2012 Q.

4 (a) State the number of (i) sub-levels (subshells), (ii) orbitals, occupied by electrons in an argon atom in its ground state. Q.4 (c) Define relative atomic mass. Q.5 (a) Write the electron configuration (s,p) of an atom of oxygen showing the arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbitals. Q.11 (a) (i) What are alpha particles? (4) (ii) Describe the structure of Thomsons plum pudding model of the atom. (6) (iii) Explain why some alpha particles were deflected at large angles as they passed through the gold foil. (6) (iv) Why were some alpha particles reflected back along their original paths? Why did this happen to only a very small number of alpha particles? (6) (v) Draw a labelled diagram to show the new structure of the atom proposed by Rutherford. (3) 2011 Q.4 (a) Give two properties of cathode rays. Q.5 (a) Define (i) atomic number, (ii) relative atomic mass Q.5 (b) What was the basis (periodic law) used by Mendeleev in arranging the elements in his periodic table? Why did Mendeleev leave spaces in his periodic table, e.g. where germanium occurs in the modern periodic table? In a few instances Mendeleev reversed the order of elements required by his periodic law, e.g. tellurium before iodine. Explain why he did this. (12) Q.5 (d) (i) Define atomic orbital, (ii) write the electronic configuration (s,p) for the element manganese (Mn). Q.10 (c) What are isotopes? 2010 Q.4 (a) Write the electron configuration (s.p) for the oxygen (oxide) ion (O^-2) Q.4 (b) State two differences between Mendeleevs periodic table and the modern periodic table. Q.5 (a) State two assumptions of Daltons Atomic Theory of 1808. (8) (b) The electron was the first of the sub-atomic particles to be discovered. It was identified in experiments using cathode rays that were carried out in the late nineteenth century. Name the scientist (i) who, about 1897, measured the ratio of charge to mass of the electron, e/m, (ii) who, about 1910, proved that the electrons in an atom reside in an electron cloud surrounding a small dense positive central nucleus, (iii) who, about 1911, measured the charge on the electron, e. (9) (c) The arrangement of the electrons in the electron cloud proposed in 1913 by Bohr, pictured on the right, was consistent with the hydrogen emission spectrum. Outline Bohrs atomic theory based on the hydrogen emission spectrum. (15) (d) State two limitations of Bohrs theory that led to its modification. (6) (e) Define atomic orbital. Draw the shape of the p-orbital. State the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a p-orbital. 2009 Q.4 (a) Name the scientist who investigated the size of the charge on a sub atomic particle, and name the particle he investigated. Q.4 (c) State Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle Q.5 (d) Write the e.c for potassium (K). Hence, state how many (i) energy sub-levels, (ii) individual orbitals are occupied by electrons in a potassium atom. Explain why there are electrons in the fourth main energy level of potassium although the third energy level is incomplete. (12) Q.10 (c) (i) What are isotopes? (7) (ii) What is the principle of a mass spectrometer? (9) (iii) Calculate to two decimel places the r.a.m. of a sample of neon 90.50% neon-20 and 9.50% neon-22. (9) 2008 Q.4 (a) Write the e.c. of the aluminium ion (Al^3+) Q.4 (b) What did Moseley contribute to the periodic table? Q.10 (c) (i) Define energy level. (4) (ii) Distinguish between ground state and excited state for the hydrogen atom. (6) (iii) Name the series of lines in the visible part of the emission line spectrum of hydrogen. (3) (iv) Explain how the expression E2 - E1 = hf links the occurrence of the visible lines in the hydrogen spectrum to energy levels in a hydrogen atom. (12) 2007

Q.5 (a) Define energy level. (5) Write the e.c. for sulfur atom, showing the arrangement of electrons of highest energy. (6) State how many (i) energy levels, (ii) orbitals are occupied by sulfur in ground state. (6) Q.11 (a) (i) Describe the model of the atom prior to Rutherfords experiments. (7) (ii) In his experiment some alpha particles went straight through the gold foil, but two other observations were made. What were they and how did they lead Rutherford to deduce that the atom had a nucleus? (12) 2006 Q.4 (a) Write the e.c. of chromium. Q.4 (b) Name the scientist who identified cathode rays as subatomic particles. Q.4 (f) What was Newlands contribution to the arrangement of elements? Q.5 (a) (i) Describe how you would carry out a flame test on a sample of potassium chloride. (8) (ii) Why do different elements have different atomic spectra? (6) (iii) What instrumental technique is based on the fact that each element has its own atomic spectra? (3) (iv) Define atomic orbital. (6) (v) What does Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle say about the say about the electron in an atom? (6) Q.10 (a) (i) What are isotopes? (4) (ii) Define relative atomic mass. (6) On what principle is a mass spectrometer based? (9) Calculate the r.a.m. of a sample of lithium that consists of 7.4% of Li-6 and 92.6% of Li-7. (6) 2005 Q.4 (c) Name the series of coloured lines in the line emission spectrum of hydrogen which correspond to transitions of electrons higher energy levels to the second energy level. Q.4 (d) Dobereiners contribution.. Q.4 (e) Distinguish between orbital and sub level. Q.5 (a) What are isotopes? (5) 2004 Q.4 (a) Define relative atomic mass. Q.5 (a) Write the e.c. of nitrogen (5) Q.10 (b) Describe how Bohr used emission line spectra to explain the existence of energy levels in atoms. (13) (i) Why does each element have a different emission line spectrum? (6) (ii) What instrumental technique uses this? (3) (iii) Give one reason why Bohrs atomic theory was modified. (3) 2003 Q.4 (a) How many electrons and neutrons has Cl-? Q.4 (d) On what principle is mass spectrometry based? Q.4 (i) State two differences between Moseleys periodic table and Mendeleevs. Q.5 (a) (i) Define energy level,(ii) orbital. (8) (iii) Write the e.c. of nitrogen. (iv) Decribe the arrangement of the electrons in the highest energy level orbital of nitrogen in its ground state. (6) 2002 Q.4 (a) What are isotopes? Q.4 (b) Write the e.c. of a neutral copper atom. Q.4 (c) Define atomic orbital. Q.7 Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. (a) Give one application of each of these techniques. (8) (b) What are the main principles on which these techniques are based? (18) (c) What are the fundamental processes that occur in a mass spectrometer? (15) Q.10 (b) (i) What colour of the light associated with the line emission spectrum of sodium? (4) (ii) Explain how line emission spectra occur. (12) (iii) What evidence do line emission spectra provide for the existence of energy levels in atoms? (6) (iv) Why is is possible for line emission spectra to be used to distinguish between different particles? (6)