ANTHROPOLOGY Culture any information about behaviour that is transmitted from one to another and enables people to live

ve together successfully

provide a framework to make everyone a better person 3 elements material objects, attitudes considered acceptable, behaviours considered proper ethnographic studies studies of culture and traditions of distinct people show cultural changes over time (common law, drinking and driving) Myth stories that explain origins of world and humans recount lives of cultural heroes and beings with supernatural power intended to reassure people and provide reasons why people should practice most important attitudes and behaviour of their culture means by which cultural values are transmitted Kinship members of a social group define themselves as descended from common ancestors family is the most obvious but have different structures in different cultures Participant Observation used as the primary means of research living with the people being studied 1. Cultural Anthropology examines and compares cultures of living people MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978)

gender roles too

critics say too much on personal stories not enough objective stats Pacific islands particularly Samoa Samoan and American adolescent study personalities largely influenced by society we live in Americans taught to compete, Samoan to cooperate Americans aggressive, Samoans not RUTH BENEDICT (1887-1948) studies on role of religion on personality work with Aboriginal people of American Plains culture was personality writ large (a sum of all personality types of its people) looked at Japanese culture during WWII 2. Social Anthropology focuses on social organization of living peoples BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI (1884-1942) South Pacific peoples

functional theory all social institutions are designed and modified to serve needs of most of the population rejected cultural evolutionism (all societies and cultures develop in a regular series of predictable stages) (savageprimitivesophisticated) as being ethnocentric (Western civilization more advanced so compared to it) job is not to rate cultures but to explain them

3. Physical Anthropology

 examines evolution of humankind over the last few million years and compares the genetic characteristics of humans with other biologically similar animals RAYMOND DART (1893-1988) Australopithecus (Southern Ape) found in 1924 in South Africa LEAKEY FAMILY (Louis 1903-1972), (Mary 1913-1996), (Richard b.1944) proved humans originated in Africa

Australopithecus 1.5-2.5 million years BCE and Homo habilis 2.2 million years BCE used stone age tools to discover how to hunt

JANE GOODALL (b.1943) 20 years living among chimpanzees in Tanzania they used tools and are not strictly vegetarian highly developed social structure based on the alpha male

BIRUTE GALDIKAS (b.1945) Borneo, Indonesia to study orangutans (which are a 98% genetic match to humans) live in highly structured social communities violence is prevalent also not strictly vegetarian

DIAN FOSSEY (1938-1985) Rwandas mountain gorillas were her study she became part of the society highly structured social system affectionate with family but aggressive with outsiders she was murdered in the mountains

TODAY studies include the Inuit peoples, domestic violence, and cultural features of todays societies