Motherboard - A Walkthrough For Beginners.

Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners.
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Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. in Guides and Tutorials; Introduction: Hey guys, been a forum member for some time now and had a lot to learn from you guys. This is just my feeble ... LinkBack Thread Tools
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30-04-09,
12:26 AM Join Date: Posts:
#1 Nov 2008 431
vrd
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Introduction:
Hey guys, been a forum member for some time now and had a lot to learn from you guys. This is just my feeble attempt at trying to write my first Walkthrough . I have written about Accelerator Capacitors www.ga-esi.com/EP/ motherboards because there many online guides which tell you about specific things on the board Pulse power low ESR film caps for accelerators, to but having all the info at one page is sometimes difficult to find. 100kV 250kJ/pulse High Voltage Capacitors www.CalRamic.com I have tried to focus some of the more discussed features of the motherboard like layout, main components, functioning of each component and other features which are less frequently covered 500V to 30kV high voltage ceramic disc capacitors such as form factors, capacitors, jumpers etc. Buy Electronic Components www.streem-line.com ISO 9001:2008, ESD Compliant, Free Shipping Please remember that I am a absolute newbie and do not think myself as some sort of know-it-all. Orders Over $1K There are definitely going to be mistakes which you can feel free to point out. As this is my first time, I have tried to do my best and your comments are critiques are welcome.
Mould standard components estore.comat.it Insulating plates and sheets for moulds and die casting
So Here it goes:
The Motherboard is considered to be the most under-rated component while building a new system. Most new enthusiast buyers concentrate on other important components like CPU and Graphics cards but give little thought to the motherboard, which is equally important and is one of the critical components of a system. Motherboard, also called as Mainboard, (board, mb or mobo) is the core mechanism of a modern computer system. It is a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) which is designed to control and co-ordinate between all other system components like CPU, RAM,I/O, Graphics Cards, Sound etc.
http://www.techenclave.com/guides-tutorials/motherboard-walkthrough-beginners-66102/[7/19/2012 9:40:28 PM]
[BREAK=Form Factors]
Form Factor:
Modern motherboards can be broadly classified on the basis of their form factors. The form factor defines the size and the physical design of the motherboard. it specifies the arrangement of different system components such as the CPU socket ,PCI Slots, DIMM channels etc. It also
mentions the specifications of the cases and power supplies that can be used in combination with the motherboard. two motherboards can offer same features and perform same functions but can be of different form factors. Some of the main form factors are ATX ,BTX, Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX etc.
Motherboards can also be classified by other standards such as:
1)The Socket for the microprocessor which determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. The processor socket is the connector on the motherboard that houses a CPU and forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU. Processor sockets use a Pin Grid Array (PGA) where pins on the underside of the processor connect to holes in the processor socket. Examples: Socket 775,Socket 1366 etc. 2)The Chipset, which is part of the motherboard's logic system (the chipset is discussed in a later section).
[BREAK=Layout]
Layout:
The most common layout in modern motherboards is described by the Standard ATX form factor . Following is a layout diagram of ASUS P5Q PRO with every component tagged and named.
[BREAK=Chipset]
Chipset:
The chipset is the nervous system of the motherboard. It is a collection of different chips where the logic to control the functioning of the motherboard resides. Whatever information is passed to the CPU, RAM etc to process, it cannot proceed further without passing through the chipset. The chipset is usually made of two parts: the Northbridge and the Southbridge. These two bridges connect the CPU to other parts of the computer such as the DRAM slots or the I/O devices. Chipsets are optimized by manufacturers to work with specific CPUs. The chipset is an integrated part of the motherboard, so it cannot be removed or upgraded. This means that not only must the motherboard's socket fit the CPU, the motherboard's chipset must work optimally with the CPU. Examples of chipsets are P35,P45,x48,x58 etc (for Intel boards) and 680i,750i etc(for nForce boards) Basic Layout of a Chipset:
[BREAK=Northbridge]
Northbridge:
The Northbridge can be thought of as the Big Daddy of all components on the motherboard. The traditional Northbridge handles the communication between the CPU,RAM,AGP or PCI Express and the Southbridge. It plays a major part in defining the specifications such as maximum speed of CPU, number of CPUs on the board, the maximum amount of Memory (RAM) that can be accommodated on the board. Other factors such as voltage regulation and available number of connectors also play a role. The Northbridge also contains integrated graphics controllers on motherboards which have included them on the board itself. Since the Northbridge is clearly predefined to work with particular devices, one type of Northbridge only supports one particular technology in a device. Exceptions are made to this mechanism during the transition period between two technologies such as DDR2 to DDR3 RAM or the 65nm to 45nm CPU chips. Similarly, one Northbridge will only work with one or two different Southbridges, which brings upon limitations on the functioning of the technologies which are available to the Southbridge. Traditional Northbridge based on Intels P45 chipset:
The Traditional Northbridge may become obsolete in the coming years; new designs are being made to overcome the problems and hurdles in the traditional Northbridge. In AMD64 processors, the memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, has been moved onto the processor itself. This method significantly reduces the communication delay caused in the traditional Northbridge . Also, AGP graphics cards are becoming obsolete by rapidly being replaced by PCI Express cards. This will render one of the main features of the Northbridge (communication with AGP slots) useless.
AMDs 790FX chipset where the Memory Controller is directly built into the processor:
Front Side Bus (FSB):
The Front Side Bus (FSB) is a bi-directional data bus on the motherboard that connects the processor (CPU) to the Northbridge. This data bus is used to transfer data (in form of information signals) from the CPU to the Northbridge. The frequency at which a processor (CPU) operates is determined by applying a clock multiplier to the front side bus (FSB) speed. For example, a processor running at 2400 MHz might be using a 266 MHz FSB. This means there is an internal clock multiplier setting (also called bus/core ratio) of 9; the CPU is set to run at 9 times frequency of the front side bus: 266 MHz x 9 = 2400 MHz .By varying either the FSB or the multiplier, different CPU speeds can be achieved. The front side bus has been a part of computer architecture since applications first started using more memory than a CPU could reasonably hold. [LEFT][LEFT]There is also another bus on some motherboards called the Back Side Bus which connects the external L1 and L2 cache to the CPU. This access of data is much faster that accessing the RAM through the FSB although the size is significantly lower than RAM.
[BREAK=Southbridge]
Southbridge:
The Southbridge can be thought of as the Second-in-Command on the motherboard after the Northbridge. All the functions which do not require direct interaction with the Northbridge components are connected to the south bridge. Since Southbridge is located farther away from the CPU than the Northbridge, there is a small amount of delay in the information reaching the processor compared to Northbridge. This delay in communication does not affect the smooth functioning of the chipset because all the southbridge functions mainly deal with Input/output and are not as critical as the northbridge functions to the chipset. The Southbridge is in charge of functions including the PCI, the PS/2 interface for keyboard and mouse, the serial port, the parallel port, and the floppy drive controller. Some southbridges implement additional features such as a RAID controller or an integrated sound card. In modern systems, the southbridge is also in charge of the parallel ATA interface (PATA) ,the serial ATA interface (SATA),ETHERNET,USB and FIREWIRE. One Southbridge can be paired with Northbridges on a chipset but the combination must be designed to work together by the manufacturer. Some of these functions are often handled by a secondary I/O controller, and in that case the southbridge provides an interface to this chip.
The Intel ICH10R Southbridge:
Secondary Super I/O Controller:

[LEFT] The Super I/O controller is a chip designed especially for interaction of low-bandwidth I/O devices with the Southbridge. These devices include: - Floppy disk Controller - Parallel Port (Used for Printers) -Keyboard and Mouse Interface -Serial Ports The I/O chip is integrated in the Motherboard itself.
The Back Panel of the Motherboard where the Super I/O devices have their output connectors:
[BREAK=CMOS and Jumpers]
CMOS:
CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor .It is a type of non-volatile memory used for storing the system time and the system settings for your computer configuration. It is powered by a lithium battery called the CMOS Battery. The standard lifetime of a CMOS battery is around 10 Years. However, this amount of time can change depending on the use and environment that the computer resides.
Jumpers:
A jumper is two or more connecting points that can be conveniently shorted together. Jumper pins (points to be connected by the jumper) are arranged in groups called jumper blocks, each group having at least one pair of contact points and often more. Sometimes these groups are referred to as headers. In general, each contact in a jumper block terminates in a small metal pin.
[BREAK=Capacitors]
Capacitors:
A capacitor is a mini battery or charge storage, so some components rely on them when you cut power to the computer. They are used a lot when certain components need a clean steady source of power too; They clean up power (spikes, sound etc.) On the motherboard is a set of components known as the "VRM" (voltage regulator module). They produce the power supply for the CPU itself, which is typically around 1.5 volts for a modern CPU(Which is also call VID or Voltage Identification Data).They do this by letting small pulses from the 12 volt supply into a bank of capacitors through several coils. If the voltage drops below the CPUs VID, they let more pulses through. If it rises above it, they let fewer pulses through. This provides a smooth, regulated voltage to the CPU. The capacitors are kind of like the gas tank in your car. The CPU empties it by using power stored there. The pulses stop it from getting too empty.
Electrolytic Capacitor:
Theres a certain type of capacitor called an electrolytic capacitor that uses an electrolyte between the electrodes or plates in order to increase its capacitance.They are valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in rectifier output.
Capacitor Plague:
An incorrect electrolyte formula within a faulty capacitor causes the production of hydrogen gas, leading to bulging or deformation of the capacitor's case, and eventual venting of the electrolyte. In rare cases, the faulty capacitors have even been reported to pop or explode forcefully.
Electrolytic Capacitors infected with Capacitor Plague:
Solid State Capacitors:

The difference between solid state capacitors and electrolytic capacitors is that solid capacitors contain a solid organic polymer, while electrolytic capacitors use a common liquid electrolyte. As there is no liquid component to solid capacitors, they don't experience leaking or exploding. In
addition, their ability to tolerate extreme conditions and their overall robustness, make them much more suited to extreme stress operation.
Solid State Capacitor:
Thanks:
Thanks guys for bearing with me. I know the images are edited badly but i have done the best i .Please Leave a comment on how i have written/compiled this walkthrough. Thanks Again could
Share vinayaga and leonine10 like this.
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30-04-09,
#2 Dec 2008 1,686
MohitPreet
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. good job, very nice

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30-04-09,
#3 Apr 2009 197
halo_3
Upgraded User
Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. page2: not all sockets use LGA.. amd processors use zif-pga sockets.
page5: some mobos come integrated with on-board gfx like geforce 9400 etc... you could have explained that.
page6: you could have explained the diff between two modern southbridges - intel ich10r and amd sb750. not everyone owns a c2d or c2q.
last page: no mention of digital voltage regulation which is present in the latest mobos.
overall, good effort.

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30-04-09,
12:48 PM Join Date: Posts:
#4 Nov 2008 431
vrd
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. @MohitPreet
thanks dude.
@ halo 3
thanks for the input
will try to update it as soon as i can.

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03-05-09,
06:04 PM
#5
Euro_Rules
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Nov 2008 125
Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Thanks Dude Very important Info.
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04-05-09,
01:00 PM
#6 Join Date: Posts: Apr 2009 289
Crossx
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Great article..very informative..keep it up

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07-05-09,
#7 May 2008 245
mathew_p_a
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. decent presentation.. very minor points..but informative
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16-05-09,
#8 Mar 2009 36
ironman
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. thanks buddy for the write up, helped a lot.
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16-05-09,
#9 Apr 2008 156
Srini
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Excellent writeup, diffenetly usefull for newbies.
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17-05-09,
07:27 AM Join Date: Location: Posts:
#10 May 2009 Kolkata 282
demonic
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. pretty elaborate and really good for the newbies!!
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24-05-09,
#11 May 2009 6
noeth2
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Thanks a lot. I have printed it out for reference.
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24-05-09,
#12 Nov 2008 431
vrd
Privileged Users
Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. ^ Thanks Guys

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24-05-09,
#13 Jan 2009 765
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Excellent

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03-06-09,
#14 Jul 2006 55
WildRazor
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Nice guide.. almost perfect

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04-06-09,
#15 Jun 2006 226
ajish65
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. Thanks a lot! Haven't read it yet, bookmarked for later. Am in the middle of buying a new rig and any and all info helps!
Edit: Finally got around to reading it. Very informative and in terms that newbies can understand too. Awesome! Thanks again!
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05-06-09,
#16 Jan 2009 232
sachin1
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. really helpful for beginers !

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11-06-09,
#17 Jun 2009 64
bs0409
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. good info.........
thanks very much...............

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11-06-09,
11:29 AM
#18 Join Date: Apr 2009 Location: New Delhi/Chicago Posts: 1,063
phoenix844884
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. wow! thanks for explaining all that!
as a beginner, this topic guide has already helped me a lot!

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09-07-09,
#19 Mar 2009 75
sahil678
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Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. WOW!! gud review

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11-07-09,
#20 Jul 2009 4
vbhanujirao
Upgraded User
Re: Motherboard: A Walkthrough for Beginners. i appreciate ur efforts made spread knowledge about the motherboards....i ve gone through it and its fantastic...keep it up dude
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