U.

of Ottawa

ELG2138

Circuit Analysis Techniques

Introduction Node Voltage Method (Ref: Sections 4.2 to 4.3 of your text) Mesh Current Method (Ref: Sections 4.5 to 4.6 of your text) Variations - Node Voltage and Mesh Current Methods (Ref: Sections 4.4 and 4.7 of your text) - Others Equivalent Circuit Norton/Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Introduction By now, you have to feel comfortable of doing equivalent conversion among signs vs direction, or sign vs polarities along with the vi-characteristic of the resistor (in future, inductors and capacitors). This can only be achieved/improved by practicing with more problems of KVL, KCL and the Ohm's Law. All circuit variables can in principle be obtained by the simple application of Ohms Law and Kirchoffs Laws. However, it can be quite cumbersome for a large circuit because there can be many variables, polarities and directions to assign. Motivating Examples 1) For the ladder circuit: find the voltage transfer function v2/v1 (ratio of output to input voltage).

2) Determine the current i and the equivalent resistor circuit seen by the 4V source.

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Introduction (contd) Below are two methods to cut down the number of unknowns. They aim at solving for a special form of voltages (or currents) using KCL (or KVL). i) Node Voltage Method. ii) Mesh Current Method. Node Voltage Method (Ref: Sections 4.2 to 4.4 of text) Discussion

Conventions:

Comment Note there are only a finite number of nodes and usually the number of elements (branches) is many more.

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Procedure for Node Voltage Method a) Label all nodes and pick one of them as a reference node (the ground). b) Assign voltages to them w.r.t. the ground node. These become our reference from which the polarities of voltages across different components can be derived from the convention noted above. c) use Ohms Law to determine the current of each branch with a resistor from the assigned voltages (and their polarities) d) for branches with a voltage source, assign an unknown variable for the current, e) Write state equations using KCL on each node. f) Solve for the unknown node voltages (state variables). Examples 1) Example 4.2-1 of text (with 3 current sources) 2) In-class examples

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Mesh Current Method (Ref: Sections 4.5 and 4.6)

Convention

Procedure for Mesh Current method a) Assign as many mesh current as there are "windows" in the circuit plane. b) Number/Identify the mesh currents. These become our reference from which the branch currents through different components are understood/interpreted from the convention noted above. c) Write state equations using KVL along each mesh. d) Solve for the unknown mesh currents (state variables). Examples 1) Example 4.6.1 of text 2) 2) In-class examples
Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Circuit Analysis Techniques

Introduction Ladder Analysis Node Voltage Method (Ref: Sections 4.2 to 4.3 of your text) Mesh Current Method (Ref: Sections 4.5 to 4.6 of your text) Variations - Node Voltage and Mesh Current Methods (Ref: Sections 4.4 and 4.7 of your text) - SuperNode and SuperMesh An application of the generalized KVL and KCl - Others Equivalent Circuit Norton/Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

Node Voltage and Mesh Current Methods with Dependent Sources (Ref: Sections 4.4 and 4.7 of textbook) Examples 1) See Examples 4.4-1 to 4.4.2 for different configurations of a 2-pane circuit using Node Voltage method 2) Example 4.4-3 of text

3)

In-class Examples

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

The use of supernode (Section 4.3) A supernode consists of a closed surface surrounding a voltage source (independent or not) from which the generalized KCL equation can be written (without having to know the current through the voltage source) SubProcedure i) draw a generalized surface surrounding the voltage source and cutting across all branches emanating from the two end nodes of the voltage source ii) apply the Generalized KCL iii) use the voltage source to relate the node voltages at the two nodes. Examples: 1) Example 4.3-2 of your text 2) InClass-example

Sept 2012

U. of Ottawa

ELG2138

The use of SuperMesh (Section 4.3) A supermesh consists of a loop touching on the two ends of a current source. Sub-Procedure: i) Draw a loop passing the two nodes emanating from the current source (independent or not) 2) Apply the generalized KVL 3) Use the current source to relate the mesh currents involved in the loop. Examples 1) Example 4.6.2 of your text 2) Inclass Examples

Sept 2012