Operational Amplifiers

Lesson 7 Mathematical Operations Calculus

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Outline

Integrator Integrator Practical Differentiator Differentiator Practical

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Integrator

Very useful for wave shaping and real time calculations Place a capacitor in the feedback network Use the charging / discharging to integrate Output voltage proportional to the input voltage integrated over time

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Integrator
Vi

t(s)
Vsat

Vo t(s)
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Integrating Square Wave Results in Triangle Wave

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Integrating Sine Wave Results in -Cosine Wave

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Integrating Triangle Wave Results in Parabolic Wave

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Basic Integrator

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Basic Integrator

Where T (period) < (Time constant R1CF) Circuit very operation frequency and voltage dependent When input DC, XC1 open, AV open loop Unstable, impractical operation Add RF to set low frequency gain

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Practical Integrator

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Practical Integrator
AV
Response without RF

-RF/R1

-3dB AMPLIFIER

IN TE G

R AT O R

fa
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fb

f(HZ)

Practical Integrator

fa is the frequency where XCF = RF Circuit integrates where XCF > RF Circuit gain unity at fb where XCF = R1 Circuit operation between fa and fb After fa gain decreases by 20dB/dec
fa 1 = 2 RF C F

fb

1 = 2 R1 C F
where R F C F T R 1 C F

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Differentiator

Find rate of change of waveform Used in triggering and modulation circuits Replace R1 with a capacitor Use capacitor charging / discharging Differentiation within set frequency range Output voltage proportional to the instantaneous rate of change of input voltage
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Differentiator

Vi

t(s)

Vo

t(s)

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Differentiating Sine Wave Results in Cosine Wave

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Differentiating Triangle Wave Results in Square Wave

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Differentiating Square Wave Results in Impulses

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Basic Differentiator

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Basic Differentiator

Where T (period) > (Time constant RFC1) Circuit very operation frequency and voltage dependent When input DC, XC1 open, AV = 0 Unstable high frequency operation Add R1 and CF to set high frequency gain

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Practical Differentiator

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Practical Differentiator
AV
Op-Amp Open Loop Gain Response without R1

Practical Differentiator

20dB/dec 0dB

f(HZ) fa fb
-20dB/dec

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Practical Differentiator

Circuit gain unity at fa where XC1 = RF fb is the frequency where XCF = RF & XC1 = R1 Circuit gain increases by 20dB/dec DC to fb Circuit gain decreases by 20dB/dec after fb Gain limited by R1 and CF
fa 1 = 2 R F C 1 fb 1 1 = = 2 R1 C 1 2 RF C F
where T R F C 1
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Credits and Attributions

Reference Text:

Gayakwad, R.A., (1988). Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits.

Software:

Schematic diagram(s) drawn using National Instruments Multisim 12

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Copyright (c) 2012 by Mladen Hruska. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada license All images, diagrams, charts, etc. are the copyright work of Mladen Hruska if not immediately attributed otherwise. For more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ca/

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