From the PSD analysis of the [turbulent flow data], the concentrated frequency response of the first two

flow conditions (shown in Fig #) are characteristic of the natural harmonic vortex shedding frequency about the trailing edge, as defined by the Strouhal number. Thus, signifying an attached/laminar flow.

Poirel, Harris, and Benaissa, ( 2007 ) measured wake flow velocities at AoA=0 using a hot-wire anemometer at a distance of one chord length from trailing edge for 4.5104 Re 1.3105.

There is a noticeable difference in vortex shedding pattern when comparing the harmonic response of the first two conditions/AoAs to the high-energy broadband distribution of AoA(3). It is evident, because AoA(3) lacks [concentration about] a natural shedding frequency, that instead of harmonic shedding patterns, there exists the formation of large, high energy eddies off of the trailing edge. This is characteristic of a stalled flow.

AoA(3) is above the stall angle (# degrees) observed in the qualitative experiments, and thus confirms the conclusion of a, turbulent detached [stalled] flow. From the drag profile analysis, the coefficient of drag was calculated with the free stream velocities from both the calibration transfer function of the voltage from the hotwire anemometer voltage output and from the free stream velocity calculated from the Pitot-static tube data. See Appendix for all calculated U(y) values. The resulting Cd values were of magnitude 1.606E-2 differing only by a power of 10-6. Lastname, Lastname, Lastname calculated drag coefficients of a NACA0012 at a Re=5105 for AoAs of 0, 2 and 5 using numerical simulation with increasing mesh grids. The direct relationship between flow velocity thus Reynolds number - and drag, suggests that from this data a reasonable assumption can be made that the in-house experimental CD is in the correct range. See Appendix for table of journal data. SURFACEPRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONANALYSIS: From the lift pressure data the surface pressure coefficient was calculated for each pressure port. (A table containing these values can be found in Appendix #fuckthisshit)

Figure #: Distribution of the surface pressure coefficient, Cp across the chord length of airfoil at Re = ### for AoA = 5

The distribution of Cp at AoA = 5 at Re = 2.5x106 is shown in Figure #. The upper peak of data represents the expansion/recovery around the leading edge of the foil. Specifically, this signifies the minimum pressure and maximum velocity, which are due to the sharp increase in flow momentum about the maximum leading curvature of the foil. 2

The straight line about the left hand side of the distribution represents the pressure changes about the leading edge of the foil. The line is not vertical because there are not pressure points located close enough to the leading edge to acquire such data. However, from the center of this line, there exists still a noticeable difference in pressures. These two opposing lines are the stark increase and decrease of the flow. The rapidly accelerating flow, (from Cp = 0 at the stagnation point over the top of the airfoil) represents a favorable pressure gradient. This is where a high pressure moves to a low pressure, and consequently pushes the flow over the top of the airfoil. Thus, the pressure gradient here is favorable. Conversely, as the flow separates at the stagnation point and moves under the leading edge, the flow slows, due to an adverse pressure gradient under the airfoil. This accounts for the lift, because **. The curve of the distribution of Cp on the lower surface marks the decrease in pressure as the flow speeds after passing over the maximum thickness of the airfoil. The change in direction of the Cp curve near the end of the chord (as x/c 1) represents the increase of the flow velocity and pressure recovery towards the trailing edge of the airfoil. The airfoil is symmetric, and the curve of both the upper and lower surfaces confirms the increase in flow speed towards the trailing edge of the airfoil, which represents the pressure recovery of the flow. Sathaye (2004) conducted similar lift distribution experiments at low Reynolds numbers 3104 Re 9104 and AoA = 5. Results of the experiment produced a similar Cp distribution. (See Figure ##)

Figure #: Comparing the two results, we see a greater change in velocity along both sides of the trailing edge of the airfoil. This can be assumed to be because of the difference in magnitude of the Reynolds numbers used in each experiment See Appendix # for the method of calculation and all P values. The

Comparing the experimental results of CL and CD at AoA (5) to the empirically defined relationship of the two coefficients of the NACA0012 airfoil - given by Abbott and Doenhoff See Figure # - confirms that the calculated coefficients fall within the accepted range for this specific airfoil.

(a)

(b)

From the PSD analysis of the three different flow conditions of the wake analysis, the difference between the laminar and turbulent/stalled flows is evident. In Figure #, the peak concentration of velocity power for AoA(1,2,3) is at frequency __________ . At angles near 0, the flow is laminar, as evidenced by energy distributed at a nearly level constant across the lower band of frequencies. Because the laminar flow data was acquired at an alpha >0 (AoA = 3.8), boundary layer separation occurred, creating vortex shedding at the blunt trailing edge. These vortices resulted in energy being more concentrated around the flows natural harmonic frequency. Similar to 3.8, condition/AoA(2 , 9.8) revealed similar results. Concentration of energy about the flows The evidence of turbulent stalled flow is shown in condition three,data with the AoA of 21.9 is above the stall separation angles observed in the flow-visualized produced a broadband spectrum, which shows no real harmonic pattern or power concentration and thus indicates a stalled flow with large shedding vortices producing high amounts of energy..