Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

6.002 Circuits & Electronics
Fall 2008

Final Exam
December 15
th
, 2008



Name:________________________________________________________________________

Instructor: Lee Lee Lang Cooke Cooke
Time: 11 12 1 2 3

- There are 20 pages in this exam, including this page. Please check that you have them all.

- Please write your name in the space provided above, and circle the name of your recitation
instructor along with the time of your recitation.

- IMPORTANT: The problems in this exam vary in difficulty. If you find yourself
spending a long time on a question, consider moving on to later problems in the exam, and
then working on the challenging problems after you have finished all of the easier ones.

- Do your work for each question within the boundaries of that question, or on the back of
the preceding page.

- Remember to include the sign and units for all numerical answers.

- This is a closed-book exam, but you may use a calculator and 3 double-sided sheets of
notes.

- You have 3 hours to complete this exam. Good luck!

Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10

TOTAL


1
Problem 1 (8 points)

Consider the NOR gate and a set of voltage thresholds corresponding to a static discipline shown
below. Assume that both MOSFETs have the same R
ON
and V
T
.

(a) (4 points) What is the range of values for V
T
that allows the NOR gate to satisfy the given
static discipline?













(b) (4 points) What is the range of values for R
ON
that allows the NOR gate to satisfy the given
static discipline?

Z
R
L
= 10 k
V
S
= 5 V
A
B
V
IL
= 1 V

V
IH
= 4 V

V
OL
= 0.5 V

V
OH
= 4.6 V
2
Problem 2 (6 points)

Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit shown below at the A-A terminals.

A
g
m
v
in
R
A
+

v
in
3
Problem 3 (14 points)

With nanofabrication techniques, it is possible to build tiny vacuum tubes. While not as small as
MOSFETs, vacuum tubes are far more resistant to damages caused by cosmic rays, so they could
play an important role in future space electronics.

Figure 3(i) shows the circuit symbol of a nanofabricated vacuum tube with three electrodes,
called a triode. Figures 3(ii) and 3(iii) show the I-V characteristics of a triode. Figure 3(ii)
shows the plate current (i
P
) vs. the plate-to-cathode voltage (v
PC
), while Figure 3(iii) shows the
plate current (i
P
) vs. the grid-to-cathode voltage (v
GC
).
P (plate)
i
P
+
G (grid)
v
PC
+


v
GC


C (cathode)

Figure 3(i): A triode





16

Figure 3(ii): Plot of i
P
vs. v
PC

4

1

Figure 3(iii): Plot of i
P
vs. v
GC

(a) (4 points) The triode is connected in an amplifier circuit as shown below in Figure 3(iv).
Determine the DC input voltage V
I
such that the DC output voltage V
O
= 8 V. (Space is
provided for your work on the next page.)
16 V


Figure 3(iv): Amplifier circuit using a triode





P
i
P
400 k
+

v
O

G

+
C
v
i

+
V
I

5
















(b) (4 points) The triode has the small-signal circuit model shown below in Figure 3(v). Find
numerical values (with units) for the small-signal parameters g
m
and r
o
at the operating
point given by V
I
= 1 V and V
O
= 4 V. Note that this operating point is different from the
one given in Part (a).

Figure 3(v): Small-signal circuit model for the triode














+

v
gc

G
C
g
m
v
gc
r
o
P
C
+

v
pc

i
p
1
PC
P
o
GC
P
m
v
i
r
v
i
g

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c

6
(c) (3 points) In the amplifier circuit shown in Figure 3(iv), the operating point is changed
again so that the triode has g
m
= 30 A/V and r
o
= 200 kO. Compute the small-signal gain
i
o
v
v
a = .




















(d) (3 points) Find the Thevenin resistance seen from the output port of the amplifier circuit in
Figure 3(iv) based on the small-signal model. Assume that the small-signal parameters of
the triode are given by g
m
= 30 A/V and r
o
= 200 kO. A numerical answer with units is
required.
7
Problem 4 (14 points)

In the circuit below, the only capacitor of interest is the 10 F load capacitor connected to the
output terminals.
10 V

It is known that the input voltage v
I
is the sum of two parts, a constant V
I
and a small signal
component v
i
:
v
I
= V
I
+ v
i

It is also known that the constant part of the total output voltage is V
O
= 4 V. The MOSFET
transistor has parameters V
T
= 2 V and K = 50 mA/V
2
.


(a) (4 points) Calculate the constant value of the MOSFET drain current I
D
.




















D
2 k
S
G
+
4 k
v
I
10 F
1 k

+

v
O


8
(b) (3 points) Draw and label with numerical values the small-signal equivalent circuit for the
amplifier with the capacitive and resistive load shown in the figure above.






















(c) (4 points) After the circuit has been in equilibrium with V
O
= 4 V for a long time, the input
makes a small-signal step increase of 0.01 V, i.e. ( ) ( ) t u 01 . 0 t v
i
= . Calculate the time
constant for the small-signal change in output voltage v
o
(t).


















9
(d) (3 points) For the same small-signal step input from Part 4(c), write the equation for the
small-signal output response v
o
(t) for t > 0, assuming the bias value of v
I
is changed so that
the MOSFET has g
m
= 10 mA/V.
10
Problem 5 (8 points)

An RL circuit is driven by a sinusoidal input as shown below.
R
i
L
+
L v
I
= Vcos(t)

(a) (4 points) The steady-state current through the inductor can be expressed as
( ) Amps t cos A i
L
| e + = . Determine the values of A and | in terms of V, R, L, and .
















(b) (4 points) Determine the instantaneous power dissipated by the circuit for the given input
in terms of V, R, L, t, and .

11
Problem 6 (6 points)

For the circuit shown below, find an expression for the value of L that will balance the bridge to
make , for an input voltage 0 v v
2 1
= ( ) t cos V v
IN
e = . Express your answer in terms of one or
more of the circuit parameters V, R, C, and .
L R
v
IN
= Vcos(t)
+

C
v
1
R
v
2
12
Problem 7 (16 points)

There are four circuits shown in Figure 7(i) below. In Figure 7(ii), there are four time response
curves that represent the output voltage response, v
O
(t), for a unit step input, v
I
(t) = u(t), to a
circuit. There are also four frequency response curves in Figure 7(ii) that represent sinusoidal-
steady-state transfer function responses,
I O
v v H = . Assume that all initial conditions for the
capacitors and inductors are zero for t < 0.

(a) For each of the four circuits in Figure 7(i), identify one of the eight possible responses
(either time domain or frequency domain) that could apply to that circuit, and write the
response number underneath the circuit. You need only find one match for each circuit.

(b) For each circuit and matching response that you picked, determine the value (in terms of
relevant circuit components) for the corresponding time constant, time period, cutoff
frequency, or resonant frequency that is relevant to that response (i.e. T
a,c,e,g
or
b,d,f,h
in
Figure 7(ii)). Write this value in the space indicated below each circuit.

Circuit 1:


Response Number: ___________

T
a,c,e,g
or
b,d,f,h
:___________

Circuit 2:


Response Number: ___________

T
a,c,e,g
or
b,d,f,h
:___________

Circuit 3:


Response Number: ___________

T
a,c,e,g
or
b,d,f,h
:___________

Circuit 4:


Response Number: ___________

T
a,c,e,g
or
b,d,f,h
:___________


Figure 7(i): Circuits to match with responses
v
I
+

+

v
O


L
R
R
R
v
I
+

+

v
O

R C
R
L
R
v
I
+

+

v
O


C
L
+

+
v
I v
O

13

Response 1:



Response 2:



Response 3:



Response 4:



Response 5:



Response 6:



Response 7:



Response 8:

b
T
a
T
c

d
T
e

h
T
g

Figure 7(ii): Time and frequency responses
14
Problem 8 (6 points)

For a series RLC circuit, the magnitude plot of the v
R
frequency response across the resistor R is
shown below. Now suppose the circuit is driven by a unit step at time t = 0 given by v
I
(t) = u(t).
Sketch the time domain response of v
R
(t) using the axes provided on the next page, and label the
sketch with numerical values for the initial value, final value, and if there is ringing, the time
period of the ringing. Assume that the initial conditions for the capacitor and inductor are zero
for t < 0.




L R
+ v
R

+
C v
I

15
v
R
t
0

16
Problem 9 (10 points)

This problem concerns the op-amp filter shown below; note the definitions of the sinusoidal-
steady-state input and output voltages, v
IN
and v
OUT
, respectively. Networks N
1
and N
2
are two-
terminal single-port networks that contain only resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Assume that
the op-amp is ideal.



(a) (5 points) Let N
1
have the frequency-dependent impedance Z
1
() = R
1
() + j X
1
(), where
R
1
and X
1
are the real/resistive and imaginary/reactive parts of Z
1
, respectively. Similarly,
let N
2
have the frequency-dependent impedance Z
2
() = R
2
() + j X
2
(). For this general
case, find V
out
and as functions of V
in
, R
1
, X
1
, R
2
, and X
2
.
























+
v
IN
= V
in
cos(t)
+

+
v
OUT
= V
out
cos(t+)

N
1
N
2
17
(b) (5 points) Suppose that N
1
is a resistor of value R, and N
2
contains a resistor of value R
X

and a capacitor of value C
X
. Further, assume that the magnitude of the filters transfer
function is of the form
( )
( )
2
c
2
c
in
out
G
V
V
e e
e
e
e
+
= , where G 1 is a given gain, and
c
is the
cutoff frequency. In this case, determine the topology of the network N
2
, and the values of
the components within N
2
in terms of G, R, and
c
.
18
Problem 10 (12 points)

This problem concerns the circuit shown below. In analyzing the circuit, assume that the op-amp
is ideal, and that the MOSFET behaves according to ( )
2
T GS DS
V v
2
K
i = .
V
S


(a) (4 points) For what range of the input voltage v
IN
will the MOSFET operate in its
saturation region? Remember that the op-amp is ideal and does not saturate.
























+
v
IN
+

+
v
OUT

D
G
S
R
19
(b) (4 points) Assuming that the MOSFET operates in its saturation region, determine v
OUT
as
a function of one or more of v
IN
, R, K, V
T
, and V
S
.















(c) (4 points) Now let the MOSFET have a gate-to-source capacitance of C
GS
as shown in the
figure below. In this case, construct a differential equation that relates v
OUT
to v
IN
. Assume
the MOSFET operates in its saturation region. You need not solve the differential equation.
V
S
D



+
+
v
OUT

G
S
C
GS
R
v
IN
+

20
fa05_final v6.doc
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005
Final Exam
December 20, 2005
YOUR NAME: ___________________________________________________________
Recitation Instructor / TA: __________________________________________________
General Instructions:
1. Please verify that there are 22 pages in your exam booklet.
2. Please do all of your work in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. In
particular, try to do your work for each question within the boundaries of the
question, or on the back side of the page preceding the question. Extra pages are
also available at the end of the booklet. Place the answer to each question within
the appropriate answer box.
3. You may use three double-sided pages of notes and a calculator while taking this
exam.
For examiners use only:
Problem Points Score Grader
1 8
2 12
3 20
4 20
5 20
6 20
Total 100
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 2 of 22
PROBLEM 1 (8 points)
This problem considers the following NMOS digital logic circuit. The circuit has four
inputs A, B, C, and D and one output X.

If a high voltage represents a 1 and a low voltage represents a 0, write the output X as
a Boolean function of A, B, C, and D in the answer box at the bottom of this page. The
truth table may be used as a guide to finding the function, but is not a requirement.
A B C D X
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1


X =
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 3 of 22
PROBLEM 2 (12 points)
This problem concerns the following circuit:

(A) Assume that the network is operating in the sinusoidal steady state. Determine the
response ( ) t v
out
to the input voltage ( ) ( ) t V t v
SI in
e cos = . Note that
out
v will take
the form ( ) ( ) ( ) e e e + t V
SO
cos .


























(answer box located on the following page)
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 4 of 22























=
out
v _______________________________________________

(B) If the input of this network is
in
v and the output of the network is
out
v , circle only
one of the following terms that best describes the filtering function performed by
the network.
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Stop
None of the Above
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 5 of 22
PROBLEM 3 (20 points)
Consider the following circuit:

The excitation ( ) t v
i
is an impulse at 0 = t of area seconds volt .
( ) ( ) t t v
i
o =
(A) What are the values of ( ) t i , ( ) t v
o
, and ( ) t v
c
at
+
= 0 t ?





( ) =
+
0 i ________________________________

( ) =
+
0
o
v _______________________________

( ) =
+
0
c
v _______________________________
(B) What are the values of ( ) t i , ( ) t v
o
, and ( ) t v
c
as t ?




( ) = t i _____________________________

( ) = t v
o
____________________________

( ) = t v
c
____________________________
There is no stored energy for 0 < t
H L
3
10

=
F C
7
10

=
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 6 of 22
For the remaining parts of Problem 3, now assume that
C
L
Z R
10
1
10
1
0
= =
(C) Find the natural frequencies of this circuit (i.e. find the roots of the characteristic
equation). Give numerical answers.



s
1
= ____________________________________


s
2
= ____________________________________
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 7 of 22
(D) Sketch the approximate waveform for ( ) t i . Clearly label the important features of
your sketch with numerical values. Assume that 10
0
Z R = .


( ) t i
t
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 8 of 22
PROBLEM 4 (20 points)
The following circuits are driven by a sinusoidal source ( ) t v
i
in the steady state. On the
following pages, there are six sketches of magnitudes on log-log graphs (labeled A-F)
and six sketches of phase on linear-log graphs (labeled G-L) for possible transfer
functions ( )
i o
v v j H = e . For each circuit, circle the letters of the magnitude and phase
plots which could represent the behavior of that circuit. Each circuit matches only one
magnitude and one phase plot. Magnitude and phase plots may be reused.

Magnitude: A B C D E F
Phase: G H I J K L

Magnitude: A B C D E F
Phase: G H I J K L

Magnitude: A B C D E F
Phase: G H I J K L

Magnitude: A B C D E F
Phase: G H I J K L
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 9 of 22
(This page left blank for work Problem 4 magnitude and phase plots on following page)
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 10 of 22
Transfer function magnitude plots for Problem 4.
Note: The horizontal axes in these sketches indicate zero on the log scale. You are
looking for the correct approximate shape of the plot; do not worry about the frequency
scale along the horizontal axes. The vertical scales may differ among sketches.

6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 11 of 22
Transfer function phase plots for Problem 4.
Note: The horizontal axes in these sketches indicate zero phase angles. You are looking
for the correct approximate shape of the plot; do not worry about the frequency scale
along the horizontal axes. The vertical scale may differ among sketches. Recall that one
may shift phase angles by multiples of 360 without changing the result.


6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 12 of 22
PROBLEM 5 (20 points)
The circuit symbol for the exponentially acting transistor, or
EXPAT for short, is drawn to the right. The voltage
KT
v between
the Knob, K, and the Thingamijig, T, is the input voltage and it
controls the current
W
i between the Whatchamacallit, W, and the
Thingamajig, T. The equations relating the input current,
K
i , and
the output current,
W
i , to the input and output voltages,
KT
v and
WT
v , respectively are the following:
( ) 0 for 1 > =

KT
V v
M K
v e I i
M KT
, and
( )

> >
> <
=

0 , 0 for 1
0 , 0 for 0
WT KT
V v
KT M
WT KT
W
v v e v G
v v
i
M WT

These relationships are drawn below for 0 >
KT
v , and V v
WT
3 s for an EXPAT for which
mA I
M
1 . 0 = , V V
M
5 . 0 = , and mS G
M
4 = . The asymptotic values of the curves at large
voltages are indicated, and a one volt increment has been used when plotting the family
of
W
i curves.

0 1 2 3
0
4
8
12
v
WT
[Volts]
i
W

[
m
A
m
p
s
]
0 1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
v
KT
[Volts]
i
K

[
m
A
m
p
s
]
v
KT
= 1V
v
KT
= 2V
v
KT
= 3V
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 13 of 22
(A) In general the small signal linear equivalent circuit for a three-terminal transistor
like the EXPAT has four elements and can be represented by the following circuit.

Find expressions for the four small-signal elements
i
g ,
r
g ,
m
g , and
o
g for a bias
point
KT
V ,
WT
V , where 0 >
KT
V and 0 >
WT
V .
i
g ,
r
g ,
m
g , and
o
g all have units
of conductance. Be sure to indicate the differential relationship you are using to
determine each element, as well as the elements value expressed in terms of the
device and bias point parameters.


(answer box located on the following page)
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 14 of 22








g
i
= _____________________________________for V
KT
> 0 V and V
WT
> 0 V

g
r
= _____________________________________for V
KT
> 0 V and V
WT
> 0 V

g
m
= _____________________________________for V
KT
> 0 V and V
WT
> 0 V

g
o
= _____________________________________for V
KT
> 0 V and V
WT
> 0 V
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 15 of 22
For the remaining parts of Problem 5, consider the common-Thingamajig amplifier
shown below.

(B) In the space below, sketch the small signal linear equivalent circuit for this
amplifier for a bias point
KT
V ,
WT
V , where 0 >
KT
V and 0 >
WT
V . For this part,
assume that the model of part (A) has known parameters, in which
i
g ,
m
g , and
o
g
are finite and non-zero, and 0 =
r
g . (Note: This is not necessarily correct for your
answers in part (A)).














6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 16 of 22
(C) Find an expression for the small signal voltage gain,
in out v
v v A = , of this amplifier
for a bias point
KT
V ,
WT
V , where 0 >
KT
V and 0 >
WT
V . Express your answer in
terms of
I
R ,
i
g ,
r
g ,
m
g ,
o
g , and
W
R .




A
v
= _______________________________________________________
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 17 of 22
(This page left blank for work exam continues on the following page)
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 18 of 22
PROBLEM 6 (20 points)
Consider the following circuit for parts (A) and (B). You may treat the op-amps in the
circuit as ideal ( 0 =
+
i , 0 =

i , and op-amp gain is infinite).

(A) Find an expression for
X
v in terms of
IN
v .

X
v = ______________________________________________________
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 19 of 22
(B) Find the input impedance at the port indicated by
IN
Z . Also, provide a brief
description of what the circuit does.



Z
IN
= ______________________________________________________

Circuit Function:_____________________________________________
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 20 of 22
For the remainder of Problem 6, consider the circuit
below. For simplicity, we will consider a
simplified model of the diodes shown to the right in
which the diode is either off (
F D
V v < , 0 =
D
i ),
or on (
F D
V v = , 0 >
D
i ), where V V
F
6 . 0 = . You
may treat the op-amp as ideal ( 0 =
+
i , 0 =

i , and
op-amp gain is infinite).

(C) In the answer box below, circle the appropriate diode states for the two cases:
0 <
in
v and 0 >
in
v .
for v
IN
< 0 D
1
OFF D
1
ON D
1
OFF D
1
ON
(circle one combination) D
2
OFF D
2
OFF D
2
ON D
2
ON

for v
IN
> 0 D
1
OFF D
1
ON D
1
OFF D
1
ON
(circle one combination) D
2
OFF D
2
OFF D
2
ON D
2
ON
D
i
D
v
F
V
Diode
on
Diode off
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 21 of 22
(D) Find and plot the input vs. output transfer relation for the circuit. Clearly label your
graph.























out
v
in
v
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name: ______________________________________
Page 22 of 22
(blank page for extra work)

1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
6.002 Electronic Circuits
Fall 2003
Final Exam
Please write your name on each page of the exam in the space provided, and circle the name of your
recitation instructor and the time of your recitation at the bottom of this page.
Please verify that there are 24 pages in your exam.
There are 8 major questions in this exam. Remember, if you nd that you are spending too much time
on a specic problem, move on to other questions and return to this one later.
To the extent possible, do your work for each question within the boundaries of the question, or on the
back side of the page preceding the question. Extra pages are also available at the end of your exam.
You may use three double-sided pages of notes and a calculator while taking this exam.
Final grades in 6.002 will not be given out by phone or by e-mail. Rather, they should be available
through WEBSIS by December 22. You may review and take back your nal exam at the beginning
of IAP in January 2004 from Room NE43-624.
Good luck!
Problem Points Score Grader
1 20
2 10
3 11
4 10
5 12
6 10
7 15
8 12
Total 100
Name:
Instructor: Perreault Antoniadis Chaniotakis Umans Kolodziejski
Time: 10 11 11 11 12 12 1 2 3
Name: 2
Problem 1 20 points
This problem contains four independent subproblems.
(A) Write a boolean expression that describes the function of each of the circuits below. Assume that
, , for the NFETs, for the PFETs, and for
all the MOSFETs. Determine whether each circuit satises a static discipline with the following voltage
thresholds: . (6 points)
V
S
A
OUT1
B
C
EN
R
L
Satises static discipline: YES NO
V
S
OUT2
A
B
Satises static discipline: YES NO
Name: 3
(B) Consider the function specied in the truth table below.
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Write a logic expression corresponding to . (3 points)
Implement the logic function
using only 2-input logic gates. (Note that is not necessarily the same function as ). Your implementation
may assume that and are available as inputs. (3 points)
Name: 4
(C) Indicate whether each of the lters shown below is a low pass lter (LPF), a high pass lter (HPF), a
band pass lter (BPF), or a band stop lter (BSF A band stop lter passes low and high frequencies, but
attenuates frequencies in between). Enter your answers in the boxes below each lter. (4 points)
v
O
+
-
v
I
-
+
v
O
+
-
v
I
-
+
v
O
+
-
v
I
-
+
v
O
+
-
v
I
-
+
Name: 5
(D) A nonlinear device has the characteristics shown below.
i
N
+
-
v
N N
v
N
v ( ) 0
i
N
-1.5V 0.6V
It is connected in an op-amp circuit as indicated below. Sketch the form of the voltage and the
current for the input shown below, assuming that the op-amp is ideal. Indicate clearly the maximum
and minimum values in your sketches. (4 points)
+
-
i
O
N
+
-
v
I
+
-
v
O

t
0
v
I
1
-1

2 3 4
t
0
v
O

2 3 4
t
0
i
O

2 3 4
Name: 6
Problem 2 10 points
Yikes Inc. has manufactured for an important customer several million identical resistive voltage divider
devices, each containing a pair of resistors and . Unfortunately, the design engineers used a rather
long wire to connect the resistor , which results in the presence of a non-zero inductance in series with
the resistance as illustrated in the equivalent circuit for the device shown on the left.
L
2
R
2
R
1
B
C
A
L
2
R
2
R
1
B
C
A
v
B
v
A
+
-
+
-
The gure on the right illustrates normal use of the voltage divider device. Terminal is taken as a
common ground. The input voltage is applied across the A and C terminals, and the output is taken
across the and terminals.
(A) Suppose that an input of the form
is applied to the circuit. Determine , the frequency response of the circuit. (Remember, for an
input of the form , the sinusoidal steady state output will take the form , where is the complex
amplitude). Further determine the magnitude of for a DC signal ( ), and for approaching
innity. (4 points)
for for
Name: 7
(B) Yikes customer learns of the frequency dependent behavior of the voltage divider and threatens to
cancel their order. Yikes hires Induct-R-Us, a think-tank of ex-6.002 gurus, to gure out a way to x their
problem without having to re-manufacture the devices. Induct-R-Us quickly nds a solution, and suggests
that the frequency dependence of the voltage divider can be cancelled by adding an inductor of value at
the terminal in series with , as illustrated in the augmented circuit below.
L
2
R
2
R
1
B
C
A
v
A
+
-
+
-
L
X
v
B
A
v
A
+
-
Determine the voltage for DC applied across the terminals, in terms of one or more of
, , , and , the parameters of the augmented voltage divider. Next, determine the value of that
makes , the frequency response of the augmented voltage divider, independent of frequency.
(6 points)
for DC
Name: 8
Problem 3 11 points
This problem involves op-amp circuits. Assume that the op-amps are ideal throughout the problem.
(A) Determine as a function of and in the op-amp circuit below. (3 points)
+
-
v
O
v
I
v
X
R
R
2R
2R
R
L
(B) Determine as a function of in the op-amp circuit below. (4 points)
+
-
2R
v
A
L
v
B
Name: 9
(C) Find the differential equation relating to in the network below. (You may use the results of
Parts (A) and (B)). (4 points)
+
-
v
O
v
I
R
2R
2R
L
v
X +
-
R
2R
Differential equation:
Name: 10
Problem 4 10 points
This problem deals with the two-stage amplier circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFETs, and
, operate in saturation throughout this problem, and are characterized by the equation
where
2K
+
-
15V
v
IN
90K
20K
10K
C
M1
M2
+
-
+
-
+
-
v
O1
v
I2
v
O2
(A) Determine the value of when DC. (3 points)
Name: 11
(B) Determine the value of , given that DC. Circle your answer. (2 points)
(1) 1.1V (2) 1.2V (3) 1.5V (4) 1.6V (5) 1.8V
(C) Suppose that an input of the form shown below is applied to the circuit.
volts
Notice that the input comprises a 3V DC component and a small-signal AC component . Draw an
incremental model for circuit. Clearly label the nodes with small-signal voltages , , , and the
output . Substitute numerical values wherever possible. (5 points)
Name: 12
Problem 5 12 points
An op-amp circuit incorporating a resistor and a nonlinear device called the diode is shown below. Assume
the op-amp is ideal. For the operating range of interest we will model the i-v characteristic of the diode as:
where, and are known constants.
+
-
i
D
v
O
+ -
v
I
R
v
D
(A) Find the relationship between the output voltage and the input voltage for this circuit. Assume
the diode acts as modeled above, and the input voltage is greater than zero. (4 points)
Name: 13
(B) Assume that the input voltage is composed of a large positive DC term plus a small AC term .
In other words,
The output voltage can be correspondingly represented as
Draw the small-signal circuit model for the op-amp circuit containing the resistor and diode. Label all
element values in terms of , , , and . (Remember that the small-signal circuit equivalent of an
ideal op-amp is the op-amp itself). (5 points)
(C) Find , the small-signal gain of the circuit as a function of , , , and . (3 points)
Name: 14
Problem 6 10 points
A 6.002 student, Fae Kwon, is looking to build a capacitor charging circuit. Fae rst wires up the resistive
charger shown below, and operates it as follows: the capacitor is initially discharged and the switch is open.
At , Fae closes the ideal switch . She re-opens it as soon as the charging current reaches zero
again.
v
C
+
-
V
R
C
i
C
S
+
-
(Circuit A)
(A) For the resistive charger in Circuit A, make a sketch of starting at . Your sketch should clearly
indicate the initial value, the nal value, and the time constant. What is the nal voltage on the capacitor?
How much energy is stored on the capacitor after the switch is re-opened, and how much energy is dissipated
in the charging process (between the time the switch is closed, to the time the switch is re-opened)? (4 points)
Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.
Energy dissipated when charging
Name: 15
(B) Unhappy with the amount of energy dissipated in Circuit A, Fae replaces the resistor with an inductor as
shown below in Circuit B, and operates it just like the resistive charger: the capacitor is initially discharged.
At , she closes the ideal switch . She re-opens it as soon as the charging current reaches zero
again. (More precisely, the switch in Circuit B is opened at the rst zero crossing after .)
+
-
V
C
i
C
S
L
v
C
+
-
(Circuit B)
For the inductive charger in Circuit B, make sketches of and . The sketches should clearly indicate
initial, nal and maximum values, and the time at which each of these occurs. What is the nal voltage on
the capacitor? How much energy is stored on the capacitor after the switch is re-opened, and how much
energy is dissipated in the charging process (between the time the switch is closed, to the time the switch is
re-opened)? (6 points)
Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.
Energy dissipated when charging
Name: 16
Problem 7 15 points
The following circuit containing two MOSFETs ( and ) acts as an inverting amplier with inputs
and , and output . Both MOSFETs are identical, i.e., and . Assume
that the supply voltage . This problem will explore the large signal response of the circuit.
V
S
R
L
+
-
+
-
M
1
M
2
v
O1
v
O2
v
1
D
S
G
S
G
D
v
2
+
-
+
-
(A) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, which of the following expressions equals , the
gate to source voltage of . Circle the right answer. (2 points)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(B) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, determine as a function of and . (5 points)
Name: 17
(C) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, determine as a function of . (4 points)
(D) Assume that is in saturation for this question. For a given value of , what is the range of values
of so that operates in its saturation region. (4 points)
Name: 18
Problem 8 12 points
Minnie Delay recently designed a circuit for a light in her dorm room which turns the light brighter gradually
when switched ON, and dims it gradually when switched OFF. Not to be outdone, her friend, Tom Driver,
decides to design a circuit that can make a light icker briey when turned ON or OFF. Tom decides to
create a prototype of the following circuit in the 6.002 lab to see if his idea will work.
A
V
S
R
ON
B
switch S
bulb
C
A
B
R
+
v
AB
L
i
Tom picks a bulb which can be modeled as a resistance of value , and a switch which can be
modeled in its ON state as a resistor of value . Tom looks in the supply room for big inductors
and capacitors and picks elements with the following values: and . Tom then
builds the circuit and connects a DC supply with .
(A) When the switch is in the ON state, what is the steady state value of the voltage across the bulb, , in
Toms circuit? (2 points)
Steady state value of
Name: 19
(B) After leaving the switch in the ON state for a long time, Tom turns the switch OFF. To his dismay, the
bulb does not icker, rather it dims monotonically much like Minnies circuit. Tom comes to you and asks
for your help in guring out why his circuit does not icker. Using the properties of second order circuits,
explain the cause to Tom in one or two sentences. (3 points)
(C) Tom then asks you whether the following element values will cause the bulb to icker:
and , keeping all other values unchanged. (Note, the math is simpler if you use
). Assume, as before, that the switch is turned OFF at after being in the ON state
for a long time. Determine the values of , , , , and for the circuit, and sketch the form of
for . Your sketch should clearly indicate initial value, nal value, and the approximate times at which
zero crossings occur. (7 points)
(The next page has space to ll in your answers)
Name: 20
t
0
v
AB
(End)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
6.002 Electronic Circuits
Fall 2000
Final Exam
Please write your name in the space provided below, and circle the name of your recitation
instructor and the time of your recitation.
Please verify that there are 19 pages in your exam.
To the extent possible, do all of your work on the pages contained within this exam. In
particular, try to do your work for each question within the boundaries of the question, or on
the back side of the page preceding the question.
You may use three double-sided pages of notes while taking this exam.
Final grades in 6.002 will not be given out by phone or by e-mail. Rather, they should be
available through WEBSIS by December 22. You may review and take back your nal exam
at the beginning of IAP in January 2001 from Room NE43-624.
Good luck!
Problem Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Name:
Instructor: Senturia Wilson Parker Hagelstein Sussman
Time: 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 2 3
1
Problem 1 15 Points
The Op-Amp circuit shown below is very similar to the standard non-inverting Op Amp except
that R
L
is some external resistor, and we are interested in showing that the current through R
L
is nearly constant, regardless of the value of R
L
, that is, the circuit acts like a current source for
driving R
L
.
R
L
R
2
i
L
A
A
-
+
v
I
-
+
(A) Using the Op-Amp model shown below, derive an expression for i
L
in terms of v
I
, A, R
2
and
R
L
. Show that this expression for i
L
becomes independent of R
L
as A approaches innity.
v
O
+
v
+
v
+
v
v
+
v
O
+
A( ) +
v v
+
2
(B) To verify the current source action more directly, use the Op-Amp model from Part A to
nd the Thevenin equivalent resistance looking to the left of terminals AA

.
3
Problem 2 15 Points
This problem involves the circuit shown below. You are given that R = 1, C = 1F, and
K =
1
2

Amps
Volt
2

.
2R
+
R
2R
+
v
C
i
D
+
v
D
V
A
v
a
+
is small v
a
Characteristics of nonlinear device:
when
when
i
D
0 = v
D
0
i
D
Kv
D
2
= v
D
0 >
sfhgsfhgsfh
C
i
D
v
D
-
(A) Find the operating point voltage V
D
and the operating point current I
D
in the circuit shown
above. Assume for this part that V
A
= 12V .
4
(B) Now assume that V
A
is changed such that a new operating point I
D0
and V
D0
is obtained,
where V
D0
= 1V . (Note that this operating point may dier from your answer in Part A.)
Draw the small-signal circuit, substituting numeric values where possible. Label the small-signal
capacitor voltage v
c
and the small-signal device voltage v
d
. (Recall, the small signal model for a
capacitor is the capacitor itself.)
5
Problem 3 15 Points
A nonlinear device with voltage v
d
and current i
d
has a characteristic given by
i
d
= Ie
v
d
where v
d
> 0 and i
d
> 0.
v
d
+
i
d
-
For all parts of this problem assume that the operational ampliers are ideal, that they are operating
in the active region and that the nonlinear device is operating with positive values of v
d
and i
d
.
(A) For the nonlinear element connected as shown below, nd an expression relating v
out
to v
in
.
v
in
+
+
v
d
i
d
v
out
R
-
-
7
(B) For the nonlinear element connected as shown below, nd an expression relating v
out
to v
in
.
v
in
+
v
d
i
d
v
out
R
+
-
(C) For the operational amplier circuit shown below, nd an expression relating v
out
to v
in1
, v
in2
,
and v
in3
.
v
in1
v
out
v
in2
v
in3
R
R
R
R
+
8
(D) Find an expression for v
out
as a function of v
a
and v
b
for the circuit shown below. Hint: Use
the results of the previous parts of this problem.
v
A
+
v
d
i
d
1
+
v
d
i
d
v
B
+ v
d
i
d
+
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
++
+
v
d
i
d
v
out
R
+
+
+
+
9
Problem 4 15 Points
Anna Logue, a UROP student working for Professor S., has just found a rather strange piece of
circuitry in the trash just outside the oce of Prof. A. The circuit has three exposed terminals
and it has exactly one resistor, one inductor, and one capacitor, but she cannot see how they are
connected, because the connections are protected by epoxy. She can read the capacitor label: it
says that the capacitor has a capacitance of 1F (Observation O1). However, the other labels are
not readable.
Being a naturally curious MIT student, Anna takes the circuit to the 6.002 lab to see what can be
determined about this strange device by experiment. Anna labels the terminals with the letters
x, y, and z with a marker pen. She then takes several measurements. First, Anna measures
the resistances between the terminals of the mystery circuit with an Ohmmeter, and makes the
following observations:
x y: innity (Observation O2)
y z: innity (Observation O3)
z x: 40 (Observation O4)
Next, Anna uses a signal generator, which may be modeled as a voltage source, to apply a 1
Volt, 100 Hz, square-wave signal from the x terminal to the y terminal. She uses her oscilloscope
to display the voltage from z to y superimposed on the square wave, at the same scale as the
square wave, as shown in the gure below (Observation O5). As you can see, she observes that the
waveform from z to y follows the square wave, but there is ringing with a cycle time of about 1 ms.
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
10
(A) Circle the circuit below which best reects the contents of the mysterious circuit. Assume that
the inductor and capacitor are ideal. Justify your choice with a two or three sentence explanation.
x
y
z x
y
z
x
y
z x
y
z x
y
z
x
y
z
(1)
(6)
(3)
(5) (4)
(2)
(B) What is the inductance (approximately) of the inductor that is in the circuit? What is the
resistance of the resistor?
11
(C) Assume that Anna uses the signal generator to apply the same 1 Volt, 100 Hz, square-wave
signal from the x terminal to the y terminal. For the circuit you chose in Part A, sketch the form
of the time-domain graph of the voltage from the terminal labeled x to the terminal labeled z.
Clearly indicate the values just before and just after each transition of the input.
1
2
3
4
-4
-3
-2
t
-1
0
12
Problem 5 10 Points
For the network shown below, determine an expression for the indicated variables for t > 0 and
provide clearly labeled sketches of your result. Assume that the Op-Amps are ideal and that they
are operating in the active region. Further assume that the initial current through the inductor is
zero, and that the initial voltage across the capacitor is also zero.
++
=
t 0 >
10K
+
v
i
10mH
5K
+
10K
0.001F
+
v
1
1 2 3
v
i
2
t (sec)
1 2 3
v
1
t (sec)
v
0
v
1
=
t 0 >
v
0
+
v
0
1 2 3
t (sec)
0 0
13
Problem 6 15 Points
Looking to recover from a disastrous product introduction, the marketing team of Yikes Inc. has
changed the company name to Yehaa Inc. Furthermore, they hire several MIT undergraduates with
a 6.002 background in the hopes they will turn the company around. One of the engineers discovers
a new three-terminal device which can be manufactured at a lower cost than the MOSFET. This
device has the characteristics shown below:
v
DS
(volts)
i
DS
(mA)
v
CS
V
T

v
CS
V
T
<
C
+
S
D
i
C
0 =
v
DS
+
V
T
3V =
i
DS
v
CS
(0V, )
0mA
(1V, )
1
8
-- -mA
(1V, )
1
48
------mA
As depicted in the gure, when v
CS
V
T
, the v
DS
versus i
DS
relationship is a straight line passing
through the points (0V, 0mA) and (1V,
1
8
mA).
When v
CS
< V
T
, the v
DS
versus i
DS
relationship is a straight line passing through the points
(0V, 0mA) and (1V,
1
48
mA).
The current into node C of the device is always zero. In a rare display of insight, the marketing
group names this device the LOSFET.
Based on their experience with MOSFETs, the Yehaa Inc. engineers use the LOSFET to build the
inverter circuit shown below.
v
I
C
+
V
S
5V =
v
O
+
12K
D
S
14
(A) Sketch v
I
versus v
O
for the inverter.
1 2 3 4 5
v
0
v
I
1
2
3
4
5
0
(B) Yehaas sales team discovers that networking equipment company Disco Inc. buys huge quan-
tities of MOSFET inverters. Discos systems operate under a static discipline with the following
voltage thresholds:
V
IL
= 2.5V , V
IH
= 3.5V , V
OL
= 2.2V , and V
OH
= 3.9V .
Determine whether Yehaas inverters satisfy this static discipline. Justify your answer.
15
(C) In a given situation, a Yehaa inverter drives a capacitive load with capacitance C = 1pF as
shown in the gure below. Assume that the input to the inverter is at 5V and that the output is at
some voltage V
LOW
. Suppose that the input switches instantaneously to 0V. Find the time taken
by the output of the inverter to rise to V
OH
following the 5V to 0V transition at the input. Express
your answer in terms of V
LOW
and V
OH
.
C
v
I
C
+
V
S
5V =
v
O
+
12K
D
S
16
Problem 7 15 Points
Consider the amplier circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFET operates in saturation so
that
i
DS
=
K
2
(v
GS
V
T
)
2
v
GS
V
S
R
L
V
S
R
1
R
2
v
DS
G
D
S
+
+
(A) A small-signal model for the MOSFET in the amplier circuit is shown below. Given that
V
S
= 10V , V
T
= 1V , and K = 1mA/V
2
, determine a constraint on the values of R
1
and R
2
such
that g
m
= 4mA/V .
+
D
v
gs
G
i
ds
g
m
v
gs
=
S
17
(B) Draw the small-signal circuit model for the circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFET
operates in its saturation region and is biased such that the value of g
m
in its small-signal circuit
model is g
m0
. Clearly label the small-signal voltages v
i
and v
o
.
+
v
i
V
S
R
1
R
L
R
O
C
I
R
2
C
O
v
o
V
S
18
(C) Now assume that the amplier from Part B is driven by a small-amplitude input of the form
v
i
= V
i
e
jt
. Further assume that
R
L
= R
O
= R
R
1
= R
2
= 2R
C
I
= C
O
= C
Determine the complex small-signal gain of the amplier H(j) =
V
o
V
i
in terms of C, R, g
m0
, and .
What is the magnitude of the small-signal gain of the amplier as approaches innity.
19