Rahul Pancholi 09001012

Experiment No-1 First-Order Dynamics

Heat transfer in an Agitated vessel

Aim: To determine the time constant of a First-Order system from its response to a step change in the input variable

Apparatus:

An insulated cylindrical vessel fixed with an electrical heater, cooling coil and a variable speed fractional horse power motor with a suitable blade for agitation Cold fluid circulation pump with a cooling mechanism Digital temperature indicators to measure the inlet and out cooling water temperature and also the hot fluid temperature

Procedure:
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

Fill in the cylindrical vessel with desired quantity of the selected liquid with known Cp. Quantity should be enough to cover the cooling coil completely Start the agitator motor and adjust its speed (R.P.M.) at a desired level Connect the suction line of the cooling water circulation pump to the cooling water supply tank. Cooling water coming out from cooling coil goes to the cooling tower situated above the cooling water supply tank Switch on the heater in the agitated vessel and set the desired temperature on the controller As the temperature approaches the desired temperature in the agitated vessel, Adjust te flow rate of the cooling water to about 200 250 litres per hour (Temperature rise should be less than 1.5 2 Deg.C). When the hot fluid temperature in the vessel attains the desired level switch off the heat simultaneously starting the stop watch. Note down the temperature of the liquid in the agitated vessel at an interval of 5 degC simultaneously noting down the time from the beginning of the experiment and the average of the cooling water.

Rahul Pancholi 09001012

Theory: Consider an agitated vessel containing m kilograms of fluid having specific heat capacity Cp at temperature of y degC, when cooling water is not flowing through the cooling coil. Suddenly, the cooling water at a temperature of x degC starts flowing through the coil. Due to this, heat will be removed from the fluid in the agitated vessel and its temperature will start decreasing. Our problem is to find out the fluid temperature y with respect to time. The following assumptions were made to analyse this problem. 1. The resistance on the heat transfer is given by [1/U*A] where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid in the agitated vessel and the cooling water flowing through the coil and A is the heat transfer are of the cooling coil. 2. All the thermal capacitance is in the fluid in the agitated vessel (i.e. the thermal capacity of the cooling coil is negligible compared to that of fluid in the vessel). Furthermore, at any instant of time temperature of the fluid in the vessel at any location inside the vessel is same (i.e. above are no dead pockets in the agitated fluid.) The unsteady-state energy balance equation for this system can be written as Energy input Energy output = Accumulation of Energy When the fluid in the vessel is exposed to cooling water in the cooling coil heat will be removed from the fluid in the agitated vessel. For this situation thermal energy leaves from the fluid in the vessel and equation can be written as

0 U * A * ( y x ) = m * Cp * [dy/dt]
Where
A = Surface area of the cooling coil available for heat transfer Cp = Specific heat of fluid in the vessel M = Mass of the fluid in the vessel t = Time Rearranging the equation we obtain ( Taking the Laplace transform gives, ( ) ( ) ( ) )

( ) ( ) ( ) It can be seen that equation is that of a first order and hence if a step change is given ( ) (

Where A is the step size Thus knowing the response of the system we can determine its time constant

Rahul Pancholi 09001012

Temperature C
140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40

Time sec
0 57.1 115 178 242 311 388 470 558 661 769 874 1004 1156 1319 1516 1744 2017 2377 2897 3688 Average

Time constant ()

1193.16 1172.06 1178.49 1169.53 1168.69 1179.25 1186.38 1191.96 1211.30 1221.07 1211.22 1220.40 1236.15 1242.10 1255.91 1266.53 1275.14 1292.12 1324.09 1352.44 1227.40 sec

Rahul Pancholi 09001012

Graph

Temperature vs time
145 135 125 115 Temperature 105 95 85 75 65 55 45 35 0 500 1000 1500 2000 time 2500 3000 3500 4000

Result: The average time constant of the agitated vessel 1227.4 seconds. Thus we obtain an average time constant for the first order system using an agitated vessel.