Gradients Basically, gradient is another word for "slope".

The higher the gradient of a graph at a point, the steeper the line is at that point. A negative gradient means that the line slopes downwards. Finding the gradient of a straight-line graph It is often useful or necessary to find out what the gradient of a graph is. For a straight-line graph, pick two points on the graph. The gradient of the line = (change in y-coordinate)/(change in x-coordinate) .

In this graph, the gradient = (change in y-coordinate)/ (change in x-coordinate) = (8-6)/ (10-6) = 2/4 = 1/2 We can, of course, use this to find the equation of the line. Since the line crosses the y-axis when y = 3, the equation of this graph is y = x + 3. Finding the gradient of a curve To find the gradient of a curve, you must draw an accurate sketch of the curve. At the point where you need to know the gradient, draw a tangent to the curve. A tangent is a straight line which touches the curve at one point only. You then find the gradient of this tangent. Example Find the gradient of the curve y = x at the point (3, 9).

Gradient of tangent = (change in y)/(change in x) = (9 - 5)/ (3 - 2.3) = 5.71 Note: this method only gives an approximate answer. The better your graph is, the closer your answer will be to the correct answer. If your graph is perfect, you should get an answer of 6 for the above question. Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient. Example The lines y = 2x + 1 and y = 2x + 3 are parallel, because both have a gradient of 2.

Perpendicular Lines Two lines are perpendicular if one is at right angles to another- in other words, if the two lines cross and the angle between the lines is 90 degrees. If two lines are perpendicular, then their gradients will multiply together to give -1. Example Find the equation of a line perpendicular to y = 3 - 5x. This line has gradient -5. A perpendicular line will have to have a gradient of 1/5, because then (-5) (1/5) = -1. Any line with gradient 1/5 will be perpendicular to our line, for example, y = (1/5)x.

Equations of line Slope-Intercept Form y = mx+c m - slope C Y intercept Point-Slope Equation of a Line y - y1 = m(x - x1) (x1, y1) is a known point m is the slope of the line (x, y) is any other point on the line Two Intercept Form for the Equation of a Line x/a + y/b = 1, where a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept.

Parallel Lines same slope Perpendicular Lines - mi * m2 = -1 (To, calculate the slope of perpendicular, take negative of the reciprocal.) Vertical Lines slope undefined

Distance between two lines The distance between two lines is defined as the perpendicular distance between them. Thus this is only applicable to parallel lines because if two lines are not parallel, there will be no line that cuts the two lines perpendicularly at the same time. If the equations of parallel lines are ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + c' = 0, Then the perpendicular distance between them is given by p = l c - c' l / sqrt (a+ b)

Distance between a point and a line Distance between the line ax + by + c = 0, to a point (x0,y0) is ax0 +by0 +c / sqrt (a+ b)

Distance between a point and a plane The distance from P(x0, y0, z0) to the plane ax+by+cz=d is: |ax0+by0+cz0-d| / sqrt (a+ b+c)

Logarithm Rules Algebra rules used when working with logarithms.

For the following, assume that x, y, a, and b are all positive. Also assume that a 1, b 1. Definitions

1. loga x = N means that aN = x. 2. log x means log10 x. All loga rules apply for log. When a logarithm is written without a base it means common logarithm. 3. ln x means loge x, where e is about 2.718. All loga rules apply for ln. When a logarithm is written "ln" it means natural logarithm. Note: ln x is sometimes written Ln x or LN x. Rules 1. Inverse properties: loga ax = x and a(loga x) = x 2. Product: loga (xy) = loga x + loga y

3. Quotient: 4. Power: loga (xp) = p loga x

5. Change of base formula:

Rule name Logarithm product rule Logarithm quotient rule Logarithm power rule Logarithm base switch rule Logarithm base change rule Derivative of logarithm

Rule logb(x y) = logb(x) + logb(y) logb(x / y) = logb(x) - logb(y) logb(x y) = y logb(x) logb(c) = 1 / logc(b) logb(x) = logc(x) / logc(b) f (x) = logb(x) f ' (x) = 1 / ( x ln(b) ) logb(x) dx = x ( logb(x) - 1 / ln(b) ) + C logb(0) is undefined

Integral of logarithm Logarithm of 0

Logarithm of 1 Logarithm of the base Logarithm of infinity

logb(1) = 0 logb(b) = 1 lim logb() = , when x

Logarithm of negative numbers cannot be taken

Vectors The Inverse of A is A-1 only when: A A-1 = A-1 A = I Sometimes there is no Inverse at all.

Find the inverse of the following matrix.

First, I write down the entries the matrix A, but I write them in a double-wide matrix:

In the other half of the double-wide, I write the identity matrix:

Now I'll do matrix row operations to convert the left-hand side of the double-wide into the identity. (As always with row operations, there is no one "right" way to do this. What follows are just the steps that happened to occur to me. Your calculations could easily look quite different.)

Now that the left-hand side of the double-wide contains the identity, the right-hand side contains the inverse. That is, the inverse matrix is the following:

Note that we can confirm that this matrix is the inverse of A by multiplying the two matrices and confirming that we get the identity: Copyright Elizabeth 2003-2011 All Rights Reserved

What is Differentiation? It is a method to calculate the derivative the rate of change of a function. A derivative of a function is a function that gives the slopes of the tangent lines to each point of the curve