1 CLAUSES OF TIME

FInite: Buy your ticket for the bus as soon as you land at the airport. My family, once they saw the mood I was in, left me completely alone.; Water is fine once youre in! Drop by whenever you get the chance.; We try to help whenever possible (every time that) We came in just as it started to rain.; The clock struck six just as I arrived (at the same moment) Wait until youre called.; Until she spoke I hadnt realized she wasnt English. Call me when you finish. We must have been burgled while we were asleep. (whilst we were asleep) He sat watching her as she got ready. Cathy hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin. (from one event to second event, past-later past/pastnow) Ing clauses: Once, till, until, when, whenever, while, whilst Once having made a promise, you should keep it. Ed and verbless: As soon as, once, till, until, when, whenever, while, whilst The dog stayed at its entrance until told to come in. Complete your work as soon as possible. TO- INFINITIVE CLAUSES Without a subordinator, without a subject TEMPORAL FUNCTION I rushed to the door, only to discover that it was locked. I awoke one morning to find the house burning. durative verbs duration of time with outcome She lived to be 100. Youll live to regret it.

CLAUSES OF PLACE
Where the fire had been, we saw only ruins. - position They went wherever they could find work. direction Some temporal subs used in clauses of place: when the road splits in two; until it reaches a large lake; as it rises higher

2 CLAUSES OF CONDITION
If you put the baby down, shell scream.

Given that there are over 20 students in the class, and only one teacher, I think they have done a marvelous job! Given that we had so many places to stop on the way, we made pretty good time on our trip! You may go provided that you come back by nine. Supposing that, providing that, on condition that,unless,if In case you want me, Ill be in my office. Assuming that the movie starts at eight, we should be leaving now. He wants me to type a letter if possible. DIRECT- INDIRECT CONDITION OPEN HYPOTHETICAL CONDITION Open the fulfilment of the condition is unresolved, neutral If Colin is in London, he is staying at the Hilton Given that, granted that open conditions As long as, so long as, just so that = if and only if Hypothetical the speaker believes that the condition didnt fulfil in the past, will not be fulfilled in the future, is not fulfilled for the present. If he changed his options, he would be a more likeable person. he probably wont change his opinions; They would be here with us if they had the time. -They presumably dont have the time If you had listened to me, you wouldnt have made so many mistakes. -You certainly didnt listen to me. Inversion: Had I known, I would have written before. Were she in charge, she would do things differently. Should you change your mind, no-one would blame you. Should she be interested, Ill phone her.. IF ONLY If only you would help me next week, I would not be so nervous. UNLESS the condition is an exception only if...not Rhetorical conditional If theyre Irish, Im the Pope

3 CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
although, though Although he has just joined, he was treated like the others. No goals were scored, though it was an exciting game. Though well over 80, she can walk faster than I can. - verbless While, whereas, even if While I dont want to make a fuss, I feel i must protest. Whereas the amendment is supported by the Senate, it is not so in the House. Both the concessive clause and the matrix clause can be viewed as concessive. Fail though I did, I would not abandon my goal. Naked as I was, Fool that he was, Poor that they were, Even if (leaves open whether the condition is true) even though (it is true) if

ALTERNATIVE CONDITIONAL CONCESSIVE

Whether...or whether Combination of conditional and disjunctive meaning IF and EITHER...OR

Whether Martin pays for the broken vase or (whether) he replaces it, I dont like him. He is getting married, whether or not he finds a job. Whether trained or not, Whether right or wrong, It doesnt matter/no matter whether you want to or not,... Correlative sequence with...without verbless clauses = concession With a bank loan or without it/with or without it, we will buy the house.

UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL CONCESSIVE

There are many conditions, there is a free choice among any of them Wh- words that combine with ever Whatever I say to them, I cant keep them happy. Wherever you are, stand perfectly still. However much advice you give to him, he wont listen. Whoever they are, dont let them in. Omitting be: Whatever your problems, they cant be worse than mine.

4 CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
Whereas, while, whilst In contrast, by contrast Mary teaches physics, while John teaches English. I will surely ignore them, whereas my husband is always worried about them.

CLAUSES OF EXCEPTION
But that, except, except that, only, excepting that, save, save that I would pay you now These words show that sth is not completely true

I would pay you now, except that I dont have any money on me. (APART FROM THE FACT THAT) I didnt tell him anything except that I needed the money. Our dresses were the same except mine was red. Nothing would satisfy the child but that I place her on my lap "But that I love the gentle Desdemona, / I would not my unhoused free condition / Put into circumscription and confine / For the sea's worth" No memorial remains for the brave, save that we will remember them. I would have come, only my mother told me not to.

REASON CLAUSES zbog

He is thin because he hasnt eaten enough.

CONSEQUENCE+REASON
She watered the flowers because they were dry. - Speakers inference (she concludes that she has to) Youll help me because youre my friend.

RESULT+MOTIVATION
Since the weather has improved, the game will be held as planned.

CIRCUMSTANCE (CONDITION-which will be filled)+CONSEQUENCE

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BECAUSE, SINCE I lent him the money because he needed it. Since we live near the sea, we often go sailing.

AS,FOR
As Jane was the eldest, she looked after her brothers. Much has been written about paranormal activities; for they pose fascinating enigmas that the public enjoys solving.(final position)

SEEING THAT
Seeing that it is about to rain, we had better leave now. INDIRECT REASON As you are in charge, where are the files on the new project? Mary is your favourite aunt, because your parents told me so. As long as youre here, why dont we discuss our plans? Since you seem to know them, why dont you introduce me to them? FRONTING OF A CLAUSE Writing hurriedly as she was, she didnt notice the spelling errors. Tired as they were, they stayed up for the late news. Clumsy idiot that he was, Michael completely ruined the dinner.

PURPOSE CLAUSES radi; the question: with what purpose?

Non finite:

In order to, so as to
Students should take notes (so as) to make revision easier. The committee agreed to meet (in order to) consider the new evidence. They left the door open (in order) for me to hear the baby. Finite: so that, so, in order that Require a modal verb The school closes early so that the children can get home before dark. The jury and the witnesses were removed in order that they might not be informed of the arguments. IMPLIED NEGATIVE PURPOSE so as not to, in order not to NONFINITE in order that...not, for fear that, in case, lest - FINITE Turn the volume down so as not to wake the baby.

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They left early for fear that they would meet someone unpleasant. They evacuated the building in case the wall collapsed. lest - in order to prevent something from happening; in case: She gripped his arm lest he be killed by the criminal. She was afraid lest she revealed so much.

RESULT CLAUSES
So that, so We paid immediately, so that he left happy. I took no notice of him, so he was furious. - there is no modal auxiliary, result clauses are factual So can be a conjunct, be careful, insert and before it, then youll know it is a conjunct. We paid him immediately, and so he left contended.

CLAUSES OF SIMILARITY AND COMPARISON

Clauses of similarity as, like + just as, just like; + exactly as, exactly like Please do exactly as I said. It was just like I imagined it would be. Clauses of comparison as if, as though, like She looks as if she is getting better. A type of comparison which also exists is hypothetical comparison: subjunctive or hypothetical past can be used: She treated me as though I was, I were, I had been a stranger.

Non finite, verbless clauses

As, as if, as though Fill in the application form as instructed. You should discuss the company with him as though unaware that the new director will be named soon. TO infinitive clauses

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As if, as though She winked at me as if to say that I should be quiet. Just as a moth is attracted by the light, so he was fascinated by her.

CLAUSES OF PROPORTION
As he grew disheartened, so his work deteriorated. As the lane got narrower, so the overhanging branches made it difficult for us to see where we were going. The more she thought about it the less she liked it. She liked it less, the more she thought about it.

CLAUSES OF PREFEENCE
Non finite; bare infinitive : Rather than, sooner than Rather than go there by air, Id take the slowest train. (I would prefer) They will fight to the finish sooner than surrender (They prefer) Why didnt you ask for help rather than trying to do it on your own? Finite: Rather than, sooner than Rather than she should miss her train, Ill get the car over.

COMMENT CLAUSES
A separate tone unit Example of comment clause There were no other applicants, I believe, for that job. I am working the night shift, as you know. What was more upsetting, we lost all our luggage. I am not sure what to do, to be honest I doubt, speaking as a student, whether that should be supported. Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning her. Types of comment clauses Similar to the matrix of a main clause An adverbial finite clause - as A nominal relative clause To infinitive Ing clause -ed clause

I believe as a comment clause and as a verb which requires nominal that clause: I believe that...; ...,I believe,...