Discovery of Cells Introduction to the Study of Cells

RobertHooke:corkcomposedofsmallchambers
Reportedin1665 Madepossibleby developmentofmicroscope

Chapter 1 Pages 1-24

Termedporouschambers"cells" Actuallyobservedcellwalls

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: first descriptions of cells

Groundlensesashobby Observedprotistsinpondwater termed "animacules"

Importance of cells realized in 1830s with publication of 2 papers

MatthiasSchleiden:plantscomposedofcells TheodorSchwann:first2tenetsofcelltheory
Allorganismsarecomposedofoneormorecells The cell is the structural unit of life Thecellisthestructuralunitoflife

Schleiden

Schwann

Rudolf Virchow: third tenet of cell theory in 1855

Cellscanariseonlybydivisionofapreexistingcell

Basic Properties of Cells 1. Highlycomplexandorganized

Differentlevelsoforganization
atoms molecules macromolecules complexes organelles cells tissues organelles cells

Mostbasicprocessesandstructuresremarkably similarinallorganisms
Informationfromoneorganismgenerallyapplicableto otherorganisms Modelorganismsforintensiveinvestigation

Model Organisms
Bacterium Escherichia coli

Flowering Plant Arabidopsis Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Basic Properties of Cells

Fruit Fly Drosophila 2. Possessgeneticprogramandmeanstouseit
Genes blueprintsforcellularconstruction&activities

3. Capableofreproduction 4. Acquireandutilizeenergy i d ili

Requireconstantinputofenergy Conversionofelectromagneticradiationtochemical energystoredincarbohydrates Conversionofstoredchemicalenergyintousableformfor cellularactivities(usuallyATP)

Mouse Mus musculus

5. Carryoutavarietyofchemicalreactions
Sumtotalofchemicalreactionsincell metabolism

Two Classes of Cells

Basedoninternalcomplexity
Prokaryotic cellsofarchaebacteriaandeubacteria Eukaryotic cellsofallotherorganisms

6. Engageinnumerousmechanicalactivities
Structuresassembledanddisassembled Materialstransportedfromplacetoplace Manycellsmove

Namefrompresence/absenceofnucleus
Karyon=kernelornucleus Pro=before Eu=wellortruly

7. Respondtostimuli
Receiveandreacttosignalsfromothercellsandthe environment

8. Capableofselfregulation
Obviouswhenregulatorymechanismsbreakdown

Common Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

1. Similarconstructionofplasmamembrane 2. GeneticinformationencodedinDNA 3. Similarmechanismsforsynthesizingproteins transcriptionandtranslation
Madebyribosomes similarbutnotidenticalin prokaryoticandeukaryoticcell

Common Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 5. SimilarmechanismforATPproduction 6. Similarmechanismofphotosynthesis (cyanobacteriaandgreenplants) ( b t i d l t) 7. Similarmechanismforsynthesizingand insertingmembraneproteins 8. Similarproteasomes structuresfordigestion ofproteinsincytosol

4. Sharemetabolicpathways

Eukaryotic cells more complex

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms range from relatively simple (yeast) to perhaps the most complex of all cells (protozoa and algae)

Activities of multicellular organisms divided among different types of specialized cells

Features of Eukaryotic Cells not Found in Prokaryotes OrganizationofDNA

Longlinearstrandsassociatedwithproteins Capableofcondensingintomitoticchromosomes p g

DNAsegregatedinnucleus

Complexmembrane delimitedorganellesin cytoplasm

 Specializedorganellesforaerobicrespirationand photosynthesis mitochondriaandchloroplasts

ContainownDNAandproteinsynthesizingmachinery Dividetoincreasenumber Believedtohavecomefromprokaryoticcellsengulfedby eukaryoticancestor mitochondria chloroplast

Endoplasmicreticulum(ER)systemofinterconnected flattenedsacsandtubes
Originofmostcellmembranecomponentsandmaterials exportedfromcell SmoothversusRoughER dependentonpresenceof ribosomes

Golgiapparatus
Stackofflattenedsacs ReceivesmoleculesfromERanddirectsthemappropriate destination Oftenmodifiesmoleculesinprocess

Lysosomes(protozoaandanimalcells)
Oftenirregularlyshapedwithheterogeneousinterior Sitesofintracellulardigestion

Peroxisomes
Membraneboundedwithgranularinteriorandoftenwith crystallinecore Siteofchemicalreactionscoupledtosynthesisand degradationofhydrogenperoxide

Vacuoles(serveaslysosomesinplantcells) Differenttypesofsmallvesiclesfortransport betweenorganelles Processesofendocytosisforingestingfluidand particulatematerial,andexocytosisforreleaseof materialfrom cell

Complexcytoskeletalsystem

actin filaments

microtubules

intermediate filaments

2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Givescellmechanicalstrength Controlscellshape Organizescytoplasm Drivesandguidesmovements

Major Differences in Features of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic

Structureofciliaand flagellacomplex flagella complex Cellulosiccellwall whenpresent Multiplechromosomes

Major Differences in Features of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic

Mitosisutilizing microtubule containing microtubulecontaining spindle Sexualreproduction involvingmeiosisand fertilization

Prokaryotic
Bacterialflagellaless complex Peptidoglycancellwall usuallypresent Singlecircular chromosome

Prokaryotic
DuplicatedDNAseparated bygrowthofcell by growth of cell membrane Capableofexchanging piecesofDNAbutnotrue sexualreproduction

Unique Characteristics of Archaea

Cellwallsdonotcontainpeptidoglycan;contain auniquemolecularstructureunlikeeubacteria oreukaryotes Slayer p DNAisassociatedwithhistonelikeproteins ProteinsynthesizingenzymesandRNA polymerasesmorecloselyresemblethoseof eukaryotes Membranelipidsareunique,resembling neithertheeubacteria oreukaryotes

Unique Characteristics of Archaea

Oftenreferredtoasextremophilesbecauseof theenvironmenttheyliveinandthematerials theyutilizeforenergy(sugar,ammonia,sulfur, hydrogen,metals)
Methanogens oxygenispoisonoustothem M th i i t th Halophiles liveinhighsaltenvironments Thermoacidophiles orThermophiles Cannot surviveatlowtemperatures(55C) Endoliths liveinsiderocks,canutilizemineralsor metalsasanenergysource.

3 Domain System
ProposedbyCarlWoesein1990
Volume of a sphere in s nanoliters (nL) s

Cells are small

1 m = 10-6 meters 1 nm = 10-9 meters 1 = 10-10 meters

100 m diameter = 0.52 nL 300 m diameter = 14.14 nL 3X versus 27X

Diameter of a sphere in microns (m)

Cells are small

Synthesisoflimitednumberofmessagesfromset amountDNAinagiventime
Thelargerthevolume,thelongerthetimerequiredtomake numberofmRNAsneededbycell

Viruses
Smallerandsimplerthan bacteria Widevarietyofshapes andsizes ObligateIntracellular parasites Outsidecell Virion= geneticmaterial+protein coat(capsid) DsorSsRNA/DNA NOreproduction, metabolism,anyactivities associatedwithlife

Decreaseinsurfacearea/volumeratiowithincreasein size
Surfacenotsufficienttotakeupsubstancesrequiredfor metabolicactivitiesbeyondcertainsize

Diffusionresponsibleformovementofmany substancesintoandoutofcell
Timerequiredfordiffusionproportionaltosquareofdistance traversed

Viruses
Bacteriophage

Mosthavenarrowhostrange;changecanbe devastating 1918flupandemic(25%ofthe worldspopulationinfected;3%died 50100 millionpeople. Twotypesofinfection

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Lytic StableIntegration(severaloutcomes)

Viroids RNAonly

Next Lecture
Carbohydrates,LipidsandNucleicAcids ReadingAssignment Ch.2,pages3249& pages7577