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Electrical Power and Energy Systems 30 (2008) 235241 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Protection scheme for a distribution system with distributed generation using neural networks
N. Rezaei a, M.-R. Haghifam
a b

b,*

Department of Electrical Engineering, Sazeh Consultants Engineering and Constructions, Tehran, Iran Department of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran Received 24 August 2006; received in revised form 1 July 2007; accepted 20 July 2007

Abstract Interconnection of distributed generation (DG) to a radial distribution system has some impacts on the coordination of protection devices. In this case, faults are fed by multi-sources; networks and DGs. Existence of multi-sources in fault condition is the main diculty in the identication and location of faults and therefore distribution system protection. New protection methods should be introduced for isolation of faulted sections. This paper presents a novel approach that can overcome the above problems. A feed forward neural network is used to identify the fault location. The predicted results from the algorithm prove the eectiveness of the proposed procedure for identifying fault location and then protection of the system for a wide range of system conditions. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Distributed generation; Protection; Fault location; Neural network

1. Introduction Protection systems in a power system are designed to serve two major functions: Quick isolation of faults. Protection of major power system components from possible damages by abnormal voltage or current. Protection systems may be divided into two categories: unit protection and system protection. Unit protection schemes are those that protect a piece of equipment or element such as line, transformer, etc. System protection schemes are those whose main purpose is to protect the integrity of the system rather than to protect individual elements. Typical examples would be generator tripping to avoid transient instability, load tripping with respect to emergency overload ratings or under-frequency load trip*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 88011001; fax: +98 21 88006544. E-mail address: haghifam@modares.ac.ir (M.-R. Haghifam).

ping. Protection of power systems is an extremely important aspect as the quality and scheme of protection decides system reliability, controllability and stability. Coordination of the protective device will be done satisfying this requirement. The protection system in distribution systems consists of coordination of relayrelay on incoming feeding and fusefuse on laterals. Since 80% of all faults in distribution systems are temporary, reclosers are necessary. The coordination between fuses, reclosers and relays is well established and done assuming the system to be radial [20,23]. Distributed generation popularity increases around the world. DGs include the application of small generators, typically ranging in capacity from 5 kW to 10 MW at or near to the end-user to provide the electric power needed. Design and planning diculties, environmentally impacts, fuel cost and low eciency of large scale plants also transmission and distribution losses, increasing load demands and improvement of new industrial technologies make DG more economical and popular [1,2,21,22]. The interconnection of DG in the distribution system can signicantly impact the ow of power and voltage

0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.07.006

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condition at customers and utility equipment and coordination of the protective device [2,3]. Eect of distributed generation on protective device coordination has been discussed in Refs. [47]. Hadjsaid et al. [7] show that fault currents will change after connection of DG and suggest checking protection selectivity for each connection of DG, but it requires that penetration rate of DG be low. Girgis and Brahma [8] discuss that fuserecloser coordination will be achieved replacing all reclosers with directional microprocessorbased reclosers and suggest disconnection of all DGs downstream of the recloser to avoid connection without synchronism [8,9]. Protection of distributed systems with DG will be possible using a protection scheme of a multi-source system. It requires that all protection devices be replaced with directional relays. But this would not be an economic solution. Brahma and Girgis [9] explore the eect of high DG penetration on protective device coordination and suggest an adaptive protection scheme as a solution. They use current contribution from each source to identify fault sections then isolating faulted zone. They discuss total fault current is the sum of fault contribution from all sources in the system. From the fault point, every source can be represented as a voltage source behind Thevenin impedance. If the fault point shifts from one bus to the adjoining bus, for a given type of fault Thevenin impedance to a given source can either increase or decrease. This means the faulted section can be identied as the section for which the measured fault contribution from each source is between calculated fault contributions at the two buses connected from that source. But in this case, a fault with resistance could be a problem moreover a symmetrical point may cause confusion in identifying a faulted section. Another problem faced will be when the breakers do not open after getting a command to isolate the faulted zone. This paper proposes a neural network based fault identication and desribes a novel approach to detect a faulted section in the case of resistance also. 2. Protection procedure The protection procedure is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of three main sections: the rst step is data collection from the system for the modeling of distribution network to zone

selection, oine calculation and to dene a suitable actuator. The second step is online calculation to identify the fault type and location and the nal step is to isolate the faulted zone to protect the distribution network. 2.1. First step Before executing a protection procedure it is necessary to get required information for the modeling of the distribution network. If the modeling is more accurate the accuracy will increase. Oine calculation is summarized in Fig. 2. It consist of load ow analysis to nd normal current contribution from each source in the network and training of the neural network for online fault location. Each fault point in the network can be characterized by the current contribution from each source in the faulted system. In addition, proportion of current contribution of dierent sources in the system with and without fault resistance is approximately the same. Then these data can be used for training of neural network to nd out the mathematical function of the distribution network. Therefore, short circuit analysis shall be done for all types of faults involving dierent phases in all step points. Then an information bank containing a proportion of the current contribution from each source to each type of fault at each step point required for the training of the neural network using the maximum current of three phases related at each step point shall be provided. The next approach is to divide the system into zones, which satisfy the requirement of planning and islanding conditions. A zone should be formed such that it has a reasonable balance of load and DG. In addition, at least one DG (usually biggest in the zone) should have load frequency control capability [9]. Moreover, in uncertain conditions it is recommended to dene the backup for each zone. Breakers that are equipped with check synchronization function shall be used to separate these zones. Actuating input comes through synchronized vector current measurement and current direction indicator from every zone forming breaker [912,14]. 2.2. Second step The objective of this step is to sense the fault, identifying location and type of fault online. Online calculation is summarized in Fig. 3. In normal conditions the sum of current contribution from all sources would be equal to total load. When a fault occurs at any point, fault current will be signicantly larger

Zone Selection

System Modeling

Offline Calculation

Online Calculation

Fault Isolating/ Restoring

Model distribution network Run load flow & short circuit Train Neural Network

Actuating Input

Fig. 1. Protection procedure.

Fig. 2. Oine calculation.

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Sensing the fault

Determine type and location of fault & then faulted zone (using neural network)

Fig. 3. Online calculation.

than total load current. Comparison between total currents of generators and loads can be used for detection of fault conditions. The next step is dening the fault type and location, hence the faulted zone. These online tasks shall be done according to Fig. 4 [14]. Because pre and post-fault current level of generators are high it can be used for fault type identication. The normalized current of generators for 10 types of faults has been calculated. Normalization has been done using Eq. (1). This equation will be used for normalization of neural network inputs too: I normal 2I I max I min ; I max I min 1

the main source at fault situation adapt to each row in Table 1, fault type will be derived accordingly [20,23]. After identication of fault type trained neural network for occurred fault type will be activated and will identify fault location based on normalized inputs. As discussed normalized proportion of current contribution from all sources using maximum of three-phase fault current will be used as input and fault distance from every source as output of neural network. The fault current level in P.U. is dened as [24] fl i 1 ; Z th 2

where i is the fault current related to the nominal current and Z th is the inner impedance of the Thevenin representation of the network in P.U., for example, in case of a short circuit without resistance at A, the impedances measured by the network and DG are Z u Z 12 Z 2a and Z DG Z 34 Z 3a ; 3 where Z12 is the line impedance from bus B1 to bus B2 and Z2a is the impedance between bus B2 and the fault location A and Z34 is the line impedance from bus B4 to bus B3 and Z3a is the impedance between bus B3 and the fault location A. Then the proportion of fault current level of utility to DG is iu iDG Z 34 Z 3a : Z 12 Z 2a 4

where I max and I min are maximum and minimum fault currents at each type of fault. Table 1 shows the fault classication pattern based on normalized fault current of three phases. When the normalized currents for three phases of

Generators current

Preprocess on main source inputs

Fault type identification program

In case the of a short circuit with resistance Z f at A, this proportion approximately will change to iu Z 34 Z 3a Z f % ; iDG Z 12 Z 2a Z f
Fault

1 phase fault neural network Define proportion of generators current together & normalize them 2 phase fault neural network 2 phase to ground fault neural network

3 phase fault neural network

Fig. 4. Instruction of fault identication program based on neural network.

Table 1 Fault classication pattern Type of fault Phase to ground I an 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 I bn 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 I cn 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ag Bg Cg AB BC AC ABg BCg ACg ABC

Phase to phase

2 Phase to ground

3 Phase

which is equal to the previous proportion. Therefore, we are going to use the proportion of fault current of sources as inputs, which will omit the eect of resistance. Hence the discrepancy between fault current with and without resistance, which is very high and may cause error function of neural network can be ignored. Capabilities of multi-layered feed forward neural network to deal with nonlinearities and nature of online fault location makes one to select perceptron multi-layered neural network as a solution [15,16]. Error of back propagation is considered as a well-adapted training algorithm for the network. This network with one input layer, one output layer and maximum two hidden layers with adequate neurons can extract every relation function between input and output layers [13,15]. The number of neurons for input and output layers is equal to the dimension of input and output vectors. When there are n sources in the network including all DGs and main source, input vector components refer to the proportion of fault currents of sources. The dimension of input vector is   n Ni ; 2

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The time required for protection shall be less than the operation time of any protective device in the system. 3. Case study As shown in Fig. 7, a radial distribution network of a petrochemical plant in Bandar Assaluyeh, Iran, is chosen as the test system. Two distributed generations with YG conguration is interconnected to the network by D/YG distribution transformers. The power system is connected to bus-0 with 3 phase short circuit 1600 MVA. Data of the test system can be available in Appendix. For protection scheme, it is divided into three zones, zone1 consists of bus-0, transformer T1 and switchgear SW-001, zone 2 consists of transformer T2 and switchgear SW-002and zone 3 consist T3 and switchgears SW-003 and SW-004. Gen1 is connected to bus SW-004, Gen2 is connected to SW-002 and Gen3 is connected to SW-003. The best method to obtain input data including training data for neural network and test vector is data collection from real network in many faulted cases in dierent points of the network. But it is not a practical method in a real network. Therefore, modeling of the system is necessary for providing input patterns. For this aim, electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP4.04) has been used for the modeling of the system and MATLAB software for dening a protection procedure and executing neural network based fault locator [19].

Fig. 5. Short circuit with and without resistance at A.

where n is the number of sources and refers to the dimension of input vector. Output vector refers to fault location, which can be identied by the distance components from all sources then the dimension of output vector, is n (Fig. 5). The feed forward four-layer network has been selected in our work (Fig. 6). The number of neurons for hidden layers have a nonlinear relation with system dimension and will be identied with a trial and error procedure. A supervised learning method has been used for neural network. Experimental transfer functions of hidden and output layers have chosen Sigmoid and Purelin functions have been chosen for transfer functions of hidden and output layers respectively, based on experiment. 2.3. Third step At the nal stage the faulted section shall be isolated by the tripping zone forming breakers. When the faulted zone has been identied by a neural network it would be required to cross check with current direction input from the zone forming breaker to assure the opening of the right faulted zone. Then receiving trip command will open zone breakers. When the fault is temporary or cleared after maintenance, reclosing of breakers shall be done one by one with the check synchronization function [9]. A problem may be faced here when one of the breakers does not open by tripping signal. Then it is recommended to dene a backup zone for isolating since the fault is sensed.

(D1

D2

...

Di )
(NN Output Vector)

Neural Network n= number of sources

N i = Dimension of input vector

No= Dimension of output vector
Ni = n 2

, No=n

Ii= fault current of source I Ij= fault current of source j, I# j Di= distance from source i

I1 I2

I1 I3

...

Ii Ij

NN Input Vector

Fig. 6. Neural network conguration.

Fig. 7. Single line diagram of test system.

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For simulation of the network, fault level data of points, which are 10 m far from each other are used. For example, for each type of fault in the case of connection of Gen1 and Gen2, 30 current vectors have been provided where each current vector includes three components referring to the proportion of fault level penetrated by three sources in the network. Current vectors are chosen as randomly for the testing of system too. The number of iterations is limited to 1000 because in more iterations, the number of neurons is increased and neural networks fall to recitation instead of learning. Consequently it may cause an increase of error. In neural network training procedure performance function is mean square error (MSE) because it can reveal large errors better. Errors will vary in the interval of [1, 1] with normalization operation. Then it would be preferred to have an MSE near zero and describe that training of neural network have been done accurately. In order to have a minimum error with a simple neural network, optimal instruction of the neural network for a 3phase fault is a feed forward neural network with six neurons in the hidden layer and for a single phase fault, ve neurons in the hidden layer. The number of input neurons equals the dimension of the input vector in the test system based on the number of DGs connected in the test system. The number of neurons for output layer equals the dimension of distance vector referring fault point distance from each source, which is used for identication of fault location. 4. Results and discussion Table 2 shows the training result of a neural network in the case of connection of one, two and three DGs in the network. Small values of errors show neural network capabilities for identifying fault location. Figs. 813 show results of training for 3 and 1 phase fault. Table 3 shows test performances of a trained neural network in the case of connection of one, two and three DGs in the network at 15 selected fault points for test. Small val-

Fig. 8. Training result of neural network for 3 phase fault with Gen1.

Fig. 9. Training result of neural network for one phase to ground fault with Gen1.

Table 2 Neural network for one and three-phase fault Fault type Neural network type [S1 S2 . . . SNl] Si size of ith layer, for N1 layers 1 Phase with Gen 2 1 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 1 Phase with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3 3 Phase with Gen 2 3 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 3 Phase with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3 [1 5 2] [3 7 3] [6 6 4] [1 4 2] [3 6 3] [6 6 4] 9.99204e005 6.48218e005 6.94174e005 1.7545e004 9.94913e005 9.74478e005 MSE

ues of errors show neural network capabilities for identifying fault location. It can be observed that in the case of a fault with resistance the accuracy of a system is high enough to locate the exact fault point, hence the fault zone. There is just some minor error to identify the fault zone when the fault occurred in boundaries of zones. There is a possibility to have some points with the same fault current vector in the same switchgear, which related to the same zone. In this case, protection procedure will still trip right zones. But when they are in dierent zones it is recommended to cross check with current direction signal from zone breakers. A fault with resistance will be identied accurately. The originators of the error in this procedure are summarized as following:

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Fig. 10. Training result of neural network for 3 phase fault with Gen1 and Gen 2.

Fig. 12. Training result of neural network for 3 phase fault with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3.

Fig. 11. Training result of neural network for one phase to ground fault with Gen1 and Gen 2.

Fig. 13. Training result of neural network for one phase to ground fault with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3.

4.1. Measurement accuracy All measurements will be connected to the system by CT and PT. Accuracy of this equipment impacts on the measured current and therefore on accuracy of fault locator. 4.2. Loading behavior Loading behavior during the fault is one important parameter. Accurate modeling of loads is necessary. 4.3. Updating impedance information Thevenin Impedance of a network is changed continuously because of switching and development of the system.
Table 3 Test performances of trained neural network Fault type 1 Phase with Gen 2 1 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 1 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 and Rf = 5 P.U. based on 100 MVA and the nominal kV of the faulted bus 1 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 and Rf = 10 P.U. based on 100 MVA and the nominal kV of the faulted bus 1 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 and Rf = 15 P.U. based on 100 MVA and the nominal kV of the faulted bus 1 Phase with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3 3 Phase with Gen 2 3 Phase with Gen1 and Gen 2 3 Phase with Gen1, Gen 2 and Gen3 MSE 5.2562e004 0.0033 0.7755 0.3969 0.3969 0.0033 4.8995e004 0.1691 0.1394

N. Rezaei, M.-R. Haghifam / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 30 (2008) 235241 Table 4 Line/cable input data ID Cable 1 Cable 2 Cable 3 Library 1MCUN1 1MCUN1 1MCUN3 Size 500 185 240 Length (m) 100 100 100 #/Phase 8 5 1 T (C) 75 75 75 R 0.048643 0.122083 0.092516 X 0.088 0.095 0.072 Y

241

0.0001898 0.0001565 0.0001565

Table 5 Transformer input data ID T1 T2 MVA 8.000 2.500 Prim. kV 20.000 3.300 Sec. kV 0.400 0.400 %Z 8.000 6.750 X/R 14.2 12.1 %Z 8.0000 6.7500

Table 6 Generator input data ID Gen1 Gen2 Gen3 MVA 0.313 0.625 0.125 kV 0.400 3.300 0.400 R 0.250 0.250 0.250 X00 12.00 12.00 12.00 R/X 0.02 0.02 0.02

Table 7 Power grid input data ID U2 MVASC 500.000 kV 20.000 R 1.33038 X00 19.95570 R/X00 0.07 Type Wye-solid

It is required that input data procedure to be updated based on changes on impedance and network conguration. 5. Conclusion In this paper a new protection procedure on a distribution system including DGs is presented. For online rapid fault location, a feed forward perceptron neural network is used. As a case study, a real network is used with satisfactory results. An accurate modeling has been done using ETAP program. Matlab software has been used to run a protection procedure and executing neural networks. Appendix Tables 47 show the input data of the test system considered in this paper. References
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[3] Dugan Roger C, McDermott Thomas E. Operating conicts for distributed generation interconnected with utility distribution systems. IEEE Ind Appl Mag 2002:1925. [4] Burke James J. Power Distrib Eng: Fund Appl 1994. [5] Girgis Adly, Brahma Sukumar. Eect of distributed generation on protective device coordination in distribution system. In: Proc. large eng. syst. conf., Halifax, NS, Canada; 2001. p. 1159. [6] Doyle Michael T. Reviewing the impacts of distributed generation on distribution system protection. In: IEEE con.; 2002. p. 1035. [7] Hadjsaid N, Canard J, Dumas F. Dispersed generation impact on distribution networks. IEEE Comput Appl Power 1999;12:228. [8] Brahma Sukumar M, Girgis Adly A. Microprocessor-based reclosing to coordinate fuse and recloser in a system with high penetration of distributed generation. In: IEEE in proc. IEEE power eng. soc. winter meeting, vol. 1; 2002. p. 4538. [9] Brahma Sukumar M, Girgis Adly A. Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2004;19(1): 5663. [10] Jiang J-A, Liu Y-H, Liu C-W, Yang J-Z, Too T-M. An adaptive fault locator system for transmission lines. In: Proc. IEEE power eng soc summer meeting, vol. 2; 1999. p. 9306. [11] Jiang J-A, Yang J-Z, Lin Y-H, Liu C-W, Ma J-C. An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines part I: theory and algorithms. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2000;15:48693. [12] Jiang J-A, Lin Y-H, Yang J-Z, Too T-M, Liu C-W. An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines part II: PMU implementation and performance evaluation. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2000;15:113646. [13] Hoseini Naveh S, Haghifam M. Fault location algorithm for underground cable with neural network. M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Tarbiat Modarres Univ., Tehran, Iran; 2002. [14] Messing Lars, Karlsson Daniel, Andersson Mats, Allameh Lars Kourosh, Azadvar Ali. Wide area protection and emergency control. PSC 2004, Iran, 46-E-CAP-453. p. 18. [15] Lippman R.P. An introduction to computation with neural nets, IEEE ASSP magazine; 1997. [16] Meshal A, Al-shaher AA, Manar M, Sabry b, Ahmad S. Saleh. Fault location in multi-ring distribution network using articial neural network. Electric Power Systems Research 64 (2003) 8792 available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr. [19] Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Manual, part 2, short circuit study. Operation Technology, Inc., Certication no. A3147; 2002. [20] Holmes Edward J, Gers Juan M. Protection of electricity distribution networks, 2004. [21] Distributed Generation Power Coalition of America, homepage. http://www.distributed-generation.com/dpc/. [22] US Department of Energys distributed power program homepage, http://www.eee.energy.gov/de/. [23] Electric utility engineering reference book, vol. 3: distribution systems. Pittsburgh, PA: Westinghouse Electric Corporation; 1959. [24] Jenkins N et al., Embedded generation. IEE. ISBN 0-85296-774-8; 2000.