunted and chlorotic. Older needles and the lower crown will remain green. In seedlings, cotyledons remain green. Source: Organic: iron chelates and sequestrates Inorganic: ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, iron frits

BORON (B):
Boron is extremely immobile in plants and is not translocated to new growth, but moves readily in soil. Deficiencies often occur when pH is between 6.0 and 7.5, on deep sandy soils, and when high rates of N, K, and Ca are used. Deficiency more apparent during drought stress. Boron is necessary to increase the yield and quality of fruits and vegetables and is associated with calcium utilization. Deficiency symptoms General: Youngest leaves become light green and may be distorted. Terminal (apical) bud may die. Internal breakdown and external necrosis of stems and roots. Reduced flowering and failure to set seed. Turf: slow growth, pale green blade tips, bronze tint. Crops: Unrolled leave, poor pollination, and lack of tip fill in corn; black areas in the main stalk of cabbage; hollow heart of crucifers, discoloration of the curd and young leaves consisting of a corky midrib in cauliflower; cracked stem of celery; brown spots (black heart) in the interior of turnips and other root crops; yellowing and

curling of tomato leaves and split fruit; and internal cork in apples. Beets: elongation and deep reddening of leaves, rosetting of leaves, roots develop black spots and split. Broadleaf plants: Leaves are occasionally bronzed, or scorched. Young leaves are affected first. Leaves are small, thick, brittle, and sometimes distorted. Shoots exhibit rosetting, discoloration, and dieback of new growth, which becomes zigzag, short, brushy, thick, and stiff. Flowers may be few. Fruit set is light and deformed, with cracked, necrotic, spotty, corky surfaces. Fruit may drop before it is mature. Conifers: Shoot tips are bent (J-topping) and the meristematic tissue of the main leader may split. Necrotic blotches are visible on magnified cross-sections of buds and cause the death of terminal and some lateral buds. Plants may be more like shrubs than trees. Sources: Organic: plant residues, green manure Inorganic: Polybor (foliar spray), Solubor, boric acid, borax. (Boric acid is more soluble in cold water than is borax. 1 1/2 part of borax equals about 1 part of boric acid in boron content) B excess: Blackening or death of tissue between veins.

MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
Molybdenum is mobile in plants and in soil. It is less available at a lower pH. Generally no deficiency over pH 6.0. Acid leached (forest) and sandstone soils generally low in Mo. Molybdenum important in metabolism of nitrogen. Deficiency symptoms General: Narrow leaves with interveinal yellowing on older leaves. New leaves green at first, becoming mottled as they expand. Twisted leaves (whiptail).

-7Turf: pale yellow foliage, bleaching and withering of leaves Crops: deficiency causes "whiptail," a cupping of the leaf margins of the younger leaves, in cauliflower. Broadleaf plants: Leaves are similar in color to those deficient in nitrogen; they exhibit marginal scorching and

rolling and reduced width (strapping). Shoot internodes are short when deficiency is severe. Flowers are few and small when deficiency is severe. Conifers: No description. Sources: Organic: none Inorganic: sodium molybdate, ammonium molybdate

ZINC (Zn)
Zinc is mobile in plants; mobility in soil decreases as pH increases. Availability is reduced by high pH, low levels of organic matter in mineral soils, soil compaction, excessive rates of P, and low temperature and wet soil. Organic matter can both inhibit and stimulate zinc uptake. Deficiency more common in sandy soils. Zinc is important for plant enzyme system function, seed production, and starch production. Needed for auxin synthesis. Deficiency symptoms General: Spotting of older leaves, usually yellow to white between veins (interveinal chlorosis). Early loss of twigs. Distorted or puckered leaf margins. Reduction in size of leaves ("little leaf") and in internodes. Seldom deficient in NJ.) Turf: Leaves yellow, smaller, grouped together. Crops: Terminal growth long and slender with few lateral buds. Development of terminal rosettes in apple. In corn the central bud and leaves turn white forming a broad band of chlorotic tissue along the midrib. Chlorosis pronounced at the base of the leaf. Crinkling and reddening of leaf edges possible. Reddish brown spots on bean cotyledons. In potato rosetting or "little leaf" formation occurs. Older leaves thickened and brittle and tend to cup upward. Broadleaf plants: Leaves are uniformly yellow, sometimes mottled with necrotic spots. Leaves are small (littleleaf,) very narrow, and pointed; older leaves drop. Shoots of small diameter have tufts (rosettes) of leaves at their

tips, which may die back. Fruit set is light with small, pointed, highly colored fruit. Reduced fruit bud formation. Conifers: Branches and needles are extremely stunted; foliage yellows. Trees lose all but their first- or second-year needles; terminals die back. Sources: Organic: animal manures, sewage sludge, zinc chelate Inorganic: zinc sulfate (foliar or broadcast), zinc oxide, zinc nitrate Zn excess: Appears as Fe deficiency. Interferes with Mg.

COPPER (CU)
Relatively immobile in soil and plants. Deficient more often in organic than mineral soils, and more often in sandy than heavy soils. Deficient at high pH. Copper is a constituent of enzyme systems. It is involved in photosynthesis and respiration and the formation of lignin.

-8Deficiency symptoms: General: Twisted stems and leaves, lodging. Crops: Corn: leaves yellow and stunted. Dead leaf tips and margins. Small grains: young leaves pale green, then wither and die at the tips. Vegetables: Young leaves permanently wilted. Leaves develop a bluish green cast, become chlorotic, then curl. Sources: Organic: none Inorganic: copper sulfate (soil and foliar) Definitions: Firing: Yellowing of leaf tip, moving down leaf until severe chlorosis results. Chlorosis: Yellowing of plant tissue. Mobility: Nutrient in the lower older leaves is translocated to new growing areas of the plant when too little is being supplied through the roots. As a result, deficiency symptoms often appear in the older leaves first. When nutrients are relatively immobile in the plant, deficiency symptoms appear in new growth first.

Necrosis: Death pH Effects: Liming acid soils to a pH above 6.5 reduces the solubility and plant uptake of potentially toxic metals, such as zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, and lead. Nutrients deficient in strongly acid soils: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and/or molybdenum. Nutrients that become toxic in strongly acid soils: aluminum, iron, and/or m

Nutrient Deficiencies: Soil Conditions and Symptoms

Nitrogen Deficiency

Clear yellow leaves = nitrogen deficiency Veins are green = iron deficiency Nitrogen contributes primarily to green growth and is used most heavily when your plants are growing rapidly. The leaves of a nitrogen deficient rose show an over-all yellow or light green color. The older leaves are more affected than the newer growth because nitrogen is mobile within the plant and

will move from the older foliage to newer leaves when in short supply. This older foliage may turn clear yellow and ultimately fall off. Slower growth, stunted plants and reduced stem length and diameter are also symptomatic of nitrogen deficiency. Flowers of the darker colored cultivars may appear several shades lighter than normal and the buds of any variety may fail to open.

Iron Deficiency

Veins are green = iron deficiency Clear yellow leaves = nitrogen deficiency Iron deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis of the younger foliage (yellow foliage, green veins). If the condition worsens the newly formed leaves may remain small and can become completely pale yellow to white. Iron deficiencies can be induced by high levels of manganese, zinc, or phosphorus. Iron deficiency symptoms with adequate iron present can also be caused by excessive salts, high pH, over watering, poor drainage and temperature extremes. In order to be identify and correct iron deficiency symptoms, these other environmental and cultural problems must be addressed. Manganese deficiency can cause pale mottled leaves and interveinal chlorosis of young foliage.

Phosphorus Deficiency
Phosphorus is essential for good root growth and flower production. The first symptom of phosphorus deficiency is an overall stunting of the leaves and shoot growth. Later, the older leaves may lose their luster, becoming dull green, and drop off. Root development is reduced, which results in poor flower production and slow-to-open buds on weak stems. A slight purpling of the underside of the midrib can develop on some cultivars.

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Osmocote triple 14 Osmocote 18-6-12 Apex Super Iron Apex triple 14, Liquinox Bloom Liquinox Grow Liquinox Acid Soft Rock Phosphate Guano Meat & Bone Meal Growmore 10-52-10 Growmore 15-30-15 Growmore 6-30-30 Growmore 9-45-15 Growmore 20-20-20

Potassium Deficiency
Potassium encourages root growth and vigor increasing your plants resistance to disease. Deficiency results in slow growth, shorter than normal weak flower stems and small short deformed flower buds. Tip and marginal leaf burn beginning with the older leaves. Potassium deficiency may contribute to the production of "blind shoots" (new stems with no flower).

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Osmocote triple 14 Osmocote 18-6-12 Apex Super Iron Liquinox Bloom Maxi-Mix Growmore 6-30-30 Growmore 20-20-20 Growmore 20-10-20

Calcium Deficiency
Calcium deficiency causes abnormal root growth causing the tips to shorten, get brittle and eventually die. Young leaves are distorted, older foliage become dull green and may curl down at the margins. Calcium deficiency can also contribute to weak stems and in the cut flower industry is associated with a condition known as black tip on some red rose varieties. There is a relationship between calcium and boron for normal growth. If calcium levels are high the relative boron levels must also be high for boron deficiency symptoms not to occur.

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Oyster Shell FERTA-PLEX 8-0-0 Epsom Salts Maxi-Mix Sequestar Magnesium Chelate Fert All Magnesium Fert-All General Purpose Growmore Magnum Grow

Magnesium Deficiency
Magnesium is essential for photosynthesis. Deficiency can cause stunting and yellowing between the veins on the foliage (AKA interveinal chlorosis). These symptoms show up on the older foliage first because magnesium, like nitrogen is mobile within the plant. This yellowing can eventually cause purplish or brown dead spots that can eventually cover the entire leaf.

Try one of these products: Fert-All General Purpose Fert-All Magnesium Fert-All Iron

Sulfur Deficiency

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Sulfur deficiency causes young leaves to develop light green to yellowish in color. Plants may be spindly and smaller FERTA-PLEX 8-0-0 than normal. Epsom Salts Maxi-Mix Fert-All Zn

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products:

Boron Deficiency
Maxi-Mix Boron deficiency can cause small, thickened, curled, scorched leaves and death to the terminal bud. Death of the Fert-All General Purpose terminal bud causes lateral buds to develop contributing to witches broom effect. Boron deficiency can cause "bullheads" (flowers with shortened petals, that are abnormally thick and have the margins roll in).

Chlorine Deficiency
Chlorine deficiency can cause malformed wilted foliage, followed by chlorosis. It's believed that an adequate supply of chlorine increases disease resistance.

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Copper Deficiency
Copper deficiency symptoms include distorted young leaves with yellow tips. Ultimately the growing point dies, and short, stunted, lateral shoots develop.

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Copper Chelate Maxi-Mix Fert-All General Purpose

Molybdenum Deficiency

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Molybdenum deficiency can cause stunting and lack of vigor. It can also cause malformed leaves with marginal scorching and cupping. Molybdenum is used in very small amounts and Maxi-Mix can be toxic if over applied. Molybdenum deficiencies can be Fert-All General corrected with only a few ounces applied per acre. Purpose Growmore Sodium Molybdate

Zinc Deficiency
Zinc deficiency symptoms are similar to those caused by copper deficiency. However, zinc deficiency can also the lateral shoots that develop after the terminal bud dies to stunt causing "little leaf" symptoms.

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Soil Compaction
Soil compaction commonly occurs in heavier soils. Compaction problems are quickly created when soil is subjected to heavy traffic, or physically worked in wet

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conditions. Compaction can also occur over time with normal day to day activities like foot traffic and irrigation. Soil compaction creates several problems which prevent healthy vigorous roses. Roots have a difficult time penetrating compacted soil, and water does not move freely through it. Compacted soil impededs free gas exchange between the soil and the air aboveand the absorption of essential minerals and water may decrease. Roses may become more susceptible to disease in compacted soil. As a result, roses may become stunted or show a decreased rate of growth.

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