‫أود

م ‪2009/1/19‬‬ ‫
ام ارا
‬ ‫ض ر ‪2‬‬ ‫‪ $%‬ا‪ #‬ا!ن ا!‬

‫‪-. ( I‬ع ا‪+‬ء ‪7 ) :‬ن(‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫?>= ‪ 9:
6. ;:.
<.‬ا‪/‬ر ‪7‬ر ‪ (H3O + F ) 8‬ذات اآ ‪.
/01. c0
67%‬‬

‫‪ (1-1 (1‬اآ‪. M0‬د

‪ ;/‬رور ا‪7L‬رو‪ @. HF JK‬اء ا‪G‬ي ‪:. B: CD E0D‬ل !‪ 9‬ا‪/‬ر ‪7‬ر ‪0.5).8‬ن(‬
‫‪ (2-1‬ار‪7K O‬ول >‪7‬م ا‪0% ;/0‬ر ‪ no‬آ
‪.‬دة ‪ HF‬ا‪0.5) .
67‬ن(‬
‫‪ (1-2 ( 2‬أو‪  7K‬ا‪0‬آ ا‪? Q R/‬ت ‪ H 3O +‬وا‪? P‬ت ‪
<.
7% F −‬ا‪:‬ل ‪ σ‬و ) ‪ λ( H O +‬و ) ‪0.5). λ( F −‬ن(‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ (2-2‬ا!‪ M$‬ا‪0‬آ ا‪? Q R/‬ت ‪ H 3O +‬وا‪? P‬ت ‪ R F −‬آ; ‪ J.‬ا‪ ;:‬ا‪
>%$‬وأ  ‪;.‬ء ا‪7S‬ول ا‪:R0‬‬

‫)‪1‬ن(‬ ‫ا?‪7! C0‬ات‪1L=10-3m3 .‬‬

‫)‪1‬ن(‬ ‫‪ c0 ، x f‬و ‪V‬‬ ‫‪ (1-3‬أ‪Y  V‬رج ا‪ ;/0 ;/0‬ا‪
7% W%$‬ا‪7>0‬م‬ ‫‪(3‬‬

‫‪ (3-3‬ه; ‪Y‬رج ا‪ 7D ;/0‬ا‪0‬ازن ‪ ;/0‬ا‪0% W0 W%$‬آ ا‪:‬ل؟‪0.5) .‬ن(‬

‫‪ (1- 4 (4‬أ!‪7>
$? M$‬م ا‪ 7D ;/0‬ا‪0‬ازن ‪ ;/0‬رور ا‪7L‬رو‪ @. JK‬اء ‪ J. ;+‬ا‪ ;:‬ا‪0.75).
>%$‬ن(‬
‫‪ (2-4‬آ` ‪ _0‬ه‪ ^G‬ا‪7>0
$D‬م ا‪ `/1 @. ;/0‬ا‪:‬ل ‪0.25) .‬ن(‬
‫‪ (3-4‬ا‪ J. ;+ pH
 E0D0O‬ا‪ ;:‬ا‪1) .
>%$‬ن(‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪(H3O )=35. 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪S.m2 /mol‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪( F-)=5,54.10-3‬‬ ‫?‪S.m2 /mol : Ra‬‬
‫‪..................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ ء ‪7) -2‬ن(‬

‫‪ 238‬إ
ا‪cD‬ط ‪ α‬و ‪? L00/ J E0D‬اة ا‪0‬ر م ‪. AZTh‬‬
‫‪? (1‬اة ا‪P‬ورا?م ‪92 U‬‬

‫‪ (1-1‬اآ‪. M0‬د
ه‪G‬ا ا‪7:. e0/0‬دا آ; ‪ A J.‬و ‪0.5) . Z‬ن(‬
‫‪
?h
!. R (2-1‬ه‪ ^G‬ا‪YP‬ة ‪ e0/0‬إ‪? g‬اة او آ‪D0‬م ‪ @. Z ' Pa‬ا?ث إع ‪. β‬اآ‪. M0‬د
ه‪G‬ا ا‪0.5).e0/0‬ن(‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫'‪A‬‬

‫‪. 206‬‬
‫‪
 0$ (2‬ا‪ e0/0‬إ‪ g‬أن ?‪ R ;j:‬ا‪7 ? g
LD‬ة ا<ص ا‪>0$‬ة ‪82 Pb‬‬

‫‪ g$ % (1-2‬ه‪ ^G‬ا‪
S‬ا‪? e0/ J
S D‬اة اورا?م ؟ )‪0.5‬ن(‬
‫‪1‬‬
 : R % ‫ ?اة ا<ص‬g‫ورا?م إ‬P‫ل ?اة ا‬:0
+‫ اد
ا‬J ? (2-2

(‫ن‬0.5) . y ‫ و‬x J. ;‫; آ‬k ‫ذا‬. (‫أ‬

(‫ن‬0.5) . y ‫ و‬x J. ;‫د 
آ‬7! ، ‫ظ‬/:?n ‫دي‬O ‫ ?ن‬Wa0% (‫ب‬
. t a .? ‫ي‬G‫رض ا‬P‫ 
ه ه  ا‬7 ‫ة‬1< J.
D 0?(3
.238 ‫ى اورا?م‬D Rq‫ ا‬rD0‫ ا‬gD:D. g ‫دا‬0‫ ا‬8‫ ه وذ‬7 7: J.
D‫ ا‬R 206 ‫ س آ
ا<ص‬J+
.J.‫
ا‬7%
D‫ ا‬R
>0‫د ?ى اورا?م ا‬7 R0‫ ا‬gD:D‫ ا‬Ra

(‫ن‬1) . J.‫
ا‬0%h E0D0O‫ ا‬h ‫ورا?م‬P‫ة ا‬7 D `jD‫? 
 ا‬. 7K‫( أو‬2-3
(‫ن‬1) .
S0D‫^ ا‬G‫ ه‬J. ?. W>: h t1 = 1,5.10 9 ans 7D
>0‫ى ا‬D‫د ا‬7 7K‫ أو‬e0/0‫
ا‬s ‫ل‬0O% (3-3

t:‫ا‬
. N Pb = 2,5.10
>‫رض( ا‬P‫ ) ا‬t a
t:‫ ا‬7D
D‫ ا‬R ‫د‬K‫ ا‬206 ‫د ?ى ا<ص‬7 ‫ س‬ga‫( أ‬4-3
12

(‫ن‬0.5) .( t a
t:‫ ا‬7D 206 Pb ‫و‬ U J.
0%h
$? g ‫ي‬0:
D‫ )ا‬N Pb ‫ و‬N u o ، N u :J%
s‫ ا‬V‫( أ‬1-4-3
238

(‫ن‬0.5) . t a
t:‫ ا‬7D
D‫ ا‬R ‫د‬K‫ورا?م ا‬Q N u ‫ى‬D‫د ا‬7 E0D0O‫(ا‬2-4-3
(‫ن‬1) .‫رض‬P‫
أي  ا‬1j‫
ا‬D‫  ا‬7K‫(أو‬3-4-3

Sbiro abdelkrim
Lycée agricole oulad –taima région d’Agadir Maroc
Mail : sbiabdou@yahoo.fr
msn : sbiabdou@hotmail.fr
pour toute observation contactez moi

2
 :u:j0‫ا‬
(‫ن‬7 ) : ‫ء‬+‫ع ا‬-. ( I
HF + H2O = H3O + +F- (1-1 (1
.................................................................................................................................................................................................
: ;/0‫م ا‬7> ‫ول‬7K (2-1

......................................................................................................................................................................
(1-2 (2
+
= ( H3O ) .[H3O+]+ ( F-) .[F-]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
:D 7 ‫م‬7>0‫ول ا‬7K ‫ل‬sY J. (2-2

: ‫ول‬7S‫ ا‬Q? h

x σ 9.10 −2 S .m −1
= = = 2,22mol / m 3 = 2,22.10 −3 mol / L g‫و‬P‫
ا‬:‫ ا‬R :‫ل‬k.
V λ( H O + ) + λ( F − ) (35 + 5,54)10 −3 S .m 2 .mol −1
3

.......................................................................................................................................................................
V ‫ و‬c0 ، x ‫م‬7>0‫
ا‬7% W%$‫; ا‬/0 ;/0‫رج ا‬Y  ‫( أ‬1-3 ( 3
or:
HF + H2O = H3O+ + F-
no excès 0 0
no-x excès x x
x
=> [H3O+ ]=[F-]=
V

..................................................................................................................
(2-3

(2,22.10 −3 ) 2
Qr = = 6,3.10 − 4 : D 7 c o = 10 −2 mol / L :‫
ل‬$D%
10 − 2 − (2,22.10 −3 )

3
 (0,54.10 −3 ) 2
Qr = = 6,3.10 − 4 : D 7 c o = 10 −3 mol / L :‫
ل‬$D%
10 −3 − (0,54.10 −3 )
(0,0879.10 −3 ) 2
Qr = = 6,3.10 − 4 : D 7 c o = 10 −4 mol / L :‫
ل‬$D%
10 − 4 − (0,0879.10 −3 )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.‫ل‬:‫آ ا‬0% W0  ‫ إذن‬، e%h W%$‫; ا‬/0 ‫ازن‬0‫ ا‬7D ;/0‫رج ا‬Y (3-3
...................................................................................................................................................................
.
>%$‫; ا‬:‫ ا‬J. ;+ ‫@ اء‬. JK‫رو‬7L‫; رور ا‬/0 ‫ازن‬0‫ ا‬7D ;/0‫م ا‬7>
$? (1- 4 ( 4
xf
τ=
x max
: ;/0‫ل ا‬sY
HF + H2O = H3O + +F -

. 7:‫; ا‬/0‫ ه ا‬HF : ‫ اط إذن‬v% ;0$. H2O

no-xmax=0 : CD.‫و‬
xmax =no =co.V :‫أي‬
: ‫ى‬Y‫
أ‬LK J.‫و‬

: ‫إذن‬

..........................................................................................................................................................
.
/ . ‫م‬7>0‫
ا‬$? e?‫ آ آ‬//1. ‫ل‬:‫( آ آن ا‬2-4
...............................................................................................................................................................
: ‫ أن‬% .
>%$‫; ا‬:‫ ا‬J. ;+ pH
 ‫د‬7:D (3-4

x
pH = − log : ‫ن‬v pH = − log[ H 3 O + ]
V

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
( ‫ن‬6) -1 ‫ ء‬
x = 222 ⇐ 226 = x + 4 : ‫ظ‬/:?n ‫دي‬O ‫ ?ن‬M$! . α /‫ أ‬e0/0‫( ا‬1
y=2 ⇐ 38 = 36 + y
.........................................................................................................................................................
: ‫اة ااد م‬D [R0+‫ ا‬r>D‫( ا‬2
∆m = Zm p + Nmn − m( 88 Ra) = 88.(1,007u ) + 138.(1,009u ) − 225,977u ≈ 1,88u
226

...........................................................................................................................................................
: ‫اة ااد م‬D V%‫
ا‬x (1-3(3
E l = ∆m.c 2 = 1,88u.c 2

4
 : ‫ن‬v 1u = 931,5MeV / c 2 :‫ أن‬%‫و‬
E l = ∆m.c 2 = 1,88.(931,5MeV / c 2 ).c 2 = 1,75.10 3 MeV
....................................................................................................................................................
: ‫اة ااد م‬D
D
$D% V%‫
ا‬x (2-3
3
E 1,75.10 MeV
ξ= l = = 7,74.MeV
A 226
.....................................................................................................................................................
.‫>ارا‬0O‫ ا‬k‫اة أآ‬D‫ ا‬e?‫
آة آ آ‬D
$D% V%‫
ا‬x e?‫( آ آ‬1-4 (4
ξ = 7,74MeV : ‫اة ااد م‬D
D
$D% V%‫
ا‬x D 7
ξ = 1,71.10 MeV = 1710MeV
3
: ‫اة اادون‬D
D
$D% V%‫
ا‬x‫و‬
ξ = 28MeV : ‫م‬L‫اة ا‬D
D
$D% V%‫
ا‬x‫و‬
.‫>ارا‬0O‫ ا‬k‫آ‬P‫ ا‬R‫ة أي ?اة اادون ه‬70‫اة ا‬D‫إذن ا‬
.............................................................................................................................................................
(2-4
: R‫ ه‬e0/0‫ا ا‬G‫ل ه‬sY ‫رة‬:‫
ا‬a‫ا‬

.
‫و‬. y ‫ى‬D‫; ا‬0‫ن آ‬P
s‫^ ا‬G‫ل ه‬0O‫ ا‬J+  ∆E = ∆m.c 2 = [ m( He) + m( Rn ) − m( Ra )].c 2

:
0‫
ا‬s‫; ا‬0$?
∆E = E l ( Ra ) − E l ( Rn) − E l ( He) = 1,75.10 − 1,73.10 3. − 28. = −8MeV
3

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
(‫ن‬7) -2 ‫ ء‬
(1-1 (1

......................................................................................................................................
(2-1

............................................................................................................................................
.‫ورا?م‬P‫
ا‬j/% ‫ ?اة اورا?م‬e0/ J
S D‫
ا‬S‫( ا‬1-2 (2
................................................................................................................................
. α ‫ت‬00/0‫د ا‬7 ;k y ‫ و‬β − ‫ت‬00/0‫د ا‬7 ;k x (‫أ‬
............................................................................................................................................................
. ‫ظ‬/:?‫ ?ن ا‬Wa0% (‫ب‬

y=8 ⇐ 238 = 206 + 4 y

x=6 ⇐ 92 = 82 − x + 2 y
........................................................................................................................................................
N ou = 5.1012 :
67‫
ا‬D‫د ?ى ا‬7 ?. (1-3 (3
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2-3

5
 t1 / 2 ≈ 4,4.10 9 ans :  


.
>.
DO ‫ر‬. 4.6‫ و‬4.3 J% ‫رة‬j:‫@ ا> ا‬K
: 
‫و
 ا
ط ا‬

..........................................................................................................................................
t1 ‫(  ا‬3-3
ln 2
− .t1 ln 2
t1 / 2 − .1, 6.10 9
NU(t1) = 5,0.10 . e 12 12
= 5.10 .e 4 , 5.10 9
≈ 4.10
12

...............................................................................................................................................................
N 0 = N Pb + N u (1-4-3 (4-3
.......................................................................................................................................................
12 12 12
N u = N 0 − N Pb = 5.10 – 2,5.10 = 2,5.10 (2-4-3
......................................................................................................................................
.‫رض‬P‫
أي  ا‬1j‫
ا‬D‫(  ا‬3-4-3
N
⇐ ln 0 = λ .t a ⇐ N u = N O .e − λ .t a .
Nu
-
N0 5.1012
ln ln
Nu 2,5.1012 ln 2
ta = .t1 / 2 = .t1 / 2 = .t1 / 2 = t1 / 2 = 4,4.10 9 an
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

W 0‫ ا‬R‫ و‬#‫وا‬

18/20 :`Y‫  أ‬:C h 18,75/20 : RO‫ا‬7‫ ا‬O 7:.: G0‫ ا‬L ;j! ‫ض‬/‫ا ا‬G‫ ه‬R
a>? g‫أ‬

Sbiro abdelkrim
6
Lycée agricole oulad –taima région d’Agadir Maroc
Mail : sbiabdou@yahoo.fr
msn : sbiabdou@hotmail.fr
pour toute observation contactez moi