1. Topic sentence sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph orlarger section, usually appearing at the beginning.

2. Coherence 3. The order of space when your subject is a physical object, you select some orderly means of describing it 4. Deductive order moves from a generalization to a particular details that explain or support the general statement. 5. Inductive order moves from particular details and then concludes with a larger point or generalization about those details. 6. Parallelism - Parallelism - an arrangement of the parts of a composition so that elements of equal importance are balanced in similar constructions. This arrangement may be applied to words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or complete units of compositions. Parallelism is a rhetorical device 7. Lead-in an introductory device used to catch the readers attention, announces the subject matter and tone of your essay and sets up or leads into the presentation of your thesis and essay map. 8. Rhetorical situation - Generally speaking, the rhetorical situation can be understood as the circumstances under which the rhetor writes or speaks, including: The nature and disposition of the audience, The issue or problem that impels the writer to enter the conversation, The writers goal or purpose, Whatever else has already been said on the subject, and The general state of the world outside the more specific context of the issue at hand.

11. Pretentiousness pompous or inflated language. 13. Coordination in coordination, you join two sentences with a coordinating conjunction (for and nor but or yet so). 14. Subordination contain one main statement and one or more less emphasized elements; the less important ideas are subordinate to, or are dependent on, the sentences main idea. 15. Idiom - the language, dialect, or style of speaking peculiar to a people or the constructions or expressions of one language whose structure is not matched in another language. Idioms often possess a meaning other than their grammatical or logical ones and cannot be directly translated into another language. It also is used to describe something peculiar to an individual. 16. Colloquial - words and phrases used most often in conversation with your friends, classmates, and family. 17. Informal language more formal than colloquial language and no slang or nonstandard words are permissible. 18. Formal language characterized by elevated but not pretentious tone, no contractions and correct grammar. 19. Tone - a way of wording or expressing things that expresses an attitude; the tone may be angry. matter-of-fact, pedantic, ironic, etc. 20. Invective unrestrained anger, usually expressed in the form of violent accusations or denunciation. 21. Sarcasm - Another term for verbal irony--the act of ostensibly saying one thing but meaning another. See further discussion under irony 22. Irony - a method of humorous or sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words is the opposite of their usual meaning; e.g. saying that a cold, windy, rainy day is lovely. 23. Flippancy or cuteness 24. Sentimentality the excessive show of cheap emotions cheap because they are not deeply felt but evoked by clichs and stock, tear-jerking situations.

25. Preachiness - when you lecture someone as if perched upon a mountain of morality. 26. Pomposity 27. Denotation - The minimal, strict definition of a word as found in a dictionary, disregarding any historical or emotional connotation. Contrast with connotation. 28. Connotation - The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary. For instance, the terms civil war, revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at social or political change. However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion. 29. Euphemism - Using a mild or gentle phrase instead of a blunt, embarrassing, or painful one. For instance, saying "Grandfather has gone to a better place" is a euphemism for "Grandfather has died." 30. Exposition - The use of authorial discussion to explain or summarize background material rather than revealing this information through gradual narrative detail. Often, this technique is considered unartful, especially when creative writers contrast showing(revelation through details) and telling (exposition). 31. Informative process tells the reader how something is or was made or done or how something works. 32. Directional process tells the reader how to do or make something 33. Extended example form of exposition where your points are supported by examples 34. Point by point form of exposition 35. Block pattern form of exposition 36. Analogy 37. Division is the act of separating something into its component parts so that it may be better understood or used by the reader. Classification systematically groups a number of things into categories to make the information easier to grasp. 38. Causal analysis explains the cause-and-effect relationship between two elements. 39. Logical fallacies 40. Rogerian technique procedure for presenting a nonthreatening argument. 1. Rhetorical Situation 2. Thesis - (1) In an essay, a thesis is an argument, either overt or implicit, that a writer develops and supports. 5. Simile - a figure of speech involving a comparison using like or as 6. Metaphor - A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking. When we speak of "the ladder of success," we imply that being successful is much like climbing a ladder to a higher and better position. 7. Figurative Language - A deviation from what speakers of a language understand as the ordinary or standard use of words in order to achieve some special meaning or effect. Perhaps the two most common figurative devices are the simile--a comparison between two distinctly different things using "like" or "as" ("My love's like a red, red rose")--and the metaphor--a figure of speech in which two unlike objects are implicitly compared without the use of "like" or "as." These are both examples of tropes. 8. Allusion - a brief reference to a person. place, event, or passage in a work of literature or the Bible assumed to be sufficiently well known to be recognized by the reade 9. POV - The way a story gets told and who tells it. It is the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story unfolds. Point of view governs the reader's access to the story. Many narratives appear in the first person (the narrator speaks as "I" and the narrator is a character in the story who may or may not influence events within it). Another common type of narrative is the third-person narrative (the narrator seems to be someone standing outside the story who refers to all the characters by name or as he, she, they, and so on). When the narrator reports speech and action, but never comments on the thoughts of other characters, it is the dramatic third person point of view or objective point of view. The third-person narrator can be omniscient--a narrator who knows everything that needs to be known about the agents and events in the story, and is free to move at will in time and place, and who has privileged access to a character's thoughts, feelings, and motives. The narrator can also be limited--a narrator who is confined to what is experienced, thought, or felt by a single character, or at most a limited number of characters. Finally, there is the unreliable narrator (a narrator who describes events in the story, but seems to make obvious mistakes or misinterpretations that may be

apparent to a careful reader). Unreliable narration often serves to characterize the narrator as someone foolish or unobservant. 16. Hasty Generalization the writer bases the argument on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence. 17. Bandwagon Appeal the writer tries to validate a point by imitating that everyone believes in this. 18. Straw man the writer selects the oppositions weakest or most insignificant point to argue against, to divert the readers attention from the real issue. 19. M-dash denotes a sudden break in thinking 20. N-dash continuation of numbers 25. Misplaced Modifiers 27. Argumentative, Descriptive, Narrative 28. ^& Expository 31. Jargon - Potentially confusing words and phrases used in an occupation, trade, or field of study. We might speak of medical jargon, sports jargon, pedagogic jargon, police jargon, or military jargon, for instance. 32. Red Herring the writer introduces an irrelevant point to divert the readers attention from the main issue. 22. Slang - Informal diction or the use of vocabulary considered inconsistent with the preferred formal wording common among the educated or elite in a culture. For instance, formal wording might require a message such as this one: "Greetings. How are my people doing?" The slang version might be as follows: "Yo. Whassup with my peeps?" 23. Euphemism 24. Clich - A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Clichs are considered bad writing and bad literature 25. Sexist Language the use of terms like he or she for a generalized group with no gender distinction 26. Revision 27. Editing 28. Objective description description without personal impression, using strictly factual information. 32. Allusion 33. Hyperbole - the trope of exaggeration or overstatement. 34. Working Bibliography a list of sources that you may want to use in your essay. 35. Annotated Bibliography 36. Works Cited Page 37. Word Order 38. Coordination 39. MLA Handbook classification as a means of ordering--arrangement of objects according to class; e.g. media classified as print, television, and radio. anecdote--a short entertaining account of some happening, frequently personal or biographical. analogy--a comparison between two things in which the more complex is explained in terms of the more simple: e.g. comparing a year-long profile of the stock index to a roller-coaster ride. allegory--a story in which the people, places, and things represent general concepts or moral qualities. ad hominen fallacy--(Latin for to the man) a fallacy of logic in which a persons character or motive is attacked instead of that persons argument. ad populum fallacy--(Latin for to the crowd) a fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true or right: e.g. The Escort is the most widely sold ear in the world; therefore, it must he the best. euphemism--the use of a word or phrase that is less direct, hut that is also less distasteful or less offensive than another; e.g. he is at rest is a euphemism for he is dead. imagery--lively descriptions which impress the images of things upon the mind: figures of speech.

rhetoric--the art of using words effectively in writing or speaking so as to influence or persuade. satire--a literary work in which vices, abuses, absurdities. etc. are held up to ridicule and contempt; use of ridicule, sarcasm. irony, etc. to expose vices, abuses, etc. non sequitur: the writers conclusion is not necessarily a logical result of the facts. Begging the question the writer presents as truth what is not yet proven by the argument. Faulty use of authority the writer relies on authorities who are not convincing sources. Either/or the writer tires to convince readers that there are only two sides to an issue, one right, one wrong. Hypostatization: the writer uses an abstract concept as it were concrete reality. Faulty analogy the writer uses an extended comparison as proof of a point Quick fix- the writer leans too heavily on catchy phrases or empty slogans - Descriptive = describes Focus = on words, phrases and details that involve most if not all of the 5 senses. Purpose = to vividly help a reader/listener picture something; to draw in the reader; to help the reader feel as though he/she were experiencing what is being written about.

- Narrative = narrates Focus = on story and characters, action/reaction, events/consequences Purpose = to coherently tell the reader a story

- Expository = exposes the facts Focus = facts, examples, and details about the main topic (thesis statement) Purpose = to inform the reader about a topic through specific details, examples, and facts; to report nonemotionally

- Persuasive = persuades Focus = the details, examples and facts that support the writer/speaker's contention or point of view Purpose = to "win over" the reader/listener; to convince the reader/listener to a certain mindset and/or action