Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) near Trinity on the east coast of Newfoundland
Learning
Objec;ves
A"er
studying
this
chapter
you
should
be
able
to
1.
Explain
how
ex;nc;ons
have
always
provided
a
context
for
the
evolu;on
of
life
and
the
development
of
ecosystems.
2.
Outline
how
anthropogenic
inuences
are
causing
the
modern
global
crisis
of
ex;nc;on
and
endangerment.
3.
Provide
examples
of
species
that
have
become
ex;nct
or
endangered
as
a
result
of
human
ac;vi;es,
including
cases
from
Canada,
as
well
as
illustra;ons
of
success
stories
of
species
recoveries.
Learning
Objec;ves
5.
Explain
how
protected
areas
are
necessary
for
the
preserva;on
of
indigenous
biodiversity.
6.
Outline
the
key
roles
played
by
governments,
non- governmental
organiza;ons,
and
ecologists
in
conserving
biodiversity.
Conserva6on
means:
1.
Sustainable
use
of
renewable
natural
resources.
2.
Stewardship
of
natural
world
for
future
genera;ons.
Can
include
use
by
humans,
if
used
in
a
sustainable
manner
Tropical
Deforesta;on
Tropical
forests
support
most
of
the
Earths
biota.
Conversion
of
land
to
agriculture.
Industrial
agriculture,
e.g.,
oil
palm
planta;ons.
These
two
trees
are
remnants
of
a
tropical
rainforest
that
used
to
grow
at
this
site
in
Costa
Rica.
14.2; p. 430
14.2; p. 430
hhp://www.un.org/en/events/iyof2011/
Invasive species dominate urban environments. They may also spread in pris;ne habitats, especially when environmental condi;ons are changing.
Biodiversity at Risk
SARA protects
Mammals, birds, sh, rep;les, amphibians, molluscs, arthropods, vascular plants, mosses, lichens.
Cri;cal habitat
Prohibits killing, harming, harassing, taking a listed species or destroying any residence. Loop hole
that por;on of the habitat that is essen;al for the survival or recovery of a species listed under the SARA.
COSEWIC
The
Commihee
on
the
Status
of
Endangered
Wildlife
in
Canada
(COSEWIC):
Mandated
by
the
Federal
Government
of
Canada
10
specialist
subcommihees
Commihee
on
Tradi;onal
Ecological
Knowledge
6
categories
(status)
of
conserva;on
risk:
Ex6nct:
no
longer
exists
anywhere
in
world.
Ex6rpated:
local
popula;ons
no
longer
exist;
found
elsewhere.
Endangered:
imminent
risk
of
ex;nc;on
or
ex;rpa;on
in
all
or
major
por;ons
of
Canada.
Threatened:
Likely
to
become
endangered
without
interven;on.
Special
concern:
Previously
vulnerable becoming
threatened.
Data
decient:
Not
sucient
data
to
determine
status.
Canadian
Examples
Ex6nct
E.g.
passenger
pigeon.
Ex6rpated
E.g.
Atlan;c
grey
whale,
paddlesh.
Mustela
nigripes
The
black-footed
ferret
was
ex;rpated
in
Canada,
but
was
re-introduced
in
2009
(Grasslands
Na;onal
Park,
Saskatchewan).
Ac;on
Recovery
Strategy
To
promote
an
increase
of
their
popula;on
to
a
viable
level.
Must
be
created
for
all
ex;rpated,
endangered,
and
threatened
species.
*Special
concern
N/A
Conserva;on
Biology
Scien;c
knowledge
to
help
biodiversity
to
survive.
Interdisciplinary
eld.
Conserva;on
gene;cs,
Popula;on
biology,
Landscape
ecology,
Ecological
economics,
Environmental
sociology
Ac;ons needed to sustain biodiversity: Conserve diversity in areas used by humans. Preserve biodiversity in protected areas.
Species
Keystone
species:
dispropor;onate
inuence.
Flagship
species:
important
for
marke;ng
conserva;on.
E.g.,
giant
panda
WWF
(Ailuropoda
melonoleuca),
peregrine
falcon
(Falco
peregrinus).
Enydra
lutris
Ursus marinus
Umbrella species: wide- ranging animals with large home range. Due to large areas involved, conserva;on of these species is posi;ve for other species too.
Protected
Areas
Set
aside
from
intensive
economic
use.
Protect
species.
Onen
economically
important
(tourism).
Some;mes
hun;ng
and
shing
allowed.
Educa;onal
value.
Parks
Canada.
p. 444
hhp://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca
Conserva;on
Management
It
is
not
enough
just
to
leave
the
protected
areas
to
themselves.
We
need
to:
Prevent
poaching
and
cuqng
;mber.
Prevent
unauthorized
vehicle
use.
Replace
missing
natural
factors,
such
as
re
or
large
animals.
Manage
reintroduc;ons.
www.campgroundsigns.com
Conserva;on
Successes
Biodiversity
reports
are
onen
depressing.
In
the
long
term,
bad
news
doesnt
mo;vate
to
act.
Communica;on
of
good
news
is
encouraging:
e.g.,
blue
lists*
to
quan;fy
the
successes
(opposed
to
red
lists
of
threatened
species).
*Gigon
et
al.
2000,
Conserva;on
Biology
14,
402-413
Gygnus buccinator
The
trumpeter
swan
was
thought
to
be
near
ex;nc;on
by
the
early
1900s.
It
has
recovered
well
since
then.
Key
Players
Governmental
Conven;on
on
Biological
Diversity
(Interna;onal)
Canadian
Biodiversity
Strategy
Species
at
Risk
Act
(SARA)
COSEWIC
Ecology
as
a
Career
Ecologists
are
highly
qualied
scien;sts.
Onen
with
M.Sc.
or
Ph.D.
degree.
Working
in:
Universi;es
Private
sector
such
as
consul;ng
companies.
Federal
and
provincial
agencies.
Jobs of an ecologist vary from computer modelling and experimental laboratory work to eld work in remote areas.
Government
-Canadian Wildlife Service -Ministry of Natural Resources -Department of Fisheries and Oceans -Conserva;on Authority
Teacher
Freelance
Ecology Careers
Professor
Environmental Consul;ng