Reducing Hazards and Pollution in the Chemical Industry

DISPOSING OF SOLID WASTE

|Recycle| - eg. Glass, metal, paper, cardboard - Can save Earths natural resources and reduces energy requirement - Uses less energy and cheaper - Recycle aluminium reduce amount of aluminium needed to be extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis - Reduce amount of electricity and PFC (perflourocarbon) gases emitted |Disposal| - eg. Material that cannot be recycled - By incineration (combustion) or in landfill sites - Incineration produce CO2 and energy which can be used in energy-recovery systems for local heating AND dioxins (harmful materials) if not carried properly. - Landfill less available in future more problematic in future - In landfill site, bacteria break down material methane gas - Sites are monitored to prevent methane escaping - Methane can be recovered and used as fuel

DISPOSING OF WASTE WATER

|Reuse| - Factories develop processes that reuse water to save money and resources - Discharged water Stored in lake treated to remove harmful material release to river - Harmful substances are precipitated and removed by settling or filtration

DISPOSING OF WASTE GASES

|Carbon capture| - Industrial waste includes SO2 (cause acid rain and a greenhouse gases) - Acidic gas may removed from flue gases using limestone 2CaCO3 (s) + 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2CaSO4 (s) + 2CO2 (g) - CO2 can cause acid rain - Liquefy CO2 and pump into old gas well in North Sea - CO2 stored where natural gas used to be stored - The gas is stored under pressure in sea bed - Natural gas H2 (produce electricity) and CO2 (buried again in porous rock)

Renewable Resources
| BIO OIL FROM WHEAT|
- Wheat straw renewable fresh supply every year into fuel oil pyrolysis - Heat the wheat straw in limited O2 supply (sometimes in steam), does not burn - Fast pyrolysis, straw heated rapidly for a few seconds large number of relatively small molecules - Resulting mixture cooled rapidly, prevent further reaction - Product: Bio oil or pyrolysis oil alternative to fuel oil from crude oil - Other products: char (mostly carbon solid) & gases mixture (both used by factory)

|ETHANOL FROM ORGANIC WASTE|

- Fermentation of plant material - Fermentation with yeast (traditional method) not all sugar become ethanol - KO11, genetically modified bacterium developed by Lonnie Ingram (1987) - KO11 converts all sugar into ethanol Advantage: 1. Wider range of sugar can be processed. Enable biomass waste (eg. Wood waste, corn stalks, rice hulls) used for ethanol production.

|STARCH|
- Plant main energy store produced, photosynthesis product of CO2 and H2O - Have complex structure linked glucose rings - Extracted from plants as industrial starch - Supermarket plastic made from starch is biodegradable, oil-based NOT - Important source of glucose, from which many materials can be synthesised Uses of starch: Adhesives Corrugated card Paper bonding Waste water and finishing treatment Drug encapsulation Pesticide encapsulation Toothpaste Paints Dye-fixing

|CELLULOSE|
- Extracted from wood pulp and used to produced polymer - Production of: 1. Cellulose acetate (fibres in fabrics and photographic films) 2. Rayon (substitute for silk) 3. 4-oxopentanoic acid (levulinic acid) 4. Lyocell (Trade name: Tencel) used in clothing and household textile Advantage of lyocell: * Biodegradable and can be recycled * Non-toxic, biodegradable solvent in its manufacture * Made using wood pulp of manage forest