. Another example of mutualism relationship between animals can be of the clownfish and Ritteri sea anemones.

The clownfish resides in the stinging tentacles of the sea anemone, which are otherwise very harmful. The sea anemone gets nutrition from the fecal matter of the clownfish and clownfish gets protection from its predators due to stingy tentacles. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mutualismrelationships.html

In The Desert: In the deserts of Taru in Kenya, mongoose and horn bill birds share a great mutualism relationship. In the desert, there are no trees so the birds are half of the time on the ground and have to look for the food on the ground itself. For resting and sleeping purposes also, birds need the safe ground area. Both the Mongoose and horn bills are exposed to high predator pressures. So, when the mongooses are sleeping or hunting for food, the birds guard them and vice versa. They make certain noises when they see any threatening reptiles and alert the other party. Together they form foraging communities and protect each other. In the Tropical Rainforest: In the tropical rain forest regions, many species of ants live underground, as they cannot live on the ground due to heavy rains. It is also very difficult for them to search for the food in such tough conditions. So, they cut the plant leaves nearby and get it in the shelter. They cannot digest the plant matter but they bring it to cultivate the fungus on it. The ants survive on the nutrients provided by the fungus and in turn the fungus is fed on the plant matter and is also actively protected by ant community. This way, both of them help each other survive for longer. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mutualismrelationships.html

One of the best examples would be the relationship between cattle egret and cows and sheep (or cattle). The cattle egret is called so because it is often seen with cattle and livestock. Whenever horses, cows and other such livestock graze in fields, they tend to stir up and move many insects that have been resting on the grass. The cattle egret then catches them and preys upon them. The cattle egrets benefit from this because they manage to get the insects that they wish to prey on whereas the cattle remains unaffected. One of the examples in the ocean is seen in sedentary crustaceans known as barnacles. These are very sedentary crustaceans, and so, they usually attach themselves to a substrate in the sea like rocks or preferably whales, sea turtles, etc. When whales and such creatures travel, the barnacles get access to nutrient rich waters and often, the morsels of food that are left behind by the whale, the barnacle catches it and eats it. These barnacles do the same thing when they attach themselves to the bodies of green sea turtles. Another commensalism example that is commonly seen is the desert holly shrub which provides shade for growing creosote bushed beneath it. Also, another example of commensalism in the desert is where the fringe toed lizard stays in an abandoned desert rat hole. If you thought that the tundra region was devoid of any commensalistic relationships, then think again! One of the examples of commensalism in the tundra biome is between the caribou and the arctic fox, wherein the fox tends to follow the caribou while it is on the prowl. The caribou tends to dig in the snow to get its food, which is in the form of lichen plants. Once it digs up the soil, then the arctic fox comes and hunts some of the subnivean mammals that have come closer to the surface due to the digging action of the caribou. Thus, the caribou remains unaffected, whereas the arctic fox benefits from its actions. Surely, one of the interesting tundra facts!

The relationship between Remora sharks and whales is yet another example, wherein Remora sharks have an adhesive disk on their dorsal surface, with the help of which they attach themselves to whales and then, feed on the remains from the whale's food. Commensalism is also seen between birds that follow army ants, wherein the army ants stir the flying insects resting on the ground and then, the birds catch and eat them. Commensalism is also seen between the Monarch butterfly and the Viceroy butterfly. Monarch butterflies contain cardiac glycosides, which are poisonous to vertebrates, so frogs and other vertebrates that prey on butterflies do not eat the Monarch butterfly. However, the Viceroy butterfly does not contain cardiac glycosides, but still, mimics the Monarch butterfly, due to which it manages to escape the prey. Thus, the Monarch population of butterflies remain largely unaffected by the Viceroy butterflies, whereas the Viceroy butterflies tend to benefit by mimicking the Monarch butterflies Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/examplesof-commensalism.html

The phorid fly and the leaf-cutter ant The leaf-cutter is a ground-dwelling species of ants which cuts leaves of trees, to be utilized in building their nests, using its sharp claws. The phorid fly, on the other hand, is a small fly which is more often seen running on some surface than flying around in the air. When the leaf-cutter ants are collecting leaves, a phorid fly tends to attack a worker ant and lay its eggs in the crevice on worker ants head. When the eggs hatch, the larvae of phorid fly

burrows into the victims body and start feeding on it from inside which eventually kills the leaf-cutter. Even though host organism doesn't necessarily die in all the cases, it does suffer as a result of this parasitic relationship. You must have also seen fungi species on tree trunks in the wild as well as around your house. In this case, the fungi is parasite while the tree is the host organism. Other examples of parasitism in plants include hemi-parasitic species like mistletoe, yellow rattle etc. which tend to grow on various parts of trees and shrubs. Ocean sunfish and its numerous parasites Parasitism is also quite common in the marine biome, wherein each species of fish is believed to have as many as four parasites dependent on it. The ocean sunfish (Mola mola) plays host to as many as 40 parasitic species dwelling in the ocean, including flatworms, roundworms, sea lice, shark tapeworm etc. While some of these parasites are found on its body, others reside within its body. The sunfish species has a unique adaptation to deal with the situation, wherein it comes to the ocean surface and lies on one fish, found in the oceans have the ability to make it to human body through sea food that we eat. At times, you may not even realize that some parasitic species has entered your body unless some adverse effects of the same are not seen on your health. Chances of an individual not noticing infestation are somewhat rare as most of these parasites are harmful for humans. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/parasitismexamples-of-parasitism.htmlside thus allowing various birds to feed on the parasites on its body. If you have domestic animals such as dogs and cats, you don't need an introduction to parasitic worms, ticks and fleas which infest these species. Even humans are vulnerable to some parasites which are found on animals. Those parasites which infest

An example of interspecific competition in a conifer forest would be pine, spruces, firs, and cedars - - all competing with one another for resources like nutrients, space, and sunlight. A second example would be among chipmunks, squirrels, and other animals that eat the pine nuts that pine trees produce.