AnIntroductiontoPathAnalysisand StructuralEquationModeling

MultivariateMethodsinEducation ERSH8350 Lecture#13(andfinal) November30,2011

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TodaysClass

Anintroductiontopathanalysis Anintroductiontostructuralequationmodeling Informationaboutthetakehomefinalexam

Draftsforrevisions:Due11:59pmWednesday,December7th FinalDrafts:Due11:59pm,WednesdayDecember14th

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ANINTRODUCTIONTO PATHANALYSIS
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PathAnalysis

Pathanalysisisastatisticaltechniqueusedtoestimatea setofsimultaneousregressionequations

Allvariablesareobserved assumedmeasuredwithouterror

InSEM,wecanuseapathanalysisforlatentvariables

Pathmodelsareusefulfor

Mediationanalyses:theeffectofonevariableonanotheris mediatedbyoneormorevariables Simultaneousequations:multiplepredictionsofmultiple variablesinamodel

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DataExample

TodaysexampledatacomefromtheUCLAAcademic TechnologyServiceswebsite

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/mplus/seminars/introMplus_part2/path.htm

Thedatafilecontainsfourvariablescollectedfrom 200respondents:

HighSchoolGPA(hs) CollegeGPA(col) GREScore(gre)

Note:GREscoresarenotmeasuredperfectly sothisislikelytoover powerthisanalysis

GraduateSchoolGPA(grad)
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InitialSetup:DeterminingWhatisPossible

Muchliketheotheranalyses inthisclass,thenumberof pathsinapathanalysisis constrainedbythenumber ofcovariancesbetweenthe observedvariables

Here,apathrepresentsa regressioncoefficient

Mpluscangiveyouthe descriptivestatisticsforan analysiswithafairlysimple setofcommands:

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MplusOutput:DescriptiveStatistics
Note:EstimatescomefromML withaMVNdistribution

Covariances

Means

Variances

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MplusOutput:StandardizedCoefficients

Correlations

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InitialAnalysis:AJustIdentifiedModel

Forourfirstanalysis,wewillexaminethefollowingsetof equations:

GREscoredependsonHS(?)andCOLGPA GRADGPAdependsonHSGPA(?),COLGPA,andGREscore Note:6coefficients

Wehave6covariances sothismodelsiscalledjustidentified Justidentifiedmodelsgivenomeaningfulfitstatistics

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APathDiagramofPathAnalysis

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MplusSyntaxandOutputforPathModel#1

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PathAnalysisUnstandardized ParameterOutput

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PathAnalysisStandardizedParameterOutput

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TypesofEffectsinPathAnalysis

Dependingonhowamodelissetup,therearethree typesofeffectsinapathanalysis:

Directeffects theinfluenceofonevariabledirectlyon another

Example:HSGPAonGREScore

Indirecteffects theinfluenceofonevariableonanother,as mediatedbyoneormorevariables

Example:HSGPAonGRADGPA,throughGREScore

Totaleffects Theaggregateeffectofdirectandindirect effects

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MplusSyntaxforIndirectandTotalEffects

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MplusUnstandardizedIndirectEffectsOutput

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MplusStandardizedIndirectEffectsOutput

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OverIdentifiedModels

Overidentifiedpathmodelsaremodelswithfewer coefficientsthancovariances

Testsofmodelfitareavailable Evenifmodelfitispoor,informationmaybemeaningful

Newmodel:

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MplusSyntax

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MplusModelFitOutput

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MplusUnstandardizedOutput

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MplusStandardizedOutput

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MplusUnstandardizedIndirectEffectsOutput

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MplusStandardizedIndirectEffectsOutput

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PathAnalysisWrapUp

Pathanalysisisapowerfultechniquefortesting multivariateregressionmodelswithdirectandindirect effects Theexampleshowntodaywasmeanttoprovideabasic overviewofthetechnique

Manydetailsomitted

Formoreinformation,cometotheSEMcoursenext semester

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ANINTRODUCTIONTOSTRUCTURAL EQUATIONMODELING
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StructuralEquationModeling

Similartoconfirmatoryfactoranalysisandpathanalysis, structuralequationmodelseekstodescriberelationships betweenlatentvariables

Generallyspeaking,SEMisforlatentvariablespathanalysisisfor observedvariables

SEMconsistsoftwokeyelements:

Measurementmodel typicallyaconfirmatoryfactormodel

Thelinkbetweenthedataandthelatentvariables

Structuralmodel apathmodelorfactormodelforthe latentvariables

Generallyusesthecovariancematrixbetweenlatentfactors

Assuch,thebasicSEManalysisconsistsofportionsyou alreadyknow
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SEM:ExampleData

Todemonstratethestructuralequationmodel,wewill usedatapresentedinthePCA/EFAlecture

Gamblingresearchinstrument:41itemsmeasuring10factors

WewillusethesedatatodemonstrateSEMthrough:

Ahigherorderfactormodel Apathmodelforthehigherorderfactors

Beforewedoeitherofthese,wemustfirstconstructa measurementmodel

ACFAmodelforthedata
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PathologicalGambling:DSMDefinition

Tobediagnosedasapathologicalgambler,anindividual mustmeet5of10definedcriteria:
Ispreoccupiedwithgambling Needstogamblewithincreasing amountsofmoneyinorderto achievethedesiredexcitement Hasrepeatedunsuccessfuleffortsto control,cutback,orstopgambling Isrestlessorirritablewhen attemptingtocutdownorstop gambling Gamblesasawayofescapingfrom problemsorrelievingadysphoric mood Afterlosingmoneygambling,often returnsanotherdaytogeteven
7.

1. 2.

8.

3. 4.

9.

5.

10.

6.

Liestofamilymembers,therapist,or otherstoconcealtheextentof involvementwithgambling Hascommittedillegalactssuchas forgery,fraud,theft,or embezzlementtofinancegambling Hasjeopardizedorlostasignificant relationship,job,educational,or careeropportunitybecauseof gambling Reliesonotherstoprovidemoney torelieveadesperatefinancial situationcausedbygambling

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ResearchonPathologicalGambling

TheGamblingResearchInstrument(Feasel,Henson,& Jones,2002)wascreatedwith41Likerttypeitems

Itemsweredevelopedtomeasureeachcriterion

Exampleitems(ratings:StronglyDisagreeto StronglyAgree):

IworrythatIamspendingtoomuchmoneyongambling (C3) TherearefewthingsIwouldratherdothangamble (C1)

Theinstrumentwasusedonasampleofexperienced gamblersfromariverboatcasinoinaFlat MidwesternState

Casinopatronsweresolicitedafterplayingroulette
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PathologicalGambling

MeasurementModelMplusSyntax

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MeasurementModelOutput

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StructuralEquationModel#1

Thefirstmodelwewillestimateattemptstodetermineif the10gamblingcriteriaareallrelatedtoahierarchical factorofgambling:

Gambling

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10

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MplusSyntax

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MplusOutput

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MplusOutput

Unstandardized:

Standardized:

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StructuralEquationModel#2

TheDSMsuggeststhegamblingcriteriaareinfluencedby threefactors:dependency,disruption,andlossofcontrol:

Dependency

Loss of Control

Disruption

C1

C4

C2

C5

C8

C9

C10

C3

C6

C7

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MplusSyntax

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MplusOutput

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MplusOutput

Unstandardized:

Standardized:

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StructuralEquationModel#3

Insteadofcorrelatedfactors,couldwedetermineif dependencycausedlossofcontrol,whichcaused disruption?

Dependency Loss of Control Disruption

C1

C4

C2

C5

C8

C9

C10

C3

C6

C7

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MplusSyntax

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MplusOutput

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MplusOutput

Unstandardized:

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MplusOutput

Standardized:

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SEMWrapUp

Structuralequationmodelingisaprocedurewhere relationshipsbetweenlatentvariablesisevaluatedand testedstatistically

Basedoncovariancesoflatentvariables

Themodelingtechniqueisverypowerful:itextendswell beyondwhatwasshowntoday

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TAKEHOMEFINALEXAM INFORMATION
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TakeHomeFinalExamInformation

Thetakehomefinalexamisatwoweektestwhereyou areaskedtoperformanintricatedataanalysisusing techniqueslearnedinthisclass Thefinalwillnotbeeasy butcanbedone

Iwouldsuggestyoudonotprocrastinate

Iamofferingyouthechancetoreceivefeedbackifyou submitadraftofyourfinalbynextWednesday

Yourdraftmustbeanattemptedanswer,notsimplysyntax andoutput

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CourseEvaluations

Pleasecompletethecourseevaluationat: https://portal.coe.uga.edu/apps/authorize/

Thankyouforawonderfulsemester

Ihopeyoufoundthiscourseinformative!

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