INTAKE MANIFOLD

I
The complete induction system for an aircraft engine includes three principal sections: (l) the air scoop and ducting leading to the carburetor; (2) the carburetor, or air control section, of an injection system; and (3) the intake manifold and pipes. 'lhese sections constitute the passages and controlling elements for all the air which must be supplied to the engine. A very basic induction system is shown in
AIR-HEATER EXHAUST
PIPE -------->

AIR SCOOP

CARBURETOR

---{t.n
rl
I

Fig.5-1.
AIR

CAHBURETOR HEAT CONTROL

FILTER
5-1

AIR INTAKE ALTERNATE DUCT AIR VALVE/CARB HEAT VALVE

FlG.

A simple induction system.

Air Scoop and Ducting

The ducting system for a nonsupercharged (naturally aspirated) engine comprises four principal parts: (l) air scoop, (2) air filter, (3) alternate air valve, and (4) carburetor air heater, or heater muff. A typical air scoop is simply an opening facing into the airstream. This scoop receives ram air, usually augmented by the propeller slipstream. The effect of the air velocity is to "supercharge" (compress) the air a small amount, thus adding to the total weight of air received by the engine. The power increase may be as much as 5 percent. The design of the air scoop has a substantial effect on the amount of
increased power provided by ram air pressure. Ducting is made from either solid molded parts or flexible hose used to seal and direct the intake air through the various components of the induction system.

is usually replaced on a time-in-service basis, but if it it should be replaced immediately. A new foam-type filter has been developed for aircraft use and utilizes polyurethane and a wetting agent. This type of filter is replacing many of the other filter
becomes damaged or clogged,

filaments catches and holds dust and sand particles. The dry paper-type filter is similar to an automotive air filter. It is made of a pleated layer of paper filter elements through which the air must pass. The edges are sealed to prevent foreign material from entering the engine. The oaper filter

types. Instructions on the cleaning, servicing, and replacement of air filters are given in Chap. 9.

Alternate Air Valve

The alternate air valve is designed to allow air to flow to the engine if the air filter or other parts of the induction system should become clogged. This valve can be manualll, controlled from the cockpit or be automatic in its operation. The alternate air source used may be unfiltered warm air or
outside unfiltered air. If the induction system becomes blocked or clogged, the

Air Filters
The induction air filter rs installed at or near the air scoop, as shown in Fig. 5-1, for the purpose of removing dirt, abrasive particles, sand, and er", ia.g". foreign maierials before they are carried into the engine. Althorgi th" ui. fil-

ter reduces air pressure to the carburetor to some extent, thus reducing rhe power output, it prevents harmful dirt Irom e.ntering the engine. There are basically three types of lnouctron air f lrers: \ve tted-type mesh filters, dry paper filters, and polyurethane foam filters. The wetted mesh filter usually consists of a mat of metal filaments encased in a frame and dipped into oil. The oil film on the metal mesh

alternate air source is then used. The alternate air valve source is also useful when the aircraft is flying through heavy rain; the protected air from the nacelle, being free of rain, enables the engine to continue operation in a normal manner. Ftg. 5-2 shows an alternate air valve allowing air to enter the engine. In some cases, the alternate air valve is labeled and serves as a carburetor heat valve which allows warm air to enter the engine's induction system to prevent carburetor ice build-up.

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