CURRENT POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA: Indian power sector is facing challenges and despite significant growth in generation over

the years, it has been suffering from shortages and supply constraints. Energy and peak load shortages were 7.8 % and 13 % respectively in the year 2000-01. The per capita electricity consumption in India is about 400 kWh/year, which is significantly lower than the world average of around 2,100 kWh/year. As GDP growth accelerates to an ambitious 8 to 10 %, the shortage of power will become more severe Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has initially projected a shortfall of 1,50,000 MW in 15 years and therefore, a capacity addition target of 10,000 MW every year, the actual capacity addition has been far short of targets. The CEA has recently revised the capacity addition target to 1,00,000 MW from earlier target. This implies an annual addition of 8,500 MW as against earlier fixed of 10,000 MW. Capacity addition in the last five years including financial year 2000 was average 3,000 MW per year. Out of the total capacity added during last five years, 49% was added by the states and balance by central plants,excluding only 4% contributed by private sector. This indicates that, the states have been the largest contributors to incremental
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capacity. COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM 1. GENERATION 2. TRANSMISSION 3. DISTRIBUTION

TRANSMISSION NETWORK IN INDIA POWERGRID wheels about 45% of the total power generated in the country on its transmission network.POWERGRID has a pan India presence with around 77,000 Circuit Kms of Transmission network and 124 nos. of EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations with a total transformation capacity of 89,000 MVA.POWERGRID has also diversified into Telecom business and established a telecom network of more than 21,000 Kms across the country.POWERGRID has consistently maintained the transmission system availability over 99% which is at par with the International Utilities.

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SWITYARD EQUIPMENT: A switchyard is essentially a hub for electrical power sources. For instance, a switchyard will exist at a generating station to coordinate the exchange of power between the generators and the transmission lines in the area. A switchyard will also exist when high voltage lines need to be converted to lower voltage for distribution to consumers.

Switchyard Types: 1. Conventional Air Insulated Type 2. Gas Insulated Type

EQUIPMENT: 1. Lightening Arresters (LA) 2. Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT) 3. Wave Trap 4. Isolators 5. Current Transformers 6. Inter Connected Transformers (ICT) or Power Transformers
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1. Lightening Arresters:

A lightning arrester (LA) is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors(MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth. The LA acts as an insulator before the threshold voltage is achieved, and then once achieved it acts as conductor. Earlier Silicon Carbide (SiC), type of LA were used, these were Gapped Type, which cause severe arching which damages the conductors.

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Now, we use Zinc Oxide (ZnO) LAs, which are Gapless Type, these are much more reliable as compared to Gapped Type.

SiC Life Span 13 Years ZnO Life Span 25 Years The life of the LAs are determined by the measurement of the third harmonic component of the total leakage current. This component of current is monitored and it exceeds 300microA, the LA is removed.

Producers:-

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1. Crompton Greaves Limited 2. ABB 3. AREVA 4. Siemens

2. Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground

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terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2. The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network. The CVTs are used for 3 purposes: 1. Metering 2. Protection 3. Power Line Carrier Communication A capacitive voltage divider circuit is used to step down the voltage and the IVT is used to step down the voltage further. A compensating line reactor is used for neutralizing the phase shift between the capacitors C1 and C2.
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To overcome the effect of the Ferroresonance is a nonlinear characteristic, which cannot be predicted thus we use a combination of RLC, LC & R to suppress the phenomenon. The main problem of CVT is Voltage Drift ie. Voltage fluctuations. A CVT has 3 cores: 1. 2 Cores Protection 2. 1 Core For metering Up to 66KV we use Potential Transformers, beyond which we use potential transformers.

A burden is deployed to compensate the potential drop

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over long distances.

3. Wave Trap A wave trap is simply a low pass or band block filter. It is used to block the transmission of carrier waves from propagating beyond where they are desired. Usually these carrier waves are injected onto a single phase for each application, but there is nothing stopping someone from injecting on two or all three, other than the additional cost of injection equipment (additional cost that does not provide much benefit, I might add). The coupling in three phase lines will cause some of the signal injected on one phase to show up on the other two, but it is usually not enough to justify wave traps on these other phases.

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4. Current Transformer (CT)

Current transformers (CT's) provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power conductors. They are available in 3 basic configurations: 1. Ring Core CT's are available for measuring currents from 50 to 5000 amps, with windows (power conductor opening size) from 1" to 8" diameter. 2. Split Core CT's are available for measuring currents from 100 to 5000 amps, with windows in varying sizes from 1" by 2" to 13" by 30". Split core CT's have one end removable so that the load conductor or bus bar does not have to be disconnected to install the CT.
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3. Wound Primary CT's are designed to measure currents from 1 amp to 100 amps. Since the load current passes through primary windings in the CT, screw terminals are provided for the load and secondary conductors. Wound primary CT's are available in ratios from 2.5:5 to 100:5 (Models 189 and 190 are examples of wound primary CT's). The secondary of the CT is always operated in the closed configuration. Types of CT: 1. Live Tank 2. Dead Tank Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour meter on virtually every building with three-phase service, and every residence with greater than 200 amp service. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs; stacking them provides severability while consolidating
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the high voltage interface. Similarly, potential transformers such as the CVT are used for measuring voltage and monitoring the operation of the power grid. For 765KV rating, we use gas insulated Current Transformers. A CT has 5 cores: 1. 2 Cores Protection of Line 2. 2 Cores Protection of Bus 3. 1 Core For metering This is called Condition Monitoring which is used for checking if the CT may fail, thus monitoring continuously. The maintenance of the CT is done by: 1. Tan Delta Test In this test the loss angle is test. The capability of the insulation is lost by aging by Cigre convention. The loss the angle keeps on increasing. 2. Dissolved Gas Analysis

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The amount of the dissolved gas from the Oil is checked. Gas Hydrogen Methane Ethyle Ethane Acetylene CO Carbon DiOxide Max Limit (ppm) 300 30 10 50 2 300 900

6. Inter Connected Transformer (ICT): A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical
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energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the primary (NP) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP. In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, aircore transformers being a notable exception. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All

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operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.

Manufactures of Equipment up to 400KV

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Sno. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Manufacturers Equipment Current Transformers (CT) Capacitive Voltage Transformer(CVT) Isolators Lightening Arresters Transformers SF6 Circuit Breaker

ABB

AREVA

BHEL

CGL

Siemens

BHIWADI Substation: The substation located in Alwar District, Rajasthan. Houses both HVDC and HVAC yard. The HVDC configuration used in Bipole with Ballia. The HVDC yard is manufactured and installed by Siemens.

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The installed capacity is 2500 MW HVDC Bi-pole between Ballia & Bhiwadi. The HVAC configuration uses an One & a Half Breaker scheme in the AC yard.

About HVDC:

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A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For longdistance distribution, HVDC systems are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may be warranted where other benefits of direct current links are useful. The mode rn form of HVD C trans missi on uses technology developed extensively in the 1930s in Sweden at ASEA. Early commercial installations included one in the Soviet Union in 1951 between Moscow and Kashira, and a 10-20 MW system between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.

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The Thyristor Valve Hall in Bhiwadi.

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Advantages of HVDC: The advantage of HVDC is the ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower capital costs and with lower losses than AC. Depending on voltage level and construction details, losses are quoted as about 3% per 1,000 km. In a number of applications HVDC is more effective than AC transmission. Examples include:

Undersea cables, where high capacitance causes additional AC losses. Endpoint-to-endpoint long-haul bulk power transmission without intermediate 'taps', for example, in remote areas Increasing the capacity of an existing power grid in situations where additional wires are difficult or expensive to install Power transmission and stabilization between unsynchronised AC distribution systems Connecting a remote generating plant to the distribution grid Stabilizing a predominantly AC power-grid, without increasing prospective short circuit current Reducing line cost. HVDC needs fewer conductors as there is no need to support multiple phases. Also, thinner conductors can be used since HVDC does not suffer from the skin effect

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Facilitate power transmission between different countries that use AC at differing voltages and/or frequencies Synchronize AC produced by renewable energy sources

The breakeven distance is about 500Km. So the overall cost is lower than HVAC when considering distance over 500Km. Even though the initial investment is considerably higher than HVAC, overall costs are lower.
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MAHARANI BAGH GIS Substation: The substation is located in New Delhi, and due to space and environmental considerations a Gas Insulated Substation was built rated at 400/220KV, and commissioned in the year 2007.

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Components of GIS station: SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIs) Types of Bays SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear. 1. Feeder Bay. 2. Transformer Bay. 3. Bus section Bay. 4. Bus coupler Bay.

Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Feeder bay 1. High Speed Earth Switch (Line Earth Switch). 2. Isolator for Voltage Transformer. 3.Voltage Transformer. E-HD,G/ 4. Line Isolator (Disconnector Switch) 5. Maintenance Earth Switches. 6. CT's For Bus-Bar protection. 7. Circuit Breaker. 8. CT's For Line protection and metering. 9.Maintenance Earth Switches. 10 .Bus-Bar Isolator

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Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Transformer bay 1. Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch) 2. Maintenance Earth Switches. 3. CT's For Transformer protection. 4. Circuit Breaker. 5. CT's for Bus-Bar protection and metering. 6. Maintenance Earth Switches. 7 .Transformer Isolator. 8. Maintenance Earth Switches. (Transformer E.S)

Control Room

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The present installed capacity is 630MVA (315MVA x 2), but this is going to be increased by 1000MVA, by the installation of two new ICTs both of 500MVA, which are primarily going to supply for the Commonwealth Games 2010, to be held in New Delhi in October. The substation also has a Battery Room with two bays each for 220V for protection systems and 48V for PLCC. The substation also has a intricate fire fighting system for the protection of the equipment. Components include: 1. Hydrant System 2. Enulsive System 3. Smoke Detectors 4. Jockey Pumps (To maintain the pressure of water@8Kg/cm sq.) 5. High Velocity Water (HVW) Pumps 6. Diesel Pumps (In case of power failure due to fire)

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