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SCIENCE INTENSIVE PROGRAMME FOR FROM 3 CHAPTER 6 : LANDS AND ITS RESOURCES SMK SUNGAI PASIR , O8OOO SUNGAI PETANI , KEDAH DARULAMAN. TEL : 04-421 1764 FAX : 422 0203 LAMAN WEB : WWW.SMKSP.COM

1 A minerals is natural elements or compounds that found in Earth's crust. 2 There are only a small number of minerals that exist as element. Most of the minerals exist as compound. Minerals

Elements 1. Exist in small amount. 2. Consist of non-reactive elements

Compounds 1. Exist in large amount. 2. Consist of reactive elements.

Metals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gold Silver Platinum Mercury Copper Lead

Non-Metals 1. Carbon 2. Sulphur

Metals 1. Oxides 2. Carbonates 3. Sulphides

Non-Metals 1. Silicon 2. Silicate

3 Natural compounds are mostly compounds of oxygen, silicon, carbon or sulphur which combine chemically with one or more metals : Natural minerals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bauxite Haematite Calcite / Marble Malachite Galena Iron pyrite Quartz Clay Limestone Chemical name Aluminium oxide Iron oxide Calcium carbonate Copper carbonate Lead sulphide Iron sulphide Silicon dioxide Silicate Calcium carbonate Aliminium Iron Calcium Copper Lead Iron Silicon Silicon Calcium Elements Oxygen Metal oxide Oxygen Carbon Carbon Sulphur Metal Sulphide Sulphur Oxygen Silicon compounds Oxygen Carbon Aluminium Oxygen Carbonate compounds Oxygen Metal carbonate Oxygen Types

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4 Generally, minerals are : Hard Insoluble in water Breakdown when heated except metal oxides (oxides are stable at high temperature) : Heating Metal Carbonates

(Clear Cloudy)
Calcium carbonate

7 Degree of reactivity of metals : Reactive metals react very quickly with oxygen while less reactive metals react slower. 1 Potassium very reactive 2 Sodium 3 Calcium 4 Magnesium 5 Aluminium 6 Zinc 7 Iron 8 Tin 9 Lead 10 Copper Less ractive Non-reactive metals such as gold, silver and platinum do not react with oxygen or sulphur. 8 Reaction of metals with sulphur :
When a metal reacts with sulphur, a metal sulphide formed

Heating

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide

Heating Metal sulphide

(Purple Colourless)
Iron sulphide

Heating

Iron oxide

Sulphur dioxide

5 Most metals combine readily with non-metals such as oxygen and sulphur to form stable compound in the Earth's crust. 6 Reaction of metals with oxygen : When a metal reacts with oxygen, a metal oxide formed which are different in colour Observations Metal Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Copper Colour of flame Bright white Bright Bright green-blue Bright yellow Brightly Colour of products White magnesium oxide Grey aluminium oxide
Yellow(hot)/White(cold)

Zinc oxide Brown iron oxide Black copper oxide

Potassium manganate (VII) supply oxygen when heated. Glass wool in the boiling tube to prevent potassium manganate (VII) from mixing with metal powder. Glass at the mouth of boiling tube is to prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the air. 14

9 Silicon is an metalloid element (Physically looks like a metal but chemically more like a non-metal). 10 Silicon does not occur freely in nature but combines with other elements to form silicon compounds. Silicon compounds 1. 2. 3. 4. Do not dissolve in water. Donot react with acids. Do not break down on heat. Very stable compounds.

Silica Silicon + Oxygen

Silicate Silicon + Oxygen + Metal

Example Sand Quartz Flint Jasper

Uses Making brick, glass and concrete Making microchips in silicon wafer and used in wrist watch Used as gas stoves.

Example Clay Asbestos Mica Feldspar Talc Sodium silicate Jade Ruby Topaz

Uses Making roof tiles, ceramic and flower pots. Making fireproof suit and asbestos sheets Making insulator in electric irons. Making plate, bowls, vases, tiles and silica gel. Making talcum powder Making varnish for furniture and preserving eggs. As jewellery or ornaments. As jewellery or ornaments. As jewellery or ornaments.

11 Calcium is a reactive metal and does not exist in its pure form but tends to combine with other elements to form calcium compounds. Calcium + Carbon + Oxygen Calcium carbonate

12 Examples of calcium compounds are : Limestone Lime Marble Corals Shells/Eggshells Gypsum Bones and teeth Calcite 15

13 General porperties of calcium compounds : Insoluble in water React with dilute acid to form salt, carbon dioxide and water

Calcium carbonate

+ Hydrochloric acid

Calcium chloride

+ Carbon dioxide +

Water

Break down when heated and produce Calcium oxide and Carbon dioxide

Calcium carbonate

heat

Calcium oxide

Carbon dioxide

14 Formation of Calcium oxide and Calcium hydroxide : Calcium carbonate ( Limestone )

white precipitate

Heated strongly

Calcium hydroxide ( Slaked Lime )

Calcium oxide ( Quicklime )

add water

lime water

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15 The uses of calcium compounds : Calcium compounds Calcium compounds Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide Limestone Properties Reacts with acid Form alkali when dissolved in water Alkaline Easy to shape into blocks and can be split in any direction Uses To treat acidic soil or acidic water Used as antacid to reduce stomach discomfort To treat acidic soil Making mortar and plaster in building industry To treat acidic soil As lime water to test the presence of carbon dioxide As building material like cement, concrete or glass

16 Natural fuel resources found in the Earth's crust are : Petroleum (Crude oil) Coal Natural gas Wood 17 Formation of natural fuel resources :

18 Petroleum and natural gas are held in between layer of non-porous rocks.

19 Natural fuel resources such as petroleum, natural gas and coal is mixture of hydrocarbon (contain hydrogen and carbon). 20 This natural fuels called fossil fuels because fromed from the decomposed animals and plants remains lived millions of year ago.

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21 Fractional distillation of petroleum in the oil and gas industry :

22 Fractional distillation of petroleum in the laboratory :

1 Petroleum can be separated into its fractions by fractional distillation. 2 As the boiling point of the fractions increase : - The darker the colour it is. - The more viscous it is. - The more difficult it is to burn with more soot are produced. 23 The efficient ways of using natural fuel (non-renewable energy resources) : Using public transport Using lighter and smaller vehicles 18