First Law of Thermodynamics

Q system W surroundings If a closed system undergoes a process from state 1 to state 2, then
E 1 2 = KE 1 2 + PE1 2 + U 1 2 = Q1 2 W1 2

The increase in the KE + increase in PE + increase in internal energy = heat transferred into the system work done by the system For most situations change in KE and PE is negligible so
U 1 2 = Q1 2 W1 2 U = (U 2 U 1 ) = Q W

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Developing a thermodynamic model involves defining the system and defining the process characteristics such as: Adiabatic: Constant volume: Constant pressure: Isothermal: Q=0 PdV = 0 PdV = PV T = const U = 0

First Law on a per unit mass basis

Take first Law and divide through by the system mass U Q W = M M M u = q w

where u = U/M, q = Q/M, w = W/M are referred to as specific quantities

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Consider the system changes in time t Q time t U KE PE U+U KE+ PE+PE time t+t
Applying First Law to the system: E (t + t) - E(t) = Q W [(U + U ) U ] + [( + ) ] + [( P + P ) P ] = Q W dividing through by t E U KE PE Q W = + + = t t t t t t U dU In the limit as t tends to 0, e.g., lim = t 0 t dt

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dE dU d ( KE ) d ( PE ) & & = + + = Q W dt dt dt dt where dE = time rate of changeof energy contained within the system dt & Q = net rate of energy transfer into the system by heat transfer & W = net rate of energy transfer out of the system by work

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Closed System Operating in a Cycle In a cycle the system starts and ends at the same state after executing a number of processes, e.g, 1
P1,V1

2
P2,V2

Qin

3
P3,V3

4
P4,V4

Qout
3 P

Qin
2

Qout
1 V

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Applying First Law for the entire cycle ( KE = PE = 0) E cycle = Qcycle Wcycle Wcycle = Qcycle Qcycle = Q1 2 + Q2 3 + Q3 4 + Q4 1 = Qin Qout Wcycle = W1 2 + W2 3 + W3 4 + W4 1 = PdV + PdV
V1 V3 V2 V4

P 2

3 4

-W

1 V

+W
V
V4 V1

Wcycle = PdV - PdV

V3 V2

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since PdV > PdV

V3 V2

V4

V1

Wcycle > 0

net work produced

When the net work for a cycle is positive it is referred to as a Power Cycle For a power cycle

Wcycle = Qcycle = Qin Qout since Wcycle > 0 Qin > Qout

When the net work for the cycle is negative it is referred to as a Refrigeration or Heat Pump Cycle

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