Selected Antiseptics / Disinfectants / Germicides Antimicrobials inhibits the growth of microorganisms kills microorganisms Phenolic Compounds (Phenols) a. b. c. d.

c. d. Powerful acid that burns the skin and mucous membranes Causes skin desquamation Used before as skin peeling agent Increases the risk of Cardiac reactions

Cresol Carbonic Acid modification of phenolic compound Lysol caustic in high concentration; burning reaction Resorcinol or Hexylresorcinol for skin peeling; mild form; with neutralizer; administered by dermatologists e. Hexachlorphene (Phisolex / Phisohex) Germicide used 1x a week; for hand washing; very oily and leaves an oily feeling Dyes or Rosaniline Dyes a. Gentian Violet tina; caused by a virus lodged in Parotid Gland; for mumps; exerts cooling effect; slight antiseptic effect; not advised due to allergic reactions due to frequent application b. Carbol Fuchsin Solution for gram staining; decolorization Heavy Metals or Mercurials (2 Forms) 1. Mercurials a. Mercurochrome (Merbromin) leads to mercury poisoning b. Thimerosal (Merthiolate) for pedicure and manicure but not recommended; band aid with acrinol (substitute for merthiolate; has yellowish tinge) c. Nitromersol 2. Silver Compounds a. Silver Nitrate b. Silver Sulfadiazine (Silvadene) for burns; whitens burnt skin; if not applied skin will darken; maintains PH of skin; prevents dehydration and evaporation of moisture c. Silver Acetate clear form; in cream; modification of all silver compounds Halogens a. Sodium Hypochloride generic name of Zonrox (Clorox); white crystalline solution; acidic in nature; evaporates easily; increases risk of cardiac and respiratory reactions; increases risk of lung contractions;desquamation; increases risk of contact dermatitis

b. Chloramines (Halozones) chlorine for swimming pool; may causes Fluorosis of teeth; decalcification of bones and teeth; easily destroys in hot water; kills microorganisms in water forms

Iodine Compounds a. Tincture of Iodine powerful cleansing agent; degreasing agent; powerful antiseptic agent b. Povidone Iodine (Betadine) drying agent; cleanser for AIDS Patient/ Oxidizing Agents a. Hydrogen Peroxide foul odor when applied in wounds; white crystalline color; softens necrotic tissue maintains skin moisture and lipids b. Zinc Peroxide clinical modification of Hydrogen Peroxide c. Benzoyl Peroxide drug of choice for cystic acne; degreasing agent (absorbs oil); 5 10% only Biguanides a. Chlorhexidine Gluconate antiseptic; feminine wash; lactacyd or ph care use daily; gynepro use 1x a week *Hibiclens *Hibitane Surface Active Agents: Benzalkonium Chloride (Zephiran) antiseptic; options if theres no agua oxenada or betadine; powerful disinfectant; generic name of Eskinol Alcohol a. Isopropyl 70%; plain isopropyl not with moisturizer b. Ethanol ethyl alcohol derived in sugar cane Acids mixed with cosmetic peeling agent for commercial use d/t a. b. c. d. e. exfoliant effect maintains ph level of skin tightens skin tissues skin peeling agent Acetic Acid (Vinegar) dilute in water Benzoic Acid synthetic acid Lactic Acid milk Boric Acid synthetic Salicylic synthetic; can burn

APAP SOLUTION Sterilants Aldehydes / Disinfectants

a. Formaldehydes formalin b. Glutaraldehydes (Cidex) where instruments are soaked; soaking solution Infection Occurence 1. Non compliance 2. Some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics 3. Some microbes such as INFLUENZA have many different strains that a single vaccine or agent cant treat or protect against all of them. 4. Most viruses resist anti-viral drugs 5. New Infectious Agents ocassinally arise such as HIV & Corona Virus 6. Some microbes localize or systemic in body areas that make treatment more difficult (Ex. bones, CNS) these microbes multiply fast (Tb microbes multiply every 12hrs) 7. Opportunistic organisms and growth of other microbes makes treatment more difficult (can cause infection in immunocompromised patients or decrease resistant clients 8. No Immunization 9. Increased Air Travel can spread virulent organism in healthy populated areas. 10. Use of biological warfare or bioterrorism increasing threat to public health and safety throughout the world. 11. Expanded use of Immunosuppressive drugs and invasive procedures increases risk of infection (Immunosuppressive drugs are antibiotics; cancer drugs or antineoplastic drugs; antihistamines; steroids (2wks 1 mo only) 12. Malnutrition or Undernourished lifestyle decrease resistance The Ability of Infectious Agent to cause disease depends on its 1. 2. 3. 4. Pathogenicity organisms ability to harm or cause a disease Virulence vigor with the organisms can grow and multiply Invasiveness ability to enter tissues Specificity organisms attraction to host, w/c may include humans (ex. Typhoid salmonella goes to peyers patches in the intestine)