Nisha G.K., Ushakumari S. and Lakaparampil Z. V.

MethodtoEliminateHarmonicsinPWM:
AStudyforSinglePhaseandThreePhase
NishaG.K.
ResearchScholar,EEEDept.
CollegeofEngineering,
Trivandrum,Kerala,INDIA
nishacharu@gmail.com
UshakumariS.
AssociateProfessor,EEEDept.
CollegeofEngineering,
ushalal2002@yahoo.com
LakaparampilZ.V.
AssociateDirector,
C-DAC(T)
zvlakapara@cdactvm.in
Abstract- Selective harmonic pulse width modulation

techniques offer an effective control of the harmonic spectrum
ofagivenvoltagewaveformgeneratedbyaninverteralongwith
a low number of switching transitions. Determination of
switching angle patterns for the elimination of selected low
order harmonics of PWM inverter insist the solution of a set of
non-linear transcendental equations. This paper proposes a
critical evaluation and comparison of selective harmonic
elimination of PWM schemes on the basis of application of
single and three phase inverters, thereby providing guidelines
for the selection of the appropriate pulse patterns for each
application area. For solving the non-linear equations, a new
procedure is adopted to guess the initial values. Harmonic
performance analysis is carried out by plotting harmonic
distortionfactoragainstvaryingmodulationdepth.
IndexTerms-PulseWidthModulation,SelectiveHarmonic
Elimination,WeightedTotalHarmonicDistortion.
I.INTRODUCTION
Modern AC Drive systems, Uninterruptible Power

Supplies (UPS), etc. are predominantly based on a three
phase voltage source inverter. The digital Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) strategy is the usually achieved
techniqueforthedeterminationofinverterswitchinginstants.
All PWM schemes generate inverter voltage waveforms
whichcontainarichharmonicspectrum[1].Theseharmonics
produced by the inverter are very harmful to the power grid,
electrical equipments, communication network and so on.
Thesedangersmakeharmonicsuppressionmoreimportant.
HarmonicEliminationPulseWidthModulation(HEPWM)
wasoriginallyproposedbyPatelandHoft[2,3]isa method
to eliminate selected harmonics from the PWM waveform.
HEPWM strategies can offer significant advantages at low
switchingfrequencies wheretheloadharmoniclossescanbe
significantlyreducedwithminimuminverterswitchinglosses
[4]. In various applications PWM inverters are used to
operate at different switching frequencies and at different
number of switching angles [5, 6]. High quality output
spectra is possible by the elimination of several lower order
harmonics,whichresultsinminimumcurrentripple,reduced
pulsations, and there by satisfying several performance
criteria and contributes to overall improved performance.
Several programmed PWM switching patterns to eliminate
harmonics in the output spectra of single phase and three
phaseinvertersarepossibleduetothefactthatthenon-linear
equations for eliminating harmonics can be formulated on a
line-to-neutral or line to line PWM waveforms with the
triplen harmonics retained or eliminated. Non-linear
equations exhibit several multiple solutions and these
alternatives lead to a specific advantage in single and three
phase inverters depending on the applications [7]. To
overcome the computational difficulty, the resultant theory
described in [8] is used to find the solutions. Elimination
theoryisthenusedtodetermineswitchinganglestoeliminate
specific harmonics along with the special symmetry
propertiesoftheequations[9].
Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is a well

established method of generating PWM with low base band
distortion.Recently,thereisasurgeininterestintheresearch
relatedtoSHEduetothefollowingreasons.First,thedigital
implementation has become common [10]. Second, there are
many solutions to SHE problem that were previously
unknown [11]. SHE methods aim for different applications
such as: 1) elimination of lower order odd harmonics of the
load voltage, such as the 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, etc., for applications
equipped with appropriate filters; 2) minimization of the
THD but ignoring triplen harmonics that can be cancelled in
specificthree-phasesystem,suchasthe5
th
,7
th
,11
th
etc.
Thispaperaims tocomparetheeffectof withand without

triplen harmonics in the calculation of optimum values of
switchinganglepatterninsinglephaseandthreephasePWM
inverters. The distinction between the two methods used for
harmoniceliminationishighlightedintermsofmathematical
equations,modulationindicesandharmonicdistortion.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II provides a

brief review of SHE and a procedure for guessing initial
values for switching angles. Section III presents a brief
description of the harmonic performance analysis technique.
Section IV provides a discussion of the results generated by
MATLABsimulation.
International Conference on Emerging Technological Trends in Advanced Engineering Research [ICETT 2012], 2012 February 20-21.
ISBN : 978-93-80624-62-4 http://www.icett.com/ Baselios Mathews II College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala, India.
II.SELECTIVEHARMONICELIMINATION
The undesirable lower order harmonics can be eliminated

bythepopularSHEmethod,whichisbasedontheharmonic
elimination theory. SHE is a two step digital process: 1) the
optimum switching angles are calculated offline, for a range
of modulation index values, by solving a set of nonlinear
equations simultaneously and 2) These optimum switching
anglesarearrangedinalook-uptabletobereadinrealtime.
Fig.1showsatypicaloutputvoltageofaninverterwithN
switchingangles
1
,
2
,
3,
,..,
N
perquartercycle.Ateach
instant, three required firing pulses are generated for upper
switches. These three switches can be simply inverted to
obtain the other three pulses for bottom switches. The
quarter-wavesymmetryispreservedwhichwilleliminatethe
evenharmonics.
ThewaveformcanberepresentedasfollowsbyaFourier
series,
[ ]
1
( ) sin( ) cos( )
n n
n
f t a n t b n t
=
= +

where,
1
1
4
( 1) cos( )
N
k
n k
k
a n
n
+
=
=

1, 3, 5,..... n =

0 =

2, 4, 6,..... n =

0
n
b =
(1)
Thesolutionmustsatisfythecondition.
1 2
0 . . . . . .
2
N
However, if the switching angles do not satisfy the above

condition, this method no longer exists. From (1), it can be
seen that the output voltage has no even harmonics because
the output voltage waveform is odd quarter-wave symmetry.
It can also be seen that the peak values of these odd
harmonics are expressed in terms of the switching angles
1
,
2
,..,
N
.
Fig.1.Outputlinevoltage
Therefore, an equation with N switching angles will be

used to control the N different harmonic values. N degree of
freedomforEq.(1)inwhichonedegreeoffreedomisusedto
determine the fundamental amplitude (m) and (N-1) degrees
offreedomisusedtoeliminatetheloworderharmonics[12].
1
1
1
1
2 2
1 2
1
1
4
( ) ( 1) cos( ) 0
4
( ) ( 1) cos( ) 0
.......
........
4
( ) ( 1) cos( ) 0
N
k
k
k
N
k
k
k
N
k
N N k
k N
f m
f n
n
f n
n

+
=
+
=
+
=
= =
= =
= =
(2)
where,
misthemodulationindex(0<m1)

Thesetofequationsgivenin(1)isnonlinearsincetheyare
trigonometric functions of the variables
1
,
2
,,
N
.
Newtonsiterationmethodistheconvenientwaytocalculate
the angles [13]. In this, N equations can be written in vector
formas,
1 1 2
2 1 2
1 2
1 2
( , . . . . . )
( , . . . . . )
( , . . . . )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( , . . . . )
N
N
i N
M N
f
f
f
f

(
(
(
=
(
(

(3)
itcanbelinearizedby,
1 2
1,0 2,0 ,0 1 2
( , ..... )
( , ..... ) ( , ..... )
i N
N N
f
f gradf

= +
(4)
ThealgorithmfortheNewtonsmethodisasfollows:
1)Assignasetofinitialvaluesforswitchingangles.

0 1,0 2,0 ,0
, .....
N
( =

2)Calculate,f(
0
)
3)Determinegradfunction
4)ComputebyusingGausseliminationmethod
1,0 2,0 ,0 1 2
( , ..... ) ( , ..... ) 0
N N
f gradf + =

5)Updatethevalueof

0 0
= +

6)Repeat(1)to(5)untilconvergestoaverysmall
value.
Solutionoftheabovesetofnonlinearequationdetermines
theswitchingangles
1
,
2
,,
N
.
InitialValuesforSwitchingAngles:
In order to converge the Newton-Raphson method, the
initialguessesofswitchingangleshavetolieclosetothetrue
roots. In case of divergence from the initial guess, it is
necessary to make a new initial guess and hence the process
isatrialanderrormethod.
SHEwithTriplenharmonics:
In single phase system, the 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, 9
th
, 11
th
, 13
th
, ..
harmonics need to be theoretically eliminated from line
voltage.HenceEq.(2)canberewrittenas,
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
cos( ) cos( ) ...... cos( )
0 cos(3 ) cos(3 ) ...... cos(3 )
0 cos(5 ) cos(5 ) ...... cos(5 )
:
:
0 cos( ) cos( ) ...... cos( )
N
N
N
N
m
y y y

= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
(5)
where,
y=2N-1
The resulting set of equations is homogenous when it is
assumed that the fundamental component is zero, ie, m = 0.
For this case, the values of switching angles are readily
obtainedfromtheEq.(6)below:
( 1)
180
2( 1)
k
k
N
+
=
+
forkisodd
180
2( 1)
k
k
N
=
+
forkiseven
(6)
The initial guesses for m = 0.1 would be the values

obtained from Eq. (6) and that for m = 0.2 would be the
valuesofswitchinganglesobtainedfromthesolutionform=
0.1. Thus the solution for the entire range of modulation
depthfrom0to1isarrived.
SHEwithoutTriplenharmonics:
Thetriplenharmonicsareabsentinthelinetolinevoltages
astheyareeliminatedbythethreephasestarwithoutneutral.
Thus the 5
th
, 7
th
, 11
th
, 13
th
, .. harmonics need to be
theoreticallyeliminatedfrom line voltage. HenceEq.(2)can
berewrittenas,
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
cos( ) cos( ) ...... cos( )
0 cos(5 ) cos(5 ) ...... cos(5 )
0 cos(7 ) cos(7 ) ...... cos(7 )
:
:
0 cos( ) cos( ) ...... cos( )
N
N
N
N
m
y y y

= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
(7)
where,
y=3N-2 forNisodd
y=3N-1 forNiseven
Initial guesses in this case, to eliminate the lowest order
non-triplen harmonics, are not possible analytically. Also,
multiple solutions are possible. Thus the method for
estimatingtheinitialguessesislargelyintuitive.

III.HARMONICANALYSIS
Tomeasuretheharmonicperformance,theWeightedTotal
Harmonic Distortion (WTHD) method is used. The WTHD
defined in Eq. (8) gives the rms value of the harmonic
voltages normalized to the maximum fundamental voltage
and divided by the harmonic number. It is calculated in the
same way as THD, but each harmonic component is divided
by its order, so that higher order harmonics receive lower
weight and contribute less in this figure of merit [14]. An
upperlimitof50isoftenrecommendedforthecalculationof
the WTHD as suggested in the IEEE standard 519 [15]. The
definitionofWTHDinaninvertercircuitisgivenas[16],
2
2
1
n
n
V
n
W T H D
V
=
| |
|
\
=
(8)
where,V
n
istheharmoniccomponentforthen
th
harmonic
andV
1
isthefundamentalcomponent.
IV.SIMULATIONRESULTSANDDISCUSSION
AmathematicalmodeltoeliminateharmonicsinPWMfor
single phase and three phase is developed using
MATLAB/Simulink and the results are generated for the
parametric study. For the purpose of comparison, results
obtained for single phase system as Case-A and those for
three phase system as Case-B. The switching angles within
each quarter fundamental period for different modulation
depthrelatedtocasesofN=2to7areplottedinFigs.2ato
7a respectively. In Fig. 2a,
1
and
2
varies linearly with
modulation index for N=2 in both cases. Angular separation
is 12 between Cases A and B when m is zero. For N = 3,
switching angles varies linearly up to m = 0.85 and 0.65 for
Cases A and B respectively as shown in Fig. 3a. Angular
separationis15betweenCasesAandBwhenthemiszero.
AsshowninFigs.4ato7a,switchinganglevarieslinearlyup
tom=0.85and0.60forCasesAandBrespectivelyforN=
4 to 7. The variation in switching angle is highly nonlinear
form=0.6to1.0forCase-BwhenNgreaterthan2.
Fig.2.a.SolutionTrajectoriesforN=2
Fig.2.b.HarmonicperformanceforN=2
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulation index
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
1,A
1,B
2,A
2,B
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-A
Case-B
Fig.3.a.SolutionTrajectoriesforN=
3
Tables I, II and III show the optimal switching angles,

WTHD and the normalized magnitude of harmonic
component respectively for different values of modulation
index for the typical case N=5. Similarly, it is possible to
computewithN=2,3,4,6and7,butitisnotshowninthis
paper. Figs. 2.b to 7.b show the variations of WTHD for
differentmodulationdepthsintheCasesAandB.
TABLEI
OPTIMALSWITCHINGANGLESFORN=5
Switching
angle
m=0.2 m=0.4 m=0.6
CaseA CaseB CaseA CaseB CaseA CaseB
1 28.46 8.04 26.79 7.03 25.02 7.69
2 31.44 12.46 32.66 15.26 33.55 20.22
3 57.36 46.54 54.51 42.92 51.39 37.06
4 62.56 53.47 64.95 56.89 67.09 60.41
5 87.03 87.02 83.94 84.16 80.60 83.35
TABLEII
WTHDFORN=5
m=0.2 m=0.4 m=0.6
12.7% 7.0% 10.2% 3.9% 7.8% 1.9%
Fig.5.c.HarmonicspectrumforN=5(Case-A)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
2,B
3,A
1,B
2,A
3,B
1,A
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-A
Case-B
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
1,A
2,A
3,A
4,A
1,B
2,B
3,B
4,B
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-B
Case-A
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
1,A
2,A
3,A
4,A
5,A
1,B
2,B
3,B
4,B
5,B
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-A
Case-B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 3 7
1
1
1
5
1
9
2
3
2
7
3
1
3
5
3
9
4
3
4
7
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
e
d
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Harmonicorder
m=0.6
Fig.5.d.HarmonicspectrumforN=5(Case-B)
TABLEIII
MAGNITUDEOFHARMONICCOMPONENTFORN=5
Harmonic
order
m=0.2 m=0.4 m=0.6
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0
3 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.51
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 0.00 1.52 0.00 1.32 0.00 0.97
11 0.97 0.00 0.87 0.00 0.72 0.00
13 0.94 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.47 0.00
15 0.03 0.23 0.11 0.06 0.21 0.16
17 0.00 0.82 0.01 0.38 0.03 0.27
19 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.51 0.02 0.22
21 0.03 0.27 0.11 0.21 0.21 0.23
23 0.84 0.10 0.46 0.28 0.08 0.08
25 0.79 0.07 0.31 0.17 0.07 0.10
27 0.90 1.09 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.02
29 0.00 0.28 0.04 0.12 0.13 0.10
31 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.00
33 0.09 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.18 0.10
35 0.65 0.42 0.06 0.22 0.10 0.09
37 0.58 0.47 0.04 0.11 0.06 0.08
39 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.02 0.03 0.17
41 0.01 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08
43 0.00 0.15 0.04 0.11 0.05 0.08
45 0.15 0.48 0.20 0.18 0.05 0.10
47 0.43 0.13 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.06
49 0.35 0.17 0.13 0.02 0.06 0.05

The variation of WTHD is linear in the modulation index

rangingfrom0to1.0andattainstheleastvaluewhenm=1.0
forCaseA.WTHDvarieslinearlybetweenm=0to0.6and
maintaining theleastvalue for m=0.6to1.0. Alsodifferent
solution sets have different WTHD values and it is high for
low modulation index range. Figs. 5.c and 5.d show the
harmonic spectrum for single phase and three phase with
N=5.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 3 7
1
1
1
5
1
9
2
3
2
7
3
1
3
5
3
9
4
3
4
7
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
e
d
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Harmonicorder
m=0.6
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
1,A
2,A
3,A
4,A
5,A
6,A
1,B
3,B
2,B
4,B
5,B
6,B
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-A
Case-B
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
1,A
2,A
3,A
4,A
5,A
6,A
7,A
1,B
2,B
3,B
4,B
6,B
7,B
5,B
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Modulationindex
W
T
H
D
(
%
)
Case-B
Case-A
V.CONCLUSIONS
Inthispaper,amodelforharmoniceliminationoptimized
PWM scheme for single phase and three phase inverters is
developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The
output of the optimal PWM strategy is presented as a set of
curves, which define the optimal switching angles of the
inverter switches for any given modulation index between 0
and 1.0. A new procedure to guess the initial values of
switching angles is proposed in the numerical technique to
solve the non-linear equations. Selective harmonic
elimination method is systematically applied and the
harmonic performance of the waveform is analyzed by
calculatingtheweightedtotalharmonicdistortion.
It is found from simulation results that the variation of

optimum switching angles varies linearly for the modulation
depth ranging from 0 to 0.85 for single phase applications,
whileitvarieslinearlyfrom0to0.6inthecaseofthreephase
systemfornumberofswitchinganglesgreaterthantwo.High
non-linearity is observed in the variation of switching angles
when modulation index exceeds 0.6. By adopting the
selective harmonic elimination technique, least harmonic
distortion (using WTHD) is achievable with modulation
indexranging from0.8to1.0and0.6to1.0forsinglephase
and three phase respectively. This has considerable practical
applications like pattern optimization in single phase UPS
systemandthreephaseUPSanddrivesystem.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The first author acknowledges support from SPEED-IT
ResearchFellowshipfromITDepartmentoftheGovernment
ofKerala.
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Nisha G.K., Ushakumari S. and Lakaparampil Z. V.

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Nisha G.K., Ushakumari S. and Lakaparampil Z. V.

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MethodtoEliminateHarmonicsinPWM:

Abstract- Selective harmonic pulse width modulation

Modern AC Drive systems, Uninterruptible Power

Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is a well

Thispaperaims tocomparetheeffectof withand without

The paper is organized as follows. Section II provides a

The undesirable lower order harmonics can be eliminated

However, if the switching angles do not satisfy the above

Therefore, an equation with N switching angles will be

The initial guesses for m = 0.1 would be the values

Tables I, II and III show the optimal switching angles,

The variation of WTHD is linear in the modulation index

It is found from simulation results that the variation of

[1] J. F. Moynihan, M. G. Egan and J. M. D. Murphy, Theoretical

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