Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Material List:
Per Student Carrot sticks Raw Sphaghetti Notebook to record what they learned Per Group Scissors, tape, paper Bubble tea straws Regular flexi straws Paper clips Per Class Diagrams and/or models of bone T-bone from the meat market Cleaned chicken bones
Topic:
The musculoskeletal system, anatomy and physiology of bone, loading, stress, strength, and fracture
Grade Level:
6th-8th Grades
Pre-Requisites:
1. Basic knowledge about the muscuoloskeletal system (as presented in a standard science textbook on general biology or human physiology) 2. Proficiency with finding areas and calculations involving multiplication and division
Safety Tips
Do not put the bone in mouth If bones are not thoroughly cleaned, please handle with gloves
Initiating The Class Introduce the module: the purpose is to learn about the structure and function of bone. Hand out prepared chicken bones. Inspire the students curiosity by asking them to think about how strong bone might be, and how bone delivers its functions - support, movement, Vocabulary: protection of internal organs, making blood, and storage calcium in the body.. Tissue 2. Then ask the class what makes bone strong and Cancellous/trabecular/spongy tough? Think about the type of forces our leg bones bone need to support, or how much weight we can carry Cortical/Compact bone in our arms. What happens when you bone breaks? Epiphysis If anyone has ever broken a bone and ask him/her to share the experience. Epiphyseal plate/line 3. Administer the pretest Bone structure and Diaphysis composition Pretest to assess what the students Epiphyseal plate/line already know and want to learn. Bone cell Osteon Procedures For Session Periosteum Haversian canal 1. Getting to know bones structure and Lacuna composition Lamella Stress Strain Strength Fracture 1.
1. Divide the students into groups of two. 2. Ask each pair to come up with the best set of descriptions for the assigned terms from Bones Activity Sheet 1. For each term, students are asked to describe its location, geometry, and function. Students will consult text books, models, and internet sources. A list of Definitions of terms along with three figures Bone structure figures are provided for your reference. You may choose to share these with your students.
Grade 6 : Math Standards Number Sense 2.3 Solve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems, including those arising in
concrete situations, that use positive and negative integers and combinations of these operations.
Measurement and Geometry 1.0 Students deepen their understanding of the measurement of plane and solid shapes and use this understanding to solve problems:
1.1 Understand the concept of a constant such as ; know the formulas for the circumference and area of a circle. 1.2 Know common estimates of (3.14; 227) and use these values to estimate and calculate the circumference and the area of circles; compare with actual measurements. 1.3 Know and use the formulas for the volume of triangular prisms and cylinders (area of base height); compare these formulas and explain the similarity between them and the formula for the volume of a rectangular solid. 2.6 Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions to problems and give answers to a specified degree of accuracy. 2.7 Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context of the problem.
Mathematical Reasoning 1.0 Students make decisions about how to approach problems: 1.1 Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information, identifying missing information, sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing patterns. 1.2 Formulate and justify mathematical conjectures based on a general description
of the mathematical question or problem posed. 1.3 Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts.
3.0 Students determine a solution is complete and move beyond a particular problem by generalizing to other situations:
3.1 Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original situation. 3.2 Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual understanding of the derivation by solving similar problems. 3.3 Develop generalizations of the results obtained and the strategies used and apply them to new problem situations.
Definition of terms (For teachers reference) List A: Bone at the macro-scale (Figure 1) Articular cartilage thin layer of soft tissue which covers the bony ends of long bones and provides the articular or low-frictional surface. Cancellous bone (trabecular bone)porous bone made of bony struts (trabeculae), a.k.a. spongy bone, and filled with bone marrow. Its structs brace the compact bone shell, help to support load, reduce weight, and allow residence of marrow, blood vessels and nerves. Epiphyseal plate/lineepiphyseal line is the line that marks the site of the epiphyseal plate, and separates the epiphysis and the diaphasis. Epiphyseal plate is the cartilage at the site of bone production during growth. Compact Bonenonporous bone that consists largely of concentric bone layers (osteons and lamellae). Epiphysisenlarged bone ends of long bones, covered by articular cartilage on the surface and separated from the diaphysis by the epiphyseal growth line; help to support load and joint articulation. Diaphysisthe shaft, or long central region of the bone, containing the medullary cavity and helps to support load. Periosteumouter surface membrane of bone. Thick outer layer is dense fibrous irregular connective tissue and contains blood vessels and nerves. These fibers merge with tendon/ligament/joint capsules and anchor them to bone. The inner layer consists of cell and sustains adult bone growth. Endosteuma thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the medullary cavity of long bones. Medullary cavitycentral cavity lined with thin cellular membrane called endosteum and filled with bone marrow, blood vessels and nerves. List B: Bone at the micro-scale (Figure 2, 3) Osteon central canal and the concentric lamellae encircling it, occurring in compact bone. Also called haversian system. Haversian canalAny of various canals in compact bone through which blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatics pass. Volksmanns canalcanals in compact bone perpendicular to the Haversian canals and connects them horizontally; similar to Haversian canals, they house blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels. Lacunaround spaces in compact bone which houses the bone cells. Lamellaa thin plate, scale, membrane, or layer, as of bone, tissue, or cell walls. Osteocytemature bone cell which resides in the lacunae and maintain bone. Osteoblastcell with single nucleus which build bone. Osteoclastcell with multiple nuclei which destroys old bone.
http://137.222.110.150/calnet/musculo/page3.htm
www.jpmcgowandesign.com
2-D stained section of long bone cross section showing bone microstructures
www.erl.pathology.iupui.edu
Name:________________________
Date:_______________ Period:_____________
Example:
Sketch:
Blood vessels transport blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the bone and__ carry away CO2 and metabolic waste products form the bone._____________________
Now you try it
Sketch:
Articular cartilage
Sketch:
Cancellous/Trabecular/Spongy bone
Sketch:
Compact/Cortical bone
Sketch:
Epiphyseal plate/line
Sketch:
Epiphysis
Sketch:
Diaphysis
Sketch:
Periosteum
Sketch:
Medullary cavity
Sketch:
Osteon
Sketch:
Haversian canal
Sketch:
Lamella
Sketch:
Lacuna
Sketch:
Bone cells
Name:________________________
Date:_______________ Period:_____________
Pre/Post-test
0. In 50 words or less, tell us what else you know about bones, or what questions or concerns you have about them. You may use drawings to help you illustrate.
1. What are the functions of the skeletal system (There are five total)?
2. (True/False) The two types of bones found in the body are compact bone and spongy bone. 3. The cartilage that lines the surface of your joints are called a) articular/hyaline cartilage b) elastic cartilage c) fibrocartilage
4. (True/False) Bone provides attachment site for tendons, ligaments, and muscles which connect the bones and to help the body move. 5. ________________________is the soft tissue found in the center of bones. It is the place where most new blood cells are produced. 6. (True/False) A joint is where two bones come close together. 7. Approximately how many bones are there in the human skeletal system? a) 126 b) 26 c) 206 d) 96 e) 596
9. Two minerals that make up the nonliving part of bones are a) sodium and chlorine b) calcium and iron c) magnesium and phosphorus d) calcium and phosphorus 10) The longest bone in the body is the a) vertebra b) collarbone c) femur d) breastbone
12) (True/False) The basic structural unit of compact bone consist of a central canal and concentric rings around it called lamella. 13) Bone cell which lives in the round spaces and sustains bone growth is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
14) Bone cell which builds bone is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
15) Bone cell which destroys old bone is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
16) (True/False) Bone consists of a solid block of wood in side and coated with a hard fibrous sheath. 17) (True/False) The function of the trabecular bone is to reduce weight, help support load, and contain marrow and blood vessels. 18) (True/False) Bone is a type of hard tissue in the body.
Name:________________________
Date:_______________ Period:_____________
Answer Key
0: In 50 words or less, tell us what else you know about bones, or what questions or concerns you have about them. You may use drawings to help you illustrate 1. What are the five functions of the skeletal system? 1) Support the body 2) Allows movement by connecting muscles and tendons 3) Makes blood 4) Stores Ca2+ and other minerals 5) Protect internal organs 2. (True/False) The two types of bones found in the body are compact bone and spongy bone. 3. The cartilage that lines the surface of your joints are called a) articular/hyaline cartilage b) elastic cartilage c) fibrocartilage
4. (True/False) Bone provides attachment site for tendons, ligaments, and muscles which connect the bones and to help the body move. 5. Bone marrow is the soft tissue found in the center of bones. It is the place where most new blood cells are produced. 6. (True/False) A joint is where two bones come close together. 7. Approximately how many bones are there in the human skeletal system? a) 126 b) 26 c) 206 d) 96 e) 596
9. Two minerals that make up the nonliving part of bones are a) sodium and chlorine b) calcium and iron c) magnesium and phosphorus d) calcium and phosphorus 10) The longest bone in the body is the a) vertebra b) collarbone c) femur d) breastbone
12) (True/False) The basic structural unit of compact bone consist of a central canal and concentric rings around it called lamella. 13) Bone cell which lives in the round spaces and sustains bone growth is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
14) Bone cell which builds bone is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
15) Bone cell which destroys old bone is called a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) red blood cell
16) (True/False) Bone consists of a solid block of wood in side and coated with a hard fibrous sheath. 17) (True/False) The function of the trabecular bone is to reduce weight, help support load, and contain marrow and blood vessels. 18) (True/False) Bone is a type of hard tissue in the body.
Epiphysis
Spongy bone
Diaphysis
Compact bone
Articular cartilage
Bone Fracture
Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a great force as a result from a sudden blow or a fall. A broken bone, depending on the extent of the injury, can be very painful, and the person can no longer perform normal functions. A fracture can range from a simple hairline fracture (a crack that may not run through the entire bone) to a compound fracture (part of the broken bone may protrude through the skin). Most fractures occur in the arms and legs. A stress fracture (a.k.a. fatigue fracture) is a crack caused by forces that are much lower, but happen repetitively for a long period of time. Stress fractures often occur in the foot after training for basketball, or other sports. However an intact unbroken bone can fail too. For example, in kids whose bone is not fully matured and the bone is not as brittle as adult bone, the bone may bend instead of break under loading. This jeopardizes one of bones functions of supporting the body.
If you ever gnawed on a piece of chicken bone, you would know that bone is very hard (5x harder then steel) and very strong. Bone is made primarily of minerals called hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and a fibrous protein called collagen. The mineral gives bone crush resistance. Think of minerals as solid rocks. The protein provides the bone with strength and flexibility. Think of proteins as tough fabric you can stretch very hard on. However, these are not the only reasons why bone is strong. What makes bone so strong to provide important functions for the body? What type of load or forces might cause bone to fracture? How does the bone fracture? You will know the answers by the end of this lesson.
http://homepage.mac.com/myers/misc/bonefiles/tibia.gif 1. Get up and try it out. What type of forces does your leg bones typically sustain? Illustrate with drawings 3 types of forces and the associated activity, for example jumping or hanging causing the forces. Use arrows to point in the direction of the force and where it is acting on the bone. See example above.
2.
With a partner, try the following. We now use a carrot to model the tibia. Pull on it. Does it break? If so, how? This pulling is a type of load called tension.
Push on the two ends. Does it break? If so, how? This pressing is a type of load called compression.
Bend the two ends toward the middle section. Does it break? If so, how? Draw the broken ends in the space provided below. This type of load is called bending.
Grab the two ends and twist it. Does it break? If so, how? Draw the broken ends in the space provided below. This twisting is a type of load called torsion.
3. From the experiment above, what conclusion(s) can you make about the strength of the carrot?
4. Of course real bone is much stronger material than carrot. Recall that bone is made up of hydroxyapatite and collagen together to give the maximum strength. Real bone is strongest when been compressed. Can you think of why?
5. Strength is a property of the material, which determines how much force is required to break the material of a given dimension. Strength of materials depends on the make-up or composition of the material. However given the same material, you can change how easily it breaks too. Try pulling on one strand of spaghetti with the same force you were applying on the one strand. Does it break? Why?
6. Now grab a handful of spaghetti to form a bundle and pull with the same force as you were applying before on the single strand. Does it break? Why?
7. When you pull on something with big enough force, it will break. This includes a thick bundle of spaghetti. What determines the strength of a material, however, is not how hard you pull, but the stress that the material feels. Stress is defined as:
You can think of stress as force supported by a unit of area, or force divided by the area of material supporting the force. Which of the cylinders above is under less stress? Why?
The column on the left has a larger area (shaded region) supporting the force than the column on the right. Therefore, given that the two cylinders are made from the same material, and the same amount of force is applied to the two cylinders, the left cylinder is under less stress than the right. 8. Some materials, like elastic rubber bands, can give in to force by stretching a lot before breaking. The stretching or shortening of the material in response to the applied load is called deformation. The applied force is directly related to the deformation in the material by a constant, k, according to the following equation (think of a spring):
Force = k * Deformation
Other ways of writing this is:
Deformation = Force k
or
k=
Force____ Deformation
9. We call k the stiffness of the material. Hint: the greater the compressive k, the less it would deform under a given compressive force. Now rank the following materials in order of decreasing compressive k (1=most stiff, 5=least stiff in compression). Carrot Bone Plastic rod Steel rod Bannana
There are a couple of ways to think about this question. One way is to take a look at the last equation above. Essentially the question is asking: if you try to stretch the material with a given force, is it going to deform a lot or a little? If it will deform a lot, then k is small for the material. The material is not very stiff (or it is flexible). If it will deform a little, then k is large for the material. We say the material is relatively stiff.
If you mentioned that bone has a very complex structureyouve got it right! Structures in the material can help to reinforce the material and makes it stronger! Take a plastic straw; bend it to feel how stiff it is. Now cut along its length to flatten out the structure; try bending it again. How easily does it fail compared to before? Why? The tubular structure of the same material is stiffer than the flattened sheet of the same material. Can you explain why?
Oftentimes, materials are stronger if you combine two or more materials. These materials are called composite materials. Lets consider your straw again. Given what you have learned about materials and what make them strong, how would you best reinforce the straw to give it the highest strength? Describe and sketch your design.
Some relatively strong materials may not break at first. Try breaking a paper clip by bending it. If you bend it over and over again, however, eventually it will break. How many times of bending does it take to break a paper clip? When the material fails from repeated loading, it is called fatigue failure. Repeated loading is what bones in our body experiences during walking, running etc. Therefore fatigue failure can happen in bone. A fracture (stress fracture) can result from a hairline fracture of the bone that has been subjected to repeated loading and finally break.
References http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_pmr/sports.cfm
Name:________________________
Date:_______________ Period:_____________
Pre/Post Test
1. (True/False) A sudden blow or fall during physical activity can often cause a fracture in the bone. 2. (True/False) When material fail from repeated loading, it is called fatigue failure. 3. All of the following are types of fracture that can occur in bone except: a) Hairline fracture b) compound fracture c) stress fracture d) blunt fracture
4. All of the following are types of load on bone in our body except: a) Torsion b) Bending c) Shrinking d) Tension e) Compression
5. (True/False) Strength is a property of the material, and depends on the make-up of the material. 6. (True/False) Glass is an example of a brittle material. 7. (True/False) If a material is relatively stiff, for example, bone, then it does not easily deform when you apply a certain amount of force on it. 8. Which of the cylinders below can sustain more force and why? a)
Force
b)
Force
9. Which of the cylinders below can sustain more force and why? a)
Force
b)
Force
10) Calculate the amount of stress in the cylindrical shell structure if it needs to support 100 lbs of force. Use the dimensions given in the diagram below.
5 inches 4 inches
Name:________________________
Date:_______________ Period:_____________
1. (True/False) A sudden blow or fall during physical activity can often cause a fracture in the bone. 2. (True/False) When material fail from repeated loading, it is called fatigue failure. 3. All of the following are types of fracture that can occur in bone except: a) Hairline fracture b) compound fracture c) stress fracture d) blunt fracture
4. All of the following are types of load on bone in our body except: a) Torsion b) Bending c) Shrinking d) Tension e) Compression
5. (True/False) Strength is a property of the material, and depends on the make-up of the material. 6. (True/False) Glass is an example of a brittle material. 7. (True/False) If a material is relatively stiff, for example, bone, then it does not easily deform when you apply a certain amount of force on it. 8. Which of the cylinders below can sustain more force and why? a)
Force
b)
Force
9. Which of the cylinders below can sustain more force and why? a)
Force
b)
Force
10) Calculate the amount of stress in the cylindrical shell structure if it needs to support 100 lbs of force. Use the dimensions given in the diagram below.
5 inches 4 inches
Force = 100 lbs Notice that Stress is only dependent the area upon which force is exerted. Therefore we only need to calculate the base area of the cylinder a circle. Recall area of a circle = r2 Area of the outer circle = (5/2)2 Area of the inner cylinder = (4/2)2 Area of shaded region = Area of the outer cylinder Area of the inner circle Plug in formula above for Force and Area of the shaded region to calculate the stress on the cylindrical shell.